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P N E - 7 1OFF I N A L REPORTI

I, industrial and scientific uses for nuclear explosivesO M l C E N E R G Y C O M M I S S IO N / P L O W S H A R E P R O G R A M

SITE964

7

V E G A S

P R O J E C T

SULKYScientific Photography

R. BROWER / D. WILSONE d g e r t o n , G e r m e s h a u s e n & G r i e r , Inc.

ISSUED: November 2 1 , 1966


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DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by anagency of the United States Government. Neither the United StatesGovernment nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legalliability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, orusefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or processdisclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privatelyowned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, orotherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or anyagency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed hereindo not necessarily state or reflect those of the United StatesGovernment or any agency thereof.


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DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible inelectronic image products. Images are producedfrom the best available original document.


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P N E - 710FNUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS- EACEFULAPPLICATIONS ( TI D - 4500)

PROJECT SULKY

SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY

R. BrowerD. WilsonEG((6;Las Vegas, NevadaAugust 25 , 1965


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ABSTRACTSulky, a Plowsh are experiment , w a s deto nate d 1135 ho ur s,

18 Dec emb er 1964, on Buckboard Mesa , Nevada Tes t Site, TheSulky explosive was a 90 ton nucle ar device bur ied to a depth of 90feet in basalt .

6-. - EG&G-was-responsfble fo r nti ic pho tography de% gned-t oz JY - L-me-asuxe&) gro und su rf ace mo tio ns , ( 2 ) base ge growth, and+;-pP I . u, . # ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~J.3) cloud evoiution.iFF 1 - ,, l. I I I* 6..7The Su:@y>technical photograph ic ins tru men tat ion s ys te msr:performed as program m ed.obtained fro m which quantitative m ea su re of su rfa ce motion, bas esurge and cloud phenomena could be made.

Mission object ives w ere met; data were

c

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TABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACT .1.0 INTRODUCTION .2 . 0 PROCEDURE.

2. 1 Station Location and Description .2 . 2 Surface Motion Photography .2 . 3 Base Surge and Cloud Photography.

.3.0 ANALYSIS OF PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND RESULTS

3. 1 System Perfo rma nce and Descript ion of Shot Records3. 2 Analysis of Surfa ce Motion Data .3. 3 Analysis of B ase Surge Phase .3. 4 Analysis of Sulky Cloud Evolution .

4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .APPENDIX A PHOT OPLA NS .APPENDIX B COM PUTER PLOT S AqND PRINTOUTS

LIST OF TABLESTable

Sulky Ground Station Coordin ates .Descript ions of Sulky Photographic Rec ord s . .S u l k y Shot R e c o r d s A n a l y z ed by EG&G for Surface Motion.Vertica l Displacement Veloci t ies of Sulky Flares at 180Milliseconds .Sulky Cloud Volum es With Time .

. 2

. 5

. 6

. 6

. 9

. 1 3 . 1 4 . 14. 19. 35. 38

. 45. 47. 55

. 7. 2 2. 29

. 31. 43

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFigure

1 EG&G Photo Station Layout ( Pr oj ec t Sulky) . . 82 . 10ypical EG&G Photo Station Mounted i n the Back of Tr uc k

Half Targe t A r ray Viewed Fr om Sta tion 2 at Z e r o T i me3 Targe t A r ray . . 114b Full Target Arr ay Viewed Fr om Station 1 at 350 msec . . 176 Mann Optical Compa rato r . 204a . 1 6 5 Sulky Cloud at Plus 3 Minutes From Station 6 . . 18

. 32. 33, 34

78 Sulky Doming Co nto urs S tation No. 1 .9 Sulky Doming Con tou rs Station No. 2 .

Position of Central Flare vs Time

10 Sulky Ba se Sur ge Height . . 3 611 Sulky Cross Wind Base Surge Diameter . 371 2 A e r i a l View of Sulky Base Surge . . 3913 Peak and Average Sulky Cloud Height . . 401 6 Sulky Cloud Se cto r With T ime . 441 4 Aerial V i e w of Sulky Cloud . . 4115 Sulky Cloud Volume v s Tim e . . 42


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1. 0 INTRODUCTIONPro ject Sulky was a low-yield nuclear cr ater ing e xperime nt in

The experim ent was designed to obtain datahe Plowshare Pro gram .on the effects of a nuc lear explosion in ha rd, dry ro ck at a scaleddepth of b ur st g re at er than that which would produce a c ra te r of maximumsize .

Sulky was fir ed De cem ber 18, 1964 at 1135 Pac ific Sta nda rd Tim e(1935 Greenw ich Mean Tim e).of debris , was 87 f10 tons.at a depth of 2 7 . 4 m e t e r s (90 ft . ) in a 0. 9 2 me te r (36 in. ) diameter ,uncased drillhole ( U 18 d ) on Buckboard Mesa, A rea 18, of the NevadaTest Si te .above MSL.

The yield, based on che mica l analys isThe explosive w a s emplaced in basal t ro ck

Elevation at the surf ace z er o pad was 1 6 2 4 m e t e r s (5329 ft . )Geographic position of sur fac e ze ro w a s :

Nevada Coordinates: N 849,239 ft .E 594,541 ft.37' 04 ' 57. 7640" N

116' 20 ' 33. 2075" WGeodetic Coordinates:

The shot produced a mound of broken roc k at the g round sur fa cewith an aver age rad ius at the outer e ject a boundary of 26. 2 m e t e r s(86 f t . ). A shallow depr essi on in the c ent er of the mound had an ave rag er a d i u s of 9. 8 m e t e r s (32 t . ) and is about 1. 5 m e t e r s ( 5 f t . ) deep.maximu m li p height above the orig inal ground level is 7 . 0 m e t e r s ( 2 3 ft. ).

