[email protected]/files/27772.pdf · with new technology ... decanters •...
TRANSCRIPT
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Olive Oil Olive Oil Production Production and Millingand Milling
Paul VossenPaul VossenUniversity of CaliforniaUniversity of California
133 Aviation Blvd.133 Aviation Blvd.Santa Rosa, CA 95472Santa Rosa, CA 95472
[email protected]@ucdavis.edu
Sonoma Sonoma -- October 15, 2009October 15, 2009
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PastePaste
OilOil
FruitFruit--waterwaterPomacePomace
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Presentation TopicsPresentation Topics•• WhatWhat’’s Hot about Olive Oil?s Hot about Olive Oil?•• General Overview of Olive Oil ProcessingGeneral Overview of Olive Oil Processing
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WorldWorld Production = 2,500 million litersProduction = 2,500 million litersUSA Production = 2.5 million liters 0.1%
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5
1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/9 1999/0 2000/1 2001/2 2002/3 2003/4 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7
Production 1453 2206 1811.5 1825 1845.5 1735.5 2595 2465.5 2402.5 2374.5 2565.5 2825.5 2495.5 3174 3013 2599 2820
Consumption 1666.5 1857 1904 1985 1994.5 1888.5 2241.5 2381.5 2413 2442.5 2590.5 2606.5 2677.5 2882.5 2923.5 2665.5 2929
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
35001.000 tm
Production Consumption
PRODUCTION Y CONSUMPTION PRODUCTION Y CONSUMPTION 1990/91 1990/91 –– 2006/072006/07
11.
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USA Olive Oil Production, USA Olive Oil Production, Consumption, & Imports Consumption, & Imports
• Production ~ 2.5 million Liters• Consumption ~ 250 million Liters • Exports ~ 17 million Liters• Imports ~ 264.5 million Liters
– From Italy – 71%– From Spain – 15%– From Turkey – 5%– From Greece – 2%– From Australia, Chile, Argentina – 7%
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USA imports 99% of USA imports 99% of consumption consumption
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Cheap Cheap imports imports
typically have typically have defectsdefects
#1 Defect = Rancid - old oils (not fresh)#2 Defect = Fusty - cheap oils - low cost producers
from ground harvested or poorly handled fruit#3 Defect = Heated Flavor - Mix of refined &
pomace oil up to IOC standard of non-detectable
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Paul Vossen
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SUPERMARKET OILS
Paul Vossen
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Australian National Show Australian National Show (Richard Gawel)(Richard Gawel)
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Entries
Total 30 40 35 38 52
FFA
Ave. Small Vol 0.45 - 0.20 0.20 0.20
Ave. Large Vol 0.40 - 0.24 0.26 0.25
Ave. Bulk n/a - 0.67 0.33 0.31
Overall Average 0.42 - 0.33 0.24 0.24
Tasting Results
Gold 13%# 5%# 3% 3% 4%
Silver 7% 8% 11% 11% 2%
Bronze 7% 8% 26% 18% 38%
Award Winners 27% 21% 40% 32% 44%
Disqualifications 23% 15% 23% 18% 14%
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Free Fatty Acid LevelFree Fatty Acid Level•• Crude measure of qualityCrude measure of quality•• 0.8 is very high 0.8 is very high –– 0.5 is high0.5 is high•• In Australia In Australia –– oils with 0.1 oils with 0.1
to 0.2 received the most and to 0.2 received the most and highest medalshighest medals
•• In Australia In Australia –– oils above 0.3 oils above 0.3 received no medal or were received no medal or were disqualifieddisqualified
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Fancy LaboratoriesFancy LaboratoriesHow much WHATEVER can you mix with good oil How much WHATEVER can you mix with good oil
(0.2% FFA) to meet the 0.5(0.2% FFA) to meet the 0.5--0.8% FFA standard?0.8% FFA standard?
