plus - clean energy resource teams · water use – turn down water heater to 120. 0 – wash...
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Joe Plummer & Terry Webster
Top Ten Ways to Save EnergyPLUS
Heating and Cooling Options for Your Home
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Who we are..• Office of Energy Security
▪ Minnesota Department of Commerce
–Providing energy information for over 30 years…
▪ Energy conservation, efficiency, & renewables▪ Through technology, analysis, grants, programs,
& public outreach• Data, reports, publications, presentations, website,
call center, training, public events• Energy fairs, CERTs, Eco-Experience at the Minnesota
State Fair
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• Annual statewide energy use:–1.979 quadrillion Btus
CommercialBuildings – 18%
ResidentialBuildings – 22%
Industrial – 31%
Transportation – 29%
We use a lot of energy!
All Buildings: 40%
Source: Energy Information Administration 2008
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Energy Use• This includes…
–Enough natural gas to fill nearly 6,000 Metrodomes
–Enough coal to fill a train stretching from Duluth to New Orleans—and back
–Enough petroleum to make a layer 15 feet thick over Interstate 94 from Hudson to Moorhead—all four lanes
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Energy Use• And all this energy use
generates over 105 million tons of CO2…–Enough to fill the Mall of America
over 24,000 times–EVERY YEAR
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Every year the typical MN house uses…
• Over209 millionBtus of energy–Electricity–Natural gas–Propane–Heating oil
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1. Energy Audit• Building Performance Review
▪ For residential, small & large commercial, industrial, & public buildings
▪ Evaluation of how buildings work• Minimum: blower door test
• Infrared camera recommended
• Available through:▪ Most utility companies
• Utilities will identify qualifying rebates and programs
▪ Also from private contractors• Minnesota Building
Performance Association (www.mbpa.us)
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2. Seal Air Leaks • Attic Air Leaks
▪ Attic door▪ Plumbing, Electrical,
Ducts, Vents, Chimney▪ Insulation is not enough!
– PRIMARY CAUSE OF ICE DAMS!
• Windows & Doors▪ Reduce air infiltration, drafts ▪ Weather strip▪ Caulk▪ Plastic film on inside
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3. MechanicalSystems Check
• We (mostly) maintain our cars, software, lawns, teeth…–Mechanical systems are important, too!– Inspections/tune-ups assure safety
and performance▪ Furnace, annually▪ Air conditioning units, every two years
–Check all combustion appliances▪ Water heater, gas fireplace, gas stove
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4. Heat/Cool Efficiently
• Fans can reduce A/C use– Draw cooler outside air in
▪ Myth:• Window fans should blow inside air outside
in summer, through upper windows• Can lead to dangerous back drafting
– Cool people through ‘wind chill’▪ Myth:
• Room or ceiling fans cool rooms• Like leaving a light on just because you might come back later
• ‘Saver Switch’ from utility– Save up to 15% electric bill in summer
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4. Heat/Cool Efficiently
• Myths:– Space heaters save money
▪ Unvented, combustion unsafe▪ Electric add to load,
increase carbon output, will give you a higher electric bill
– Fans save energy in winter▪ Air temp ceiling to floor: 2-3 degrees▪ Constant use of furnace fan or ceiling fan uses a lot of
electricity—and can increase ‘wind chill’ effect▪ Control uneven temperatures through
registers, distribution ductwork baffles, & duct-sealing
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5. Programmable Thermostat
• Save 1% of your fuel bill–For each degree/8 hours of setback–Can easily pay for itself–Works for AC, ERV, humidifier too
• Myths:–Takes more energy to
heat/cool house after setback–Setting thermostat at 800 heats
house faster
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6. Control Hot Water Use– Turn down water heater to 1200
– Wash clothes in cold water, mostly– Install low-flow showerheads
▪ Standard shower:• 5.5 gal/min.
• 70%h 30%c mix for 10 min. shower uses 39 gal. hot water!
▪ Low-Flow:• Under 2 gpm, some1.6 gpm
• 11 gal. hot water!
• Aerators: high pressure spray
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7. Efficient Lighting
• Save BIG Energy with CFLs–A CFL bulb can save $30
over life of the bulb– If every household in US
replaced 5 most frequently used bulbs...▪ 21 power plants would not
need to be built
• LEDs are coming!