Edgerton, Germeshausen & Gr ie r , Inc. (EG&G)had responsibility

The

fo r the scientific photography miss ion within the Phy sica l Effec tsP r o g r a m .mea sur e of (1) ground sur fac e motion phenomena, ( 2 ) base surge growth,and (3 ) cloud evolution using pho tographic techniques.

The objective of this mission w a s to provide quantitative

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To provide t his information, E G & G instrumented one aerial andThis report descr ibes the instrumentat ion syste m, @ix ground stations.operational methods, photographic rec ord s, analysis proc edur es and

the data resul ts. Conclusions as to the suc ces s an d/o r fa i lure of themiss ion a r e given along with recommendation f o r improvement ofsi mi la r photographic syst ems on any future event.2 . 0 PROCEDURE2 . 1 -tation Location and Description

Lawren ce Radiation La bora torie s (LRL) Plow shar e personnelsupplied the following predicted results to se rve as design c r i t e r ia fo r thephotographic instrumentation syste ms:

Surf ace Motion-.Fields of view t o cover target ar ra ys , including f iducials ( > 300 feet)

Base SurgeHeightR adius

-.

CloudSector--.

750 f l O O feet950 * 100 fee t315Oto 345O

Wind Velocity 15 knots maximumDur ation of Covera ge 20 minutesThe locations of the ground s tation s in relat ion to the Sulky

sur face zero site ar e depicted in Figure 1.of these stations as supplied by Holmes & Na rv er (H&N) Survey. Thelocations of Station 1 & 2 were chosen as the most suitable sites fromwhich to observe ea rl y stag es of sho t evolution (i . e . , surfa ce motion,

Table 1 l ists the coordinates

base s urg e growth). These stat ions, at the edges of the me sa , affordedan unobstruc ted view of the z e ro site from approximately normal l inesof sight; the locations were outside the estimated limits of the base surgeand the deb ris throwout. Stations 3, 4 , 5 and 6 we re located on highground overlooking the mesa, in a roughly orthogonal array, at dis tancesvarying between 4 and 6 miles .

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TABLE 1SULKY GROUND STATION COORDINATES

( S u p p l i e d by H&N Surv ey)SULKY GZ

N 849239.07E 594540.73El. 5328.93

.STATION No. 1

N 851442. 81E 595831.50El. 5360'Brg.Hor. Dist. 2, 554. 82 '

N 30' 21 ' 30'' E.I4-

STATION No. 2N 850105. 42E 591751.33El. 5300'Brg . N 72' 44 ' 45" WHor. Dist. 2,921. 86'4-

STATION No. 3N 876729.21E 593541. 69El. 5940'Brg.Hor. Dist. 27,517. 89'Slan t Range 27,524. 66'

N 02' 04 ' 53 '' W.L

STATION No. 4N 856502.97E 615524. 68El. 5520'Brg.Hor . Dis t. 22, 213. 40'Slant Rang e 22,214. 22'

N 70' 54 ' 21'' E.L,-

STATIONNO. 5N 820231.15E 607615. 67El. 5090'Brg.Hor. Dist . 31,829. 55'Slan t Range 31,830. 45'

S 24' 15 ' 46" E0.t-

STATION No. 6N 858615.06E 569486.59El. 5800 'Brg.Hor. Dist. 26,760. 40'Slant Range 26,760. 82'

N 69' 28 ' 5 8 " W4,8.

4

/1

.1- Includes correct ion for ea r th ' s cu rva tu re .

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STATION NO. 62 4 , 0 4 0 F T .

S T A T I O N NO . 537,200 FT .

FIG. 1

\ \ B A S E SURGE D IA . 9 0 0 F T

3 N N 0 .3L , la4 FT .

S T A T I O N N O . 42 2 , 2 0 4 FT.

EG&G PHOTO STATION LAYOUT (PROJECT SULKY)

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In addit ion to ass igned ca me ra s , eac h ground s t a t ion conta inedits own power supply sys t em , m oun ti ng appa ra t u s , c a m e ra con t ro l un itand m a rk e r d i s tr i bu ti on un it s i n t r anspo r t a i ne r s or mounted in thebac k of vehicles .Su lky ground photos ta tions were opera ted remote ly on the sho t run .

A t yp ica l s t a t ion is shown in F ig ure 2 . A l l of the

The ae r i a l photos ta t ion w a s contained in an H-19 hel i cop ter whichf l ew a c lockwise pa t t e rn about sur face z e ro main ta in ing an approximates l an t ra nge d i s t ance of 5000 feet .s t a t i on t o ope ra t e and con t ro l c am er a equi pmen t.t he ca m e ra s a s s i gned t o each s t a ti on and t he i r ope ra t i ona l cha rac t e r i s t i c sa r e i nc luded as Appendix A .2. 2 Surface Mot ion Photography

An EG&G technician manned thisPhoto p lans l i s t ing

-The mis sio n of the inst rumenta t ion located at Stations 1 and 2

w a s pr i m ar i l y t o r e so l ve t he d i sp l acem en t of su r f ac e m o t ion t a rge t s asfunctio ns of t ime.of plywood on which a c r o s s w a s painted.plywood target w a s placed a 500,000 candle-power magnes ium f l a re .T hese h igh i nt ens it y f l a r e t a r ge t s w e re r equ i r ed t o p roduce con t r a s t i veim ag es which could be analyzed on the LRL prog r am m ab l e f il m read ingfaci l i ty .

The t a rg e t s cons i s t ed of a 4 foot by 4 foot pieceImmediately below each

T he t a rge t s w e re l a i d out i n tw o a r r a ys ; one no rm a l t o t hel ine-of -s ight fr om Stat ion 1; and one no rm al to the l ine-of-s ight fr omStat ion 2 . Only 6 t a r g e t s , the m ost ce n t r a l one wi thout a f l a r e , w e r eviewed from Stat ion 2.would be no inter fer enc e wi th o bserv at ion of the fu l l t a r g e t a r r a y(11 t a rg e t s ) f rom S ta ti on 1.t a r ge t s p l aced a t 150 fee t f ro m GZ we re in tended as r e f e r e n c e orf i duc ia l m ark e r s ; t hey w er e p l aced fa r enough fro m GZ to be unaffectedby the doming and yet be wi thin the ca m e ra f ie ld-of-view.