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Status quo •• USDA & CDFA European Voluntary Standards USDA & CDFA European Voluntary Standards •• COOC European Voluntary StandardCOOC European Voluntary Standard•• No Independent Taste PanelNo Independent Taste Panel•• No Marketing Order (Commission)No Marketing Order (Commission)•• No enforcement No enforcement
Paul Vossen
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We Use EUROPEAN Standards We Use EUROPEAN Standards Because We DonBecause We Don’’t Know Any Bettert Know Any Better
European Standards are a recipe for how European Standards are a recipe for how to meet the MINIMUM quality levelto meet the MINIMUM quality level
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New Australian StandardsNew Australian Standards
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission• Identifying adulteration with refined, pomace, and seed oils with new technology
•Setting standards that reflect REAL extra virgin grade
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New World Imports New World Imports Good Quality - Good Price
AustraliaAustralia
ArgentinaArgentina
ChileChile
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Two primary reasons for Two primary reasons for interest in olive oilinterest in olive oil
Mechanization & HealthMechanization & Health
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Olive Oil Mechanization InnovationOlive Oil Mechanization InnovationGROWING OLIVES
•• Mechanical harvestMechanical harvest•• Low vigor varietiesLow vigor varieties•• Drip irrigationDrip irrigation•• Mechanical pruningMechanical pruning
PROCESSING FRUITPROCESSING FRUIT•• Cont. flow systemCont. flow system•• Electricity (pumps, Electricity (pumps,
motors, temp. control) motors, temp. control) •• Stainless steelStainless steel
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Salvation = MechanizationSalvation = Mechanization
Harvest can be 50% + of production costHarvest can be 50% + of production cost
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Medium densityMedium density
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Set up for trunk shaker harvestSet up for trunk shaker harvest
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Olive Tree Shaker Olive Tree Shaker –– Wrap AroundWrap Around
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Paul Vossen
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California Prune HarvesterCalifornia Prune Harvester
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California Pistachio HarvesterCalifornia Pistachio Harvester
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Trees for Colossus harvestTrees for Colossus harvest
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Paul Vossen
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View from top of ColossusView from top of Colossus
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Portugal 5,000 acre ranchPortugal 5,000 acre ranch
OverOver--thethe--row grape and row grape and Colossus harvestColossus harvest
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Grape harvester for young trees and Colossus for mature trees
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California New PlantingsCalifornia New Plantings
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Trees for over-the-row grape harvest
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Tractor pulled over-the-row grape harvester
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Tractor pulled over-the-row grape harvester
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Harvest Efficiency/tonHarvest Efficiency/ton•• Hand: $350Hand: $350--2,0002,000•• Hand held combs & shakers $200Hand held combs & shakers $200--300300•• Trunk shaker nets Trunk shaker nets –– ground $150ground $150--250 250 •• Trunk shaker Trunk shaker –– wrap around $100wrap around $100--250250•• OverOver--thethe--row row ““grapegrape”” $40$40--8080•• OverOver--thethe--row row ““colossuscolossus”” ? ? $75? ? $75
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HOW OLIVE OIL IS HOW OLIVE OIL IS MADEMADE
Simple and Natural!Simple and Natural!
• Crush the fruit• Separate the oil from fruit-water
and solids
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Extra Virgin Olive OilSimple as 1-2-3-4-5
1.1. Good FruitGood Fruit – no rot – not frozen2.2. Handled carefullyHandled carefully – no damage – short storage3.3. Processed quicklyProcessed quickly –– in modern cleanin modern clean equipment4. Stored well –– clean stainless steel clean stainless steel -- purgedpurged5. Sold – within a year or less
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OLIVES on the TREEOLIVES on the TREE• Quality is the best it can be• Good fruit = extra virgin
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PrePre--harvest defects can come from:harvest defects can come from:•• Freeze Freeze •• Olive fly Olive fly •• PesticidePesticide
FrozenFrozenOKOK
Maggot Maggot damagedamage
Copper Copper ResidueResidue
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Frozen OlivesFrozen Olives
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OLIVE FLY DAMAGE and OLIVE FLY DAMAGE and OIL SENSORY ANALYSISOIL SENSORY ANALYSIS
Can tolerate more damage if the fruit is not rotten
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Irrigation influence on flavor:Irrigation influence on flavor:•• Severe drought stressSevere drought stress•• Excess moisture Excess moisture
BLANDBLAND BITTERBITTER
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Olive Harvest & Handling ProblemsOlive Harvest & Handling Problems