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8. Outlet Strips• “Phantom Load”
–Standby power for TVs, chargers, computers, etc. can be 40% of “on”
–Standby power in Minnesota could powerall single-family homesin St. Paul
–Outlet strips can shut everything off with one switch
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9. Timers & Motion Detectors
• Only have it on when you need it on!
• Great for:– Lighting
▪ outside ▪ infrequently used▪ with impractical switch locations▪ where people forget to turn off
– Battery chargers– Vehicle engine block heaters
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10. ENERGY STAR• Program of EPA & DOE
–Standards for efficiency/reliability– If it uses energy, check for the
ENERGY STAR label
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So, now what?• You have decided to invest in your
home heating and cooling systems
• You want to make smart choices by minimizing:–Cash outlay–Operating expenses–Environmental impact
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Seems simple, eh?
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Situation #1:• 2,000 sq ft, two-story house
• Built pre- 1940
• Central MN
• Winter is approaching and your old, inefficient gas furnace requires replacement
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Options:1. Electric thermal storage heater
–100% efficient–$1,500 installed cost–Move to off-peak rate of 4.5 cents/kWh
2. ENERGY STAR natural gas furnace
–94% AFUE–$3,000 installed cost
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Questions:• Which system is most
economical? – Initial purchase–Operating costs
• Which system has the lower carbon load?
• How can you compare?
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mncee.org
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Economic Analysis• Electric resistance heating
– Annual energy costs = $2,662– Purchase cost = $1,500
• Gas furnace– Annual energy costs = $1,976– Purchase cost = 3,000
• Gas furnace will pay for itself in about 2.2 years– Simple Payback = (Additional $) / (Reduction in Energy $)– (3,000 – 1,500) / (2,662 – 1,976) = 1,500 / 686 = 2.2 years
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-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dol
lars
Year
Electric FurnaceCosts
ElectricGasSavings
Inst
alla
tion
Cos
t
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-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dol
lars
Year
Gas FurnaceCosts
ElectricGasSavings
Inst
alla
tion
Cos
t
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-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dol
lars
Year
Gas vs. Electric FurnaceCumulative Savings
ElectricGasSavings
Sim
ple
Payb
ack:
2.2
Yea
rs
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-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dol
lars
Year
Gas vs. Electric FurnaceCosts & Savings
ElectricGasSavings
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50.61 tons/year CO211.89 tons/year CO2
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Why?• Why does the natural gas furnace
have lower carbon emissions and lower energy costs, even though the thermal efficiency is lower?–Answers:▪ MN’s carbon-heavy electric mix▪ Inefficiency of electricity generation and delivery▪ Relative costs of fuels per unit of energy▪ Relative carbon content of fuels
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Minnesota Electric Power Generation by Energy Source, 2008Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration
Coal58.0%
Petroleum0.4%
Natural Gas5.2%
Nuclear23.7%
Hydroelectric1.3%
Other Renewables
10.7%
Other0.6%
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The Electric Grid
Source: National Energy Education Development Project (Public Domain)
7-8% losses
66% losses
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Cost of Fuels
$2.6
3
$1.7
0
$0.1
1
$0.9
2
$0.00
$5.00
$10.00
$15.00
$20.00
$25.00
$30.00
$35.00
Heating Oil, gal Propane, gal Electricity, kWh Natural Gas, therm
Cost per std unitCost per mmBtu
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However…
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
02468
101214161820
$/kW
h
$/M
cf
MN Residential Utility Costs
GasElectricity
Source: US Energy Information Administration (2011)
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Future Prices?