Thi s "half a r ray " w a s n e c e s s a r y so t ha t t he r e

T h e s e a r r a y s a r e p ic t ur e d i n F i g u r e 3. The

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Station 1 contained four high-speed 16 m m c a m e r a s , tw oPhotosonics and two Eas tma n, operat ing a t 1000 f r am es /s ec .p rogram med t im e coverage ca l led fo r each of the cam er as to bes t a r t e d a t -1. 5 seconds by a s igna l f ro m EG&G Timing & Fi r ing .Photosonics had 200-foot f i lm loads and were expected to run to + 6seconds; the E astm ans had 100-foot loads and wer e to r un to + 3 seconds.Two of these c am er as , one Photosonics and one Eas tma n, wer e in tendedfo r use on the L R L "eyeball" f i lm rea de r and w e r e , therefore , s toppeddown to wher e only a faint outline of the horizon w a s vis ib le , so that theburning f la re s could be readi ly indent if ied .

The

The

Two medium speed cam era s , a 35 mm Mitchell and a 16 m mMill iken, operat ing a t speed s of 100 and 400 f r a m e s / s e c . an d on e 70 m mHulcher ca me ra operated at 2 0 p ic t u r e s / s e c w e r e e m ploy e d to providebackup and documentat ion. The se thr ee ca m er as we re actuated by theminus 5 second t iming signal. The Hulcher had a 100-foot load andr a n to plus 15 second s; the Mitchell with a 400-foot load r a n to plus1 minute; and the Mill iken with a 400-foot load t o plus 40 seconds.

A t Station 2 , two Photosonics and two East man high-speedc a m e r a s w e r e again used.operat ing at 100 f r a m e s / s e c .conditions similar to those desc r ibed fo r the i r coun ter pa r t s atStation 1.

Backup was provided by a 35 m m MitchellT h e s e c a m e r a s w e r e o p e r at e d un d e r

A l l c a m e r a s f r o m S ta ti on s 1 an d 2 w e r e equipped with 200 c p sma rk er un i t s to p rov ide a t iming base on the f i lm.of the ca m er a operat ion ( including len s , shu t ter , e tc . descr ipt ion)ca n be found in Appendix A , Sulky Photo Plan s .

F u r t h e r d e ta i ls

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2. 3 - ase Surge and Cloud PhotographyCloud and base surge data was to be collected by cameras at

Stations 3, 4, 5, 6 and the aerial Station 7. The following bas ic i nfo rm-ation was sought:a)b)C )d)

Maximum c ro ss wind base surg e diam eter and height.Maximum cloud height as a function of time.Cloud volume a s a function of tim e to plus 20 minutes.Se ct or into which cloud moved a s a function of t ime.Cloud coverage from the ground stations was prima rily inst ru-

mented with the 70 mm EG&G Cloud 70 ca me ra. The location s of thes ta tions ( se e Figure 1) and the duratio n of cov erag e des ir ed (up to 20minutes) required that large fields of view ( o n the or de r of 2-1/2 by3-1/2 mi les ) be provided.had to be aimed s o as t o provide overlapping covera ge along theexp ecte d downwind movem ent of the cloud (up to 17 miles ) .of Cloud 70 ca me ra s available for the Sulky event was lim ited and itwas , therefore , nec essa ry to include one 35 mm Mitchell at eachstation to provide the late t ime coverage.was included in the instru menta tion of Station 6 fo r documentary reasons.

In addition, the cam era s from each station

The number

A 70 mm Hulcher camera

Shu tters of the Cloud and Hulcher ca m er as w ere pu lse operate dby tone r e ce ive r s e t s wh ich moni to red r ad io s ign a l s d i s t ribu ted by theEG&G t iming and f i r ing system. These cam eras were programmedto s ta r t on the minus 6 second timing signal and ope rate at a ra te of30 pictu res p er minute to plus 3 minu tes at which t ime the sig nalwa s changed to provide 6 pictures per minute.to plus 20 minutes.seconds and were operated at 1 2 - 1 / 2 f r am es / s ec with 1000 foot loadsto provide the 20 minutes of coverage.w a s used to provide a t ime base f o r these cameras .

Coverage w a s des i redThe Mitchell came ras were s tar ted at minus 5

A 1 2 - 1 / 2 cps mar ke r uni t

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A 35 mm Mitchell was in stalled in Station 7 (helicopter). Thestation was manned with a photo technician to aim and control thecamera.minutes s tart ing at approxima tely minus 5 seconds.de sir ed that the helicopte r maintain an upwind position at a slan t rangedist anc e of approxim ately 1 mile. The movement of many ai rc ra ft intoAr ea 18 following the Sulky shot req uir ed a change in the flight miss ionof thi s ai rc raf t suc h that the helicop ter flew in a circ ula r path clock-wise about the z er o site .be made.3 .03.1

Again, the cam er a was progra mm ed fo r a coverage of twentyInitially, it was

Thus, constant aiming adjustm ents had to

ANALYSIS O F PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS A N D RESULTSSystem Pe rfo rm an ce and Descrip tion of Shot Re cor dsThe relative remoteness of S t a t i o n s 3 th ru 6 c r e a t e d some

difficulties in the ir installation and maintenance. The re was, however ,no interference with Project Sulky schedules.the majority of the scheduled dry runs.and the films checked f o r coverage, exposure, focus, etc.