BruisingBruising
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Colossus Harvested Colossus Harvested ManzanillosManzanillos
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Minor damage from workers Minor damage from workers stepping on the fruit on the netsstepping on the fruit on the nets
ALMOST ALMOST INSIGNIFICANTINSIGNIFICANT
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Olive Harvest & Handling ProblemsOlive Harvest & Handling Problems
Ground fruitGround fruit
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Ground Fruit – Mechanical Pick-up
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Olive Harvest & Handling ProblemsOlive Harvest & Handling Problems
Stored fruitStored fruit
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BIOGENESIS OF FUSTY, BIOGENESIS OF FUSTY, WINEY/VINEGARY & MUSTY DEFECTSWINEY/VINEGARY & MUSTY DEFECTS
DAY 0 - Present in and on fruitEnzymes, bacteria, yeast, molds
DAY 2 – Beginning of texture loss (skin breakdown)Enterobacter and Clostridium (fusty & winey)
DAY 4 – FermentationYeasts, lactobacillus, and acetobacter + sugars =
ethanol, lactic acid, ethyl acetate, & acetic acid (fusty and winey/vinegary)
DAY 6 – Mold growthFungus mycelium (musty)
Angerosa et al. 1998
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GOOD OLIVE OIL STARTS GOOD OLIVE OIL STARTS WITH GOOD FRUITWITH GOOD FRUIT
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FRUIT MATURITYFRUIT MATURITY
Degree of Ripeness – Hard Green– Soft Yellowing– Black Skin - Flesh Green– Black Skin and Flesh
Large influence on sensory attributes
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FRUIT POLYPHENOL LEVEL & COLORFRUIT POLYPHENOL LEVEL & COLORDURING THE GROWING SEASONDURING THE GROWING SEASON
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
M J J A S O N D J F
VeraisonVeraison –– ColorColor ChangeChange
GreenGreen
GreenGreen
YellowYellow--greengreen
> > ½½ Purple skinPurple skin
Black skin & flesh to pit
Black skinBlack skinwhite fleshwhite flesh
Black skinBlack skin < < ½½black black fleshflesh
Black skinBlack skin > > ½½black fleshblack flesh
Growing SeasonVossen, compiled from multiple sources
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Maturity Style GeneralitiesMaturity Style GeneralitiesGreen
• Fruity – 8 • Green – 7• Ripe Fruit – 0 • Bitter – 7 • Rough – 6 • Astringent – 6 • Pungent – 6• Balance – 1 • Grass• Herbaceous• Nettle• Tannic• Woody
Ripe• Fruity – 6 • Green – 5• Ripe Fruit – 5 • Bitter – 3 • Rough – 1 • Astringent – 1 • Pungent – 4• Balance – 8• Floral• Nutty• Almond• Apple• Berry
Over-ripe• Fruity – 2 • Green – 0• Ripe Fruit – 8 • Bitter – 0 • Rough – 0 • Astringent – 0 • Pungent – 0• Balance – 2• Tropical• Banana• Eucalyptus• Buttery
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Variety Maturity Gallons of oil/ton %
Mission Green – yellow 37.7 14.3
Mission Half ripe – red color 39.7 15.1
Mission Fully ripe – black fruit 50.1 19.0
Mission Fully ripe – shriveled fruit 58.2 22.1
Mission Moldy pomace – 2nd
pressing 11.2 4.2
Oil Yield Based on Fruit Oil Yield Based on Fruit Maturity and 2Maturity and 2ndnd PressingPressing
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TRANSPORT TRANSPORT & STORAGE& STORAGE
Farm to mill• Bins - Boxes - Bags • Shallow Depth • Ventilation • Short Distance or Time
The olives should not be damaged.
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Paul Vossen
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PROCESSING STEPSPROCESSING STEPS1.1. Fruit TransportFruit Transport2.2. Fruit StorageFruit Storage3.3. Fruit CleaningFruit Cleaning4.4. Fruit WashingFruit Washing5.5. Fruit CrushingFruit Crushing6.6. Paste MalaxationPaste Malaxation7.7. Oil SeparationOil Separation
8.8. Oil Cleaning Oil Cleaning 9.9. Oil SettlingOil Settling10.10.Oil StorageOil Storage11.11.Oil FiltrationOil Filtration12.12.Oil BottlingOil Bottling13.13.Bottle StorageBottle Storage14.14.Waste DisposalWaste Disposal
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GREAT OIL GREAT OIL –– BAD OILBAD OILWhen its great
• Magic• Perfect climate• Perfect soil• Old stressed trees• Secret tradition• Perfect variety mix• Perfect maturity• Good blending
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GREAT OIL GREAT OIL –– BAD OILBAD OILWhen its great
• Magic• Perfect climate• Perfect soil• Old stressed trees• Secret tradition• Perfect variety mix• Perfect maturity• Good blending
When its bad• Processor goofed
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Leaf and stem removal
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WASHING OLIVES BEFORE MILLINGWASHING OLIVES BEFORE MILLING
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OLIVE OLIVE CRUSHINGCRUSHING•• HammermillHammermill•• Disc CrusherDisc Crusher•• Fruit PitterFruit Pitter•• Stone MillStone Mill
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Hand Olive Crusher (Morocco)Hand Olive Crusher (Morocco)
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Turkish Stone Turkish Stone Crusher and Crusher and Decantation Decantation
BasinsBasins
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Animal or Water Animal or Water Powered Stone Powered Stone
CrushersCrushers
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California MissionCalifornia Mission
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California Mission Stone CrusherCalifornia Mission Stone Crusher
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Morocco 2007Morocco 2007
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Spanish ConesSpanish Cones
Italian WheelsItalian Wheels