Source: US Energy Information Administration (2011)
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Carbon content of fuels
161.2118.0 136.5
539.3
heating oil natural gas propane electricity (Midwest)
Lbs of CO2/mmBtu
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Situation #2• 3,000 sq ft, two-story house
• Built in 1990s
• Twin Cities metro area
• Original furnace (80% AFUE) and central AC (SEER 10)
• You want to upgrade your heating & cooling to save $$ and reduce carbon load
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Options:1. ENERGY STAR natural gas
furnace and central A/C▪ 94% AFUE furnace and 14.5 SEER A/C▪ $6,000 installed cost
2. ENERGY STAR ground source heat pump▪ 3.5 COP, 15.0 EER GSHP▪ $25,000 installed cost▪ Move to electric space heating rate of 5 cents/kWh
in non-peak months
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Economic Analysis• Gas Furnace/Central AC
– Annual energy costs = $1,499– Installed cost = $6,000
• Ground Source Heat Pump– Annual energy costs = $725– Installed cost = $25,000
• GSHP will pay for itself in 24.5 years– Simple Payback = (Additional $) / (Reduction in Energy $)– (25,000 – 6,000) / (1,499 - 725) = 24.5 years
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-$25,000
-$20,000
-$15,000
-$10,000
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$0
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Year
GSHP Heating & Cooling Costs
GasGSHPSavings
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-$25,000
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Year
Natural Gas + Electric Air Conditioning
GasGSHPSavings
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-$25,000
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GSHP Savings vs. Gas
GasGSHPSavings
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-$25,000
-$20,000
-$15,000
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GSHP Savings vs. Gas
GasGSHPSavings
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Other Considerations• Soil quality (GSHP)
• Damage to yard (GSHP)
• Real versus lab performance (both)
• Desuperheater add-on (GSHP)
• Safety (removal of combustion sources from home)
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GSHP Installation
Can you dig it?
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Still Other Considerations
• Green Power Programs–Pay more to offset
carbon emissions
• More wind power coming on line – (RES: 25% by 2025)
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Situation #3• 2,000 sq ft, two-story house
• Built in 1970s
• SE Minnesota
• Goals:–Reduce carbon load and electric bills
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Options1. Install solar PV
2. Carpool to work – (50 mile round trip)
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Analysis• Solar PV
– Cost = $16,000 for 2 kW system▪ Federal tax credit of 30% = $4,800▪ State rebate of $4,000▪ Net cost = $7,200
– Annual production = 2,200 kWh– 2,200 kWh x (1.823 lbs/kWh) = 4,011 lbs of CO2– Cost per lb of CO2 = $1.80– Payback
▪ Cost of electricity = $0.11/kWh▪ 2,200 kWh/yr x $0.11/kWh = $242/yr▪ $7,200 / $242/yr = 29.7 years
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Analysis• Carpooling
– 50 mi per day x 5 days/wk x 49 wk/yr = 12,250 mi/yr– Assume that miles are reduced by ½– Car mileage = 30 mi/gal– 6,125 mi / (30 mi/gal) = 204 gal of gasoline saved / yr– Carbon emissions factor of gasoline = 19.56 lbs/gal– 204 gal x (19.56 lbs/gal) = 3,990 lbs of CO2– Cost per lb of CO2 = $0 + cost or benefit of your carpool
partner
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Conclusions• There are no easy answers if cost
(purchase and operating) andgreenness are concerns
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Conclusions• Fuel availability constrains
choices:–Heat pumps may be a good option
when no natural gas is available▪ Otherwise, paybacks may be long and carbon load
may actually increase
–Biomass (wood/corn) may be a good choice in rural areas▪ Storage and transportation a real issue in cities
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General Guidelines/Tips• Treat energy savings claims with
skepticism–Do the math or use an online calculator–Consult reputable sources–High efficiency does not necessarily
mean low cost or low carbon!
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General Guidelines/Tips• Use a licensed contractor
– Installation quality matters a great deal–Some utilities have Quality Installation
programs for central AC and ASHP–Ensure that a sizing calculation is done
• Solar electric is more of a values decision (though rebates help)
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General Guidelines/Tips• Efficiency first!
–Make sure your house is well insulated and air sealed before upgrading HVAC
–Follow the 10 Ways to Save Energy▪ FIRST!
• Think outside the box–Carpooling, bike commuting, air drying
your clothes all reduce carbon—and save $$
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Finally…• Remember:
–The assumptions and choices we made were meant to be illustrative▪ They are based on reasonable situations and fair
assumptions
–However, your choices, assumptions, costs, etc. may make your numbers different▪ And that should make your decisions easier!
–mncee.org▪ Their calculator is MN-specific
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Terry Webster and Joe Plummer
www.energy.mn.gov