EG&G participated onFilm was run in al l cam era s

D r y runs were made with a couple of flares installed i n eachof the targe t arr ay s.dry run f i lms.r u n s was at Station 5 wher e timing & f i r ing s ignals for camera opera-tion were received intermittently. An attempt was made to co rre ctthi s trouble by installing new, higher gain antennas for pickup of theradio signal.runs and it was felt that the trouble had been corrected.

The visual plywood targets could be seen on theseThe only equipment abnor ma lity noted du ring the d ry

The station operated su cce ssf ully on subsequent dr y

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Po st- sh ot evaluation of the scientif ic photography mi ssi onhas disclosed the fol .lowing system failures:1)f ro m Stat ion 5.2)mitten t fashion.The re ma in de r of the equipment functioned a s pro gra mm ed.

A faul ty tone r ece iv er resul ted in the complete lo ss of data

Ca me ra C1-70 , Number 7 , Station 3 opera ted in an in te r -

Th er e were a number of facto rs which hamp ered in terp reta t ionand analys is of the Sulky photographic r ec or ds . Fi rs t , determinat ionof su rf ac e motion w a s made difficult by the con siderab le amount ofsmoke gen erated by the f l are s which, bec aus e of the wind dir ec tio n,b lew d i rec t ly ac ros s the t a rge t s .F i g u r e 4, which shows views of the two tar get ar ra ys f rom Stat ions1 an d 2 .the plywood ta rg e t s were obscured p r io r to ze ro t ime .vs - t i me data was obta ined using the oft t im es poorly def ined f lareim a g e s .

This s i tuat ion is i l lus t ra ted in

The magnes ium f la res w ere ign ited a t minus 5 seconds andDisplacement-

Much of the phenomena obs erv ed on Sulky bor e l i t t le r es em b-lance to p re -sho t es t imates .factor of 4 to 10 low er than pr edicted .ex t rem ely s ma l l and d i ss ipa ted wi th in a ve ry s hor t t ime ( - 5 minutes ) .

The base su rg e d imens ions w e r e aThe cloud turned out to be

F i g u r e 5 is a view of the Sulky cloud at plus 3 minutes f ro m Stat ion 6looking Ea st .showing cloud detail is magnified an additional 3. 4 t im e s .

The 70 m m f ra m e is magnified 3 . 1 t im e s ; t he i n s e r t

The o ver cast weathe r condi t ions under which Sulky w a s f i redThe var iablereat ly reduced co ntra s t on the photographic reco rds .

and rel ati ve low densi ty of the Sulky cloud mak es definition of cloud

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A

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extr emit ies diff icult .s imultaneous ( in t ime) measureme nts of cloud chara c ter i s t ic s f romrecords taken at different s tat ions.outline on the 70 m m reco rds af te r the c loud rises above the skyline.

Significant differenc es have b een noted between

There is no definition of cloud

A s the hel icopter f l ew its clockwise pat ter n about the Sulkyze ro point, it passed into and over a cloud at an approximate positionsouthwest of ground zero ( - 1. 4 minutes) and all deta i l w a s obscureduntil the helicopter emerged at a position north-northwest of groundz e r o ( - 2. 2 minutes) .

I t w a s subjectively decided, in consultation with Rob ert Ro hre r,LRL Plowshare Group, that , fo r the pur pos es of data reduction, theSulky shot evolution could be described by the following phases:

Doming Ph as eB ase Surge PhaseCloud Phase

0 t o 450 mill isecondsApproximately 4 to 1 9 seconds0. 5 to 5 minutes

Qualit ative de sc rip tio ns of the contents of the Sulky photo graph icreco rds re la t ive to these phases ar e conta ined in Table 2.3. 2 Analysis of Surface Motion Data

F o u r 1 6 m m records f rom S ta tions 1 and 2 were analyzed fort a r g e t s u r f a c e m o t io n d a t a. Re c t a n gu la r c o o r d in a t e s , r e p r e s e n t a t i v eof the position of each f la r e , within se lec ted f r am es f rom the re cor dsw e r e read on the Mann comparatorsw a s reduced to d isplacement-vs- t ime informat ion us ing a specia l lypre pare d pro gr am , Boom", on the CDC 1604 computer . Resultswere presented in the form of graphic and tabulated data.

.8 ( F i g u r e 6 ) . The output data

1 1

Table 3 is

:I: The Mann Com par ator has a resolution of f 2 mic rons on boththe horizontal and vert i cal axis.with "data logger" units which encode X and Y scr ew posi tions andprovide outputs to drive IBM card punches.

The EG&G machines are equipped

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k0Ua

E0

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A

a tabulation of the records analyzed for surface motion data.the se da ta showed good cor rel at ion with one another and with res ul tsobtained by Robert Terhune, LRL, on the "eyeball" fil m reader ,additional records w e r e not read.

Since

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TABLE 2DESCFUPTIONS OF SULKY PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS

Planned ActualPlanned Speed Actual

Station Ca me ra Type Number (FR /SEC ) Coverage (FR /SEC ) Coverage1 PS 3 82531 1000 -1 .5 sec.+ 6 sec.

Emulsion Speed

Comments:Fl ar e contrast good. Flashbulb target marking ze ro t ime e asi ly

detected on film. Flares 2 and 3 a re consistently d imm er than other.Throw out obscured centr al fla re s at plus 140 fram es. A l l f lare s ob-scured at plus 300 f rames .