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Modern Italian Stone CrusherModern Italian Stone Crusher
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Roller CrusherRoller Crusher
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The The hammermill hammermill smashes the smashes the
fruit and fruit and pushes it pushes it through a through a
screenscreen
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Screen size Screen size affects paste affects paste
finenessfineness
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BladesBlades
HammersHammers
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Variable speed knife blade crusherVariable speed knife blade crusher
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Disk CrusherDisk Crusher
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Cheese Cheese Grater Grater
CrusherCrusher
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DeDe--pitter Crusherpitter Crusher
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Pitter & CrusherPitter & Crusher
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Left Left –– dede--pitted pastepitted paste Right Right –– pits crushed in pastepits crushed in paste
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Malaxation tank Malaxation tank –– jacketed to slightly warm pastejacketed to slightly warm paste
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Malaxation tank blades
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ZeroZero
OO22
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TRADITIONAL PRESSTRADITIONAL PRESS•Paste spread onto a filter mat•Mats are stacked up•Press cake is squeezed
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Stacking Stacking the matsthe mats
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EspartoEsparto
Esparto Esparto and and
NylonNylon
Steel WireSteel Wire
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Matty DefectMatty Defect••Historical Historical necessitynecessity
••Romantic Romantic diversiondiversion
••Almost non Almost non existent in existent in
modern worldmodern world
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Old Old Screw Screw PressPress
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Screw PressScrew Press
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Screw PressScrew Press
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Old Old Lever Lever PressPress
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Lever Lever PressPress
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Heated Turkish PressesHeated Turkish Presses
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Small California PressSmall California Press
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Variety Maturity Gallons of oil/ton %
Mission Green – yellow 37.7 14.3
Mission Half ripe – red color 39.7 15.1
Mission Fully ripe – black fruit 50.1 19.0
Mission Fully ripe – shriveled fruit 58.2 22.1
Mission Moldy pomace – 2nd
pressing 11.2 4.2
Oil Yield Based on Fruit Oil Yield Based on Fruit Maturity and 2Maturity and 2ndnd PressingPressing
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Contrast between a focus on quality or indifference to quality
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Selective Filtration Selective Filtration ScreenScreen
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Selective FiltrationSelective Filtration
Rotating screen Rotating screen drums leak out drums leak out
liquid portion of liquid portion of paste via paste via gavitygavity
Paste moves through Paste moves through via an auger inside via an auger inside
the drumsthe drums
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Sinolea SeparationSinolea Separation
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5 min5 min 10 min10 min 15 min15 min 20 min20 min
Selective Filtration over timeSelective Filtration over time
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DECANTER DECANTER –– Horizontal CentrifugeHorizontal Centrifuge
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DECANTERSDECANTERS• Horizontal centrifuge• Spins at 3,000 rpm, force decants oil • 3-Phase (Oil - Solids - Fruitwater)
• 2-Phase (Oil – Solids mixed with Fruitwater)
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Recycled fruitRecycled fruit--water (2.5water (2.5--phase)phase)
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Vertical Centrifuge Vertical Centrifuge –– oil cleaningoil cleaning
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In ground tile storage tank Stainless steel tank
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STAINLESS STAINLESS STEEL STEEL
STORAGE STORAGE TANKSTANKS
•Cone shaped bottom to purge sediments
periodically
•Nitrogen added to the air space
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Antique Oil Storage TanksAntique Oil Storage Tanks
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Antique Oil Storage VesselsAntique Oil Storage Vessels
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Steel and Clay StorageSteel and Clay Storage
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Metallic Defect
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FILTRATIONFILTRATION
• Removal of sediments• Removal of water• Removal of some
polyphenols
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BOTTLINGBOTTLING• Bottling - Canning:
– Type of container– Light– Temperature– Head space– Container Stopper
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Paul VossenUniversity of California University of California
Cooperative ExtensionCooperative Extension133 Aviation Blvd.
Santa Rosa, CA 95403(707) 565-2621
http://cesonoma.ucdavis.edu