PM2.5 emissions from biomass combustion in residential heating

Past – Present – Future

Ernesto Taurino1, Ilaria D’Elia2, Riccardo De Lauretis1, Monica Pantaleoni1, Emanuele Peschi1

1 – ISPRA, 2 – ENEA

TFEIP Milano, May 2015

Past?? Present?? Future??

PM2.5 emissions – 2012 vs 1990 share

PM2.5 emissions – 2013 vs 2012 share

Commission Regulation (EU) n. 431/2014 includes statistics on energy consumption in residential sector in the Regulation (EC) “on energy statistics” (no. 1099/2008). MS submit yearly data to EUROSTAT • Sample 20,000 families, CATI methodology, lenght of interview ≈ 24 min • Every 3 years, next survey (in 2016 on 2015 data) CATI/CAPI methodology, • Sample stratification on the basis of population, region and altitude • Pilot survey 1,000 families • QC: automatic correction of inconsistencies and incompatibilities that emerged from the responses through the software CONCORD (ISTAT) and values out of range Hidiroglou & Berthelot (1986), Duan (1983) • The national statistical offices in Europe, and not only, use the calibration estimator (Deville JC, Särndal EC, 1992; Särndal EC, 2007) to come back to the universe.

Biomass consumption survey

TYPE OF MUNICIPALITY

Users (% of

families)

Consumption (Mg)

Consumption per family (Mg)

Metropolitan area – city center 2.2 87,691 0.9

Metropolitan area - suburb 11.8 704,959 2.0

Municipality > 50,000 inh. 11.0 1,169,295 2.4

Municipality < 50,000 inh. - mountain 40.8 10,652,672 3.8

Municipality < 50,000 inh. – not mountain 24.6 5,109,733 2.8

Italy 21.4 17,724,350 3.2

PM2.5 emissions – time series

Biomass consumption – splicing of time series

• 2012-2013 (and 1990) data are true values • statistics for other fuels used in residential heating are assumed as correct • reproportioning of total heating needs on the basis of degree days and n° of families • biomass consumption for residential heating equal to the difference between reproportioned total heating need and other fuels consumption

PM2.5 emissions – EFs BIOMASS EMISSION FACTORS

(g/GJ)

NOX CO NMVOC PM10 PM2.5 Diox

(mg/GJ) B(a)P

Open fireplace 50 6,000 780 516 510 0.48 0.04 Traditional stove 50 6,000 720 486 486 0.48 0.15

Closed fireplace 90 4,500 390 139 134 0.48 0.01

Pellet stove 90 500 10 149 148 - 0.01

Advanced stove 90 3,000 250 177 165 - 0.15

Data source: GB EMEP/EEA 2009 and SSC, 2012

Freq

uen

cy

GB EMEP/EEA 2009

Measurements: average

Minimum of GB2009 range: selected value

Open fireplace – EF distribution

PM2.5 emissions – EFs

Distribution of wood combustion technologies

1999 2006 2012

%

Fireplaces 51.3 44.7 51.2

Stoves 28.4 27.6 22.9

Advanced

fireplaces 15.4 20.2 15.8

Pellet stoves 0 3.1 4.0

Advanced stoves 4.8 4.4 6.0

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

g/Gj

NOx 50 55 59 61 61 60

CO 6000 5791 5591 5427 5395 5275

NMVOC 762 715 672 643 638 631

SO2 10 11 12 13 13 12

NH3 9 7 6 6 6 6

PM10 507 465 428 408 404 407

PM2.5 503 461 424 404 400 402

PAH 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22

Dioxin

(mg/GJ) 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42

PCB 0.00006 0.00006 0.00006 0.00006 0.00006 0.00006

HCB 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001

As 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.0005

Cd 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Cr 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

Cu 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Hg 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004

Ni 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

Pb 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Se 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.0005

Zn 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09

B(a)P 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07

B(b)F 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

B(k)F 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03

IND 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04

PM2.5 emissions – projections National emission reduction between 2005 and 2020

National emission projections GP Targets

SO2 -53% -35%

NOX -37% -40%

PM2.5 0% -10%

VOC -30% -35%

NH3 -8% -5%

Current target proposal

Grazie :(Thanks:)

Data sources: ISPRA 2015 “Informative Inventory Report” ISTAT 2014 “I consumi energetici delle famiglie” – biomass consumption survey Ministry of economic development 2013 “Strategia energetica nazionale” Ministry of economic development 2014 “National energy balance 2013” SSC, 2012. Final report on emissions from biomass combustion for heating. Stazione Sperimentale dei Combustibili. Prot. ENEA/2009/34883/APU-UGA March 2012.

more info: ernesto.taurino@isprambiente.it riccardo.delauretis@isprambiente.it Data and reports available on: http://www.sinanet.isprambiente.it/it/sia-ispra/serie-storiche-emissioni