Planned ActualEmulsion Speed Planned Speed Actual

Stat ion Ca me ra Type Number (FR/SE C) Coverage (FR/SEC ) Coverage1 PS 4 82532 1000 -1.5 sec. 932 -1. 1 sec .+ 6 sec. +5. 4 sec.Comments:Co ntr as t and foc us good. Plywood sur fac e motion targe ts obscured

Definition of flares hampered at t imes by smoke blowing ac ro ssy smoke.a r ray . Tota l Fra me s - 6360

Planned ActualEmulsio n Speed Planned Speed Actual

Stat ion Came ra Type Number (FR/SEC ) Coverage (FR/SEC ) Coverage1 E-20 82534 1000 -1. 5 se c. 1080 -. 8 sec.Comments

+ 3 sec. +2.96 sec.Contras t and focus good. Time m ar ke rs good. Ze ro flashbulb

Flares at t imes obscured by smokeiming reference easily detected.blowing across array. Tota l Fram es - 3825

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Planned ActualEmu lsion Speed Planned Speed Actual

Station Ca me ra Type Number (FR/S EC) Coverage (FR/S EC) Coverage1 M-23 82535 100 -5 sec. 96.38 -3.59 sec.+ l min. + 3 5 . 3 sec.Comments:

Contrast, focus and time ma rk er s ar e good. Record containssur fac e motion (flares ) and early base surg e data. Total Fra me s - 3402

P1anned ActualEmu1sion Speed Planned Speed Actual

Station Ca me ra Type Number (FR/S EC) Coverage ( FR /SE C) Coverage1 H-70 82536 20 -5 sec. - 3 . 6 sec.+17.5 sec.15 sec.Comments

Focus and contrast good. F la re s obsecured by smoke ve ry quickly.Throw-out has obscured most flar es by +10 f rames .

Planned ActualEmu lsion Speed Planned Speed Actual

Station Ca me ra Type Number ( F R / S E C ) Coverage ( F R / S E C ) Coverage1 M-142 82537 400 -5 Bec. 1 8 2 - 3 . 6 sec.+40 sec. +44.9 sec.Comments :

Contr ast and focus good. Time ma rk er s good. Total Fr am es 8180

A

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P1annedEmuls ion Speed Planned

Station Ca me ra Type Number (FR /SEC ) Coverage2 PS-1 82538 1000 -1. 5 sec.

Comments :+ 6 sec.

QActualSpeed Actual

-F R /SEC) Cove rag e

Zerd fra me easi ly detected. Flare co ntr as t good. Wooden sur fac emotion targ ets not visible.+255 frs. - fla res ar e quickly disappearing.

First flare on right somewhat obscured.


Stat ion Camera Type Number (FR/SE C) Coverage (FR/SE C) Coverage2 Ps -2 82539 1000 -1.5 sec. 992 - .97 sec.+ 6 sec. +7.7 sec.Comments :

Con tras t and focus good. Time m ar ke rs good. Ze ro flashbulbar ra y easi ly detected.by smoke.

Target defini tion (only fl ar es can be seen) hamperedTotal Frames - 7640

Planned ActualPlanned Speed Actua lmulsion Speed

Stat ion Cam era Type Number (FR/SE C) Coverage (FR/SEC ) Coverage2 E-11 82541 1000 -1.5 sec. 1046 -. sec.+3. 4 sec.C omments:

+ 3 sec.Con tras t and focus good. Time m ar ke rs good. Flashbu lbs mar king

ze ro t ime easi ly detected.Tota l Fram es - 3600 Flare definition hampered by smoke.

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Station Cam era Type Number (FR/SEC) Coverage (FR/SEC) Coverage2 M-29 82542 100 - 5 sec. 86. 5 -3. 5 sec.+ 1 min. + 6 9 . 7 sec.Comments:

Contrast, focus and time ma rk er s ar e good. Record contains surf acemotion and base surge information. Total Fra me s - 6032

Planned ActualEmulsion Speed Planned Speed Actual/

Station Ca me ra Type Number (FR/SEC) Coverage (FR/SEC) Coverage3 CL-70-7 82544 1 / 2 - 1 / 1 0 - 6 sec. 1 / 2 - 1 / 1 0 - 6 sec.+20 min. +20 min.

Comments:Co ntr ast good, focus good, cloud image sm al l in la rg e field ofLost frames ( 4 7 ) occu rred in random fashion throughout record.iew.

Timing clock operated, fram e counter did not. Total Fra me s - 195Planned Actual

Emulsion Speed Planned Speed ActualStation Came ra Type Number (FR/SEC ) Coverage (FR/SE C) Coverage3 CL-70-1 82543 1 / 2 - 1 / 1 0 - 6 sec. 1 / 2 - 1 / 1 0 - 6 sec.

+20 min. +19.00Comments:

Fil m cont rast good, focus good. Cloud disp erse d before it cam einto field of view.exposures o r los t fram es. Clock working, counter working. Total F ra m es - 189

Second frame was exposed on first, no other double

- 2 5 -


29/128

PlannedEmulsion Speed Planned

Station Ca me ra Type Number ( F R /SEC) Coverage3 M-15 82545 1 2 - 1 / 2 -5 sec .

+20 min.Comments:

ActualSpeed Actual

(F R /SEC) Cove rag e

Ca me ra aimed to provide downwind cloud cov erage at la te t imes ,Sulky cloud had dissipated t o such an extent that it could not be see n beforereaching c am er a' s field of view.

Planned ActualSpeed Actualmulsion Speed Planned

Station Cam er a Type Number ( F R /SEC) Coverage (FR/ SEC ) Coverage4 CL-70-6 82546 1/ 2- 1/ 10 - 6 sec . - 6 sec.

Comments:+20 min. +20 min.

Film contrast and focus good. Cloud image sm al l i n la rg e f ie ldof view. F ra m e s ove rlap slightly. Clock and fr am e cou nter operated.Tota l Fr am es - 197

Planned ActualEmulsion Speed P1anned Speed Actu al

Station Cam era Type Number (FR/SEC ) Coverage (FR /SEC ) Coverage4 CL-70-3 82547 1/2-1/10 - 6 sec . 1 /2 - 1 /10 - 6 sec.+ 2 0 min +20 min.Comments:

Fo cus and con tra st good. F ra m e coun ter operated, clock did not.Camera aimed downwind; no detectable image of Sulky97 tota l f rame s .

cloud recorded on this record.

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PlannedEmul sion Speed Planned

Station Ca me ra Type Number (FR/SEC) Coverage4 M-12 82548 1 2 - 1 / 2 - 5 sec.+20 min.

ActualSpeed Actual

(FR/SEC) Coverage

Comments:C a m e ra aimed downwind to provide cloud covera ge at late times.

No detectable image recorded.

STATION 5Did not operate - no da ta obtained

P1anne d Ac u a1Emulsion Speed P1anned Speed Actual

S ta tion Ca me ra Q p e Number (FRISEC) Coverage (FR/SEC) Coverage6 CL-70-8 a2551 1 / 2 - 1 1 1 0 - 6 sec . - 2 sec.

+20 min. +20 min.Comments:

Fo cu s good, con tras t good. Cloud w a s well d is perse d by f r am e 100...-"Clock didn't start until frame 59 but worked f ro m th er e to end of film.

v e r y s m a l l i n l a r g e f ield of view.Cloud

To ta l F r a m e s - 196ounter did not work.P1anned Actual

Emul sion Speed Planned Speed ActualStat ion Ca me ra Type Number (FR/SE C) Coverage (FR/SE C) Coverage6 CL- 70-5 82552 ' 112-1/10 -6 sec. 1 / 2 - 1 / 1 0 - 6 sec .Comments:

+20 min. +20 min.

Co ntr as t good, focus good. Coun ter and clock working. Cloud notvis ib le in ca me ra f ie ld of view. Total Frames - 196

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Planned ActualEmulsion Speed P1anned Speed Actual

Station Cam era Type Number (FR/S EC) Coverage (FR/S EC) Coverage6 M-32 82553 12-112 -5 sec.+20 min.Comments:

Camera aimed downwind to provide late cloud coverage. N o cloudimage recorded.

EmulsionStation Ca me ra Type Number6 H- 6 82554--

Comments:Focus good, co ntrast fair.

Emu1s onStation Ca me ra Type Number7 M- 8 82555

P1annedSpeed

(FR /SEC )1 1 2 - 1 / l o

PlannedSpeed

(FR /SEC)1 2 - 1 / 2

PlannedCove age-6 sec.+20 min.

PlannedCove rag e- 5 sec.+20 min.

ActualSpeed

(FR/SEC)1 2-1 /10

ActualSpeed

(FR/SEC)16. 4

ActualCoverage215 f rames

Ac tu a1Coverage-2 . 9 sec.+8. 68 minstill runningat this pointbut record-ing only sky

Comments:Focus and contrast fair. Target ar ea obscured by clouds from

Total Frames - 85925 to 135 sec. Time mark ers ar e good.

- 2 a -


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TABLE 3S U L K Y SHOT RECORDS ANALYZED BY EG&G FOR SURFACE MOTION

(TARGET DISPLA CEMENT-VS-TIME) DATAStation Ca me ra Emu lsion Nominal Len s Field of ViewNo. Speed (hor izon tal-ve rtical)

1 Milliken 2 82537 400 pps 7 5 mm 108 me t e r s 78 me t e r s1 Photosonics 4 82532 1000 pps 7 6 m m 125 m e t e r s 91 m e t e r s2 Eas tma n 11 82541 1000 pps 63 m m 149 met e rs 105 me t e r s2 Photosonics 2 82539 1000 pps 7 6 m m 103 met e rs 87 me t e r s

F r am e s were oriented on the comp arat or by aligning thecro ss- ha irs of the compar a tor ' s microscopic eyepiece on the f ilmperforations.r ight to left (shown previously in Fig ure 4).of all visible f la re s within the f ram e were then recorded along withthe coor dina tes of the fiducial fl are s.to establi sh a common reference between different fram es.displacement measurem ents in micro ns w ere converted to physicaldista nces using the relation:

Fl ar es were arbi t r a r i ly numbered consecut ive ly f romThe X and Y coordinates

The fiducial f la res w ere usedF l a r e

D = - R df o l aD = actual distance i n feet o r m e t e r sk = conversion factorf ' =

R o / a =focal length of lens i n mil l ime te r sobject range along optical axis

d = measu red f i lm dis tance i n micronsSince the ca m er as of Stations 1 and 2 were a imed direc t ly a t the ta rge t s ,range along the optical axis coincided with horizontal object distanceslisted in Table 1.int erv al (between fr am es and multiplying this by the fr am e count).

Timing data w a s obtained by determin ing the timeIn o rde r to

-29-


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per form this computation it was nece ssary t o measure (fro m the film)the distan ce between common points on succ essiv e fr am es and thedistance between the timing mar ks. Thre e set s of from four to sixmea sure men ts wer e taken at roughly 100-millisecond inte rval s andthen averaged.of the film load between the camera reels was ignored.fluctuations ar e estimated to be l es s than * 2 msec.serio us, sinc e, with a conversion fact or of from 25 to 30 f i lm micronspe r a ctual foot and a flare image on the o rd er of 100 microns, thelo ss of p reci sion i n position determin ation would tend to ma sk anytiming er r o r of thi s magnitude.

Differential variation in c ame ra speed due to partitionResulting time

This is not considered

A s the doming p r o g r e s s e d , som e f lares became par t ia l ly( o r totally) obscured by dust and deb ris a s evidenced by the de cr eas ein flar e image size a t tim es. Resolution was not good enough to de ter -mine how much o r what part of the flare was obscured and the probablee r r o r was , therefore , a t t imes increased.e r r o r in posi tion is not greater than f 1. 5 feet for any single displace-ment observation. Figu re 7 is a plot of the displacement at thecentra l f la re as a function of tim e a s taken fro m ca me ra P. S. 4, perforation82532, Station 1. Comp osites of the fl are displacem ent data showingdoming contours at different time s have been pr epar ed and ar e presentedfo r the two targ et ar ra ys in Figure s 8 (tar gets viewed from Station 1)and 9 (tar gets viewed fr om Station 2) .vs-t ime data was measured at approximately 180 ms ec for ea ch of thef la res and is presented in Table 4.vs-t ime data and plots f or each of the flar es and the reco rds describedin Table 3 a r e contained i n Appendix B.

It is estim ated that the

Slope of the ve rt ic al displ acem ent-

Computer listing s of displacement-

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T A B L E 4V E R T I C A L D I S P L A C E M E N T V E L O C I T I E S O F S U L K Y F L A R E S A T

1 8 0 M I L L I S E C O N D S

S T A T I O N 1 S T A T I O N 2Flare N o . V e l o c i t y Fla re N o .

( m / s e c )123456789

1011

5. 7 28. 47

14. 6 419. 912 0 . 5 92 6 . 0 92 3 . 8 014 .4210. 0 7

7 . 3 25. 7 2

- 3 1 -

V e l o c i t y( m / s e c )

5. 5 09. 6 3

11. 7 913. 3619. 65


35/128

I I I

e

I

ee

ee ee

e

e

e

e

FIG.7 POSITION OFCENTRAL F L A R EV S - T IME


36/128

-33-


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cizI"dJI03

8t;

OY

F WW0z2P

-34-


38/128

3 . 3 Ana lysis Of B ase Surge Phas eBase s urg e growth data was taken fro m two films: base sur ge

height from Milliken 2 , Station 1; (P er fo ra tio n 82537) and c r o s s windbase surge diam eter from Mitchel l 8 , Station 7 (Pe rfo rat ion 82555).Milliken 2 is a 16 mm ca me ra assigned prima rily to collect dominginformation. Mitchell 8 was a 35 mm c am era operated from thehelico pter to collect base sur ge and cloud data.

The optical axis of the Milliken ca m er a was aim ed slightlyto the left of GZ .visible. Fr om this recor d, average base surge heights wer e readon the c om par ato r and the data manually reduced.taken at 400-frame interv als ( 2 . 2 3 seco nds) and plotted a s height infeet-v s-t ime (Figur e 10).

Thus , a significant portion of the base surge was

Data samples were

The "guesst imated" error i n the base surge height me asure men ts0is f feet, The wind blowing at an angle of - 45 with respect to

the o ptical a xi s of the Milliken may have had so me effect on ba sesu rg e height data a t late tim es (16 to 19 second s). Measurements weretaken from the re co rd of Cloud Ca m er a Number 6, Station 4 (Per fo ra -tion 82546) as a backup for Milliken 2.s iz es , these observations are sub ject to large re la t ive er ro rs and ,within the limits of e r r o r , suppo rt the da ta shown in Figu re 10.

Due to the very sm al l image

Cr os s wind base sur ge dia me ter data was obtained using8 inch x 10 inch enlargem ents of the Mitchell rec ord from the helicopter.Since the object distance from the moving air cra ft v arie d constantly,magnificat ion factor s were established for ea ch print by scal ingbetween r eadily identifiable Buckboard Mesa fea tur es (principally theci rc ul ar road patter n about Sulky GZ ) .( feet ) -vs- t ime in F igure 11.

This data is plotted as distanceSmall image siz e (the rati o of image to

-35-


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- 3 6 -


40/128

44

42

40

38

36

341

32(

.I30-v)wk:YtI-.120

110

A A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A A

A

100FIG. I I

SULKY CROSS WIND BASESURGE DIAMETER

5 10 15 20 25 30TIME (SECONDS)- 3 7 -


41/128

hor izon ta l f ram e s ize f ro m Mi tche ll 8 is about . 4) and relativelypoor cont ras t gre at ly affect the a ccur acy of these data (Fig . 1 2 ) .P r ob a bl e e r r o r is es t imated at - 5 feet.dat a with Cloud 70 ca me ra s a t Stat ion 3 was possible .3 . 4

N o corr e la t ion of these

An aly sis of Sulky Cloud EvolutionData des crip tive of cloud growth and movement w er e obtained

pri ma ri l y f rom the reco rds of Mitchel l 8, Stat ion 7 and Cloud 6,Station 4.of the cloud mad e defin ition of the cloud outline ext re me ly difficult.

Shown in Fig ur e 1 3 s the ave rage and peak cloud heights asThes e data were obta ined f rom Stat ion 4, Cloud

The small image s iz es , poor f i lm cont ras t , and low densi ty

functions of time.6 (Per fora t ion 82546).af ter the cloud ro se above the skyline.to 5 minutes.

N o definition of the cloud height w a s possibleCurv es have been extrapola ted

Records f rom Stat ions 4 and 7 we re used to provide informa-tion on cloud dim ensions f o r the cloud volume calculations.the prob lem s out lined above, thes e measur emen ts a re , a t bes t ,approxim ate. Averag e heights, widths, and lengths we re dete rmin edand the volume estimated by computing the volume of a rec tangu la rsol id with these dimensions . Simultaneous me asu rem ent s f ro m the

Due to

two stations could only be obtained to about 3 minutes . F i g u r e 1 4shows an a er ia l view of Sulky cloud taken fro m helic opter at edgeof overhanging natu ral cloud.volume as a function of time.an extrapolation of the ea rl y curve.i n Table 5.

F ig u r e 1 5 is a plo t of Sulky clou dThe dashed portion of the curve is

T h e s e data ar e a lso tabula tedAccuracy is estim ated t o be within a fa ct or of two.

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-39-


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/// //E f,",T /A-OUESTIONABLE/

t-- VER AGE H E I G H T

FIG. 13' PEAK AND AVERAGESULKY CLOUD HEIGHT

T I M E ( M I N U T E S )I 2 3 4 5 6

I I

-40-


44/128

Fig. 14 Aerial View of Sulky Cloud


45/128

//////- //

/v) //[ LW

- I -wI- 0rn

/30

- w-f-I0>20JV

- n

-------

-FIG. 15 SU LK Y CLOUD

VOLUME - V S - T I M E-

T IME ( M I N U T E S ) 1 I0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7

- 4 2 -


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TABLE 5Sulky Cloud V olumes With Tim e

VolumeTime (Min) Cubic feet Ste re

666

1 . 0 x 1 02 . 7 x 1 06.5 x 1 0

778

1 . 0 3. 6 x 1 01. 33 9 . 5 x 101. 6 7 2 . 3 x 1 02. 02. 332. 673. 0

8899

4.6 x 1 07 . 9 x 101 . 0 x 101 . 5 x 1 0

7777

1 . 3 x 1 02 . 2 x 1 02 .8 x 1 04. 2 x 1 0

88

1 . 0 x 1 01 . 9 x 10994. 0 data 3.7 x 105. 0 extrapolated 6 . 8 ~ 1 0

The se c to r of cloud movement w a s determined f rom the Sta t ion7 record .ne ss of the optical axis with res pec t to the ground, the cloud appeared(on the f i lm) to be la rg er and f ar th er away than was actual ly the case .

Due to the clockwi se motion of the he lico pter and the oblique-

The s ec to r of cloud movem ent is i l lus t ra ted i n F ig u r e 1 6 ,An at tempt has been made to cor re ct f o r the posi tion of the a i rc raf t .The obl ique angle b e t w e e n the l ine of sight and the g r o u n d w a s deter-mined using maj or and mino r ax es of thecircular roads surrounding Sulky GZ .dimensions a t var io us t imes are shown on the plot with the majoraxis indicating the computed cloud bearing. E s ti m at ed e r r o r i ncloud dimensions is k10% and in bearin g f 5 .direct ion at Sulky ze ro t i me w a s reported by the U . S. Weather Bureauas nor th at 7 to 1 2 mph.F ig u r e 15with measurements t aken f ro m the film af t er the hel icopterhad em erg ed f ro m the cloud to the North and East of the shot s i tew e r e f r u i t l e ss .

1 1 elliptical" ima ge of theCloud position and maximum

0 The prev ail ing wind

Effor t s made to cor re la te data presented in

- 4 3 -


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SULKY CLOUD SECTORWITH TIME

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4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSBa sic ally, the Sulky technic a1 photographic ins tru me ntation

systems performed as programmed.the only major exception.mize d by the fact tha t the Sulky cloud was significa ntly sm al le r thananticipated and dissip ated within 5 minutes.

The fa ilu re of Station 5 wasThe consequence of this loss was mini-

Mission objectives were met; data wer e obtained fro m whichquantitative me as ur e of su rf ac e motion, bas e sur ge and cloudphenomena could be made.a r e l a rge .the accuracy 01photographic data on future ex pe rim ent s might beimproved.

Uncerta in t ies (e r r or s) in these dataTest results have indicated a number of ways in which

F ir s t , within existing regulations governing nucle ar explosions,furthe r experiments a re l ikely to be of the Sulky type.depth of bu ri al w i l l probably be in e xce ss of that requir ed to producea maximum cr at er . I t is recognized that , at pres ent , i t is difficultto pre dic t so me of the shot phenomena to within an o rd er of magnitude.The s ignificantly le ss than optimum ima ges of Sulky bas e s ur ge 'andcloud phenomena from the ground photo-stations well i l lu str ate thisprobl em. Now, sinc e the pre cis ion obtainable from analy sis ofphotographic records is a function of image size, it is recommendedthat instrumentation systems provide a greater dynamic coverage ofhard- to-pre dict phenomena by using backup ca me ra s with differentfields-of-view at each station.(as was the c ase in Sulky), i t would be pr efe rra ble to redu ce thenumber of ground stat ion s before abandoning the concept of duplicate

That is , the

In the eve nt that equipment is l imited

cove rage with two ( o r mo re ) cam er as having different magnificationrat ios .

-45-


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targets unnecessary.manual comparators as readi ly as they are on the programmablef i lm rea der .

Fl a re im age s can be detected and read out on

Views of cloud phenomena from aerial photo-stations canadd gre at ly to deter mination of cloud location and volume as a functionof time . Idea lly, one would l i k e to have the air cra ft as direct ly

I above the cloud a s poss ib le in a s t a t ion ary posi tion.should have c am er as with comparatively long and s hor t focal lengthlenses to s ecu re e a r ly and late t ime coverage.the analysis of aerial re co rds that the re be identifiable fiducialtarg ets o r prominent land featur es with which to establ ish orientat ion(the circ ula r roa ds surrounding Sulky GZ and features of BuckboardM e s a we re quite adequate for t h i s purpose).

T hi s s t a t i on

It is necessary to

Q

I

- 4 6 -


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I!II!I

II~

A P P E N D I X APHOTO P L A N S

- 4 7 -


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DISTANCE GZ 2555 N 851442.81 849 239.07 6Z 12/18/64E 594 540.73 ow95 831.50QISTANCE 08JEC?2-. z 5 360 5 328.93

82533motion82534 I]

II. Film Legend: Fx= Kodak Panatonic X; LSB = Kodak Linograph Shellburst - Iu n d .fI I


52/128


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EVENT SULKYGZ STA.PHOTO P L A NTATtON NQ. 3STATION TYPE

DISTANCE GZ 27.517. 89 N Auu39aL GZ D A ~ 2 118164DISTANCE OBJECT 27,524.66 5 940 5 328. 93

S Y A M G Z MA. TILTE 593 541.69 594 540 .73 ow POSTED

I. Fi lm Legend: F x = Kodak Panatonic X2. A l l cameras aimed so that lower 15% of fra me contains foregroun d.3. C l o u d 7 0 C a m e r a s p u l s e o p e r a t e d I p i c t u r e e v e r y 2 s e c . , f r o m -6 s e c .

t o + 3 m in ; I p i c t u r e e v e r y 10 s e c . f r o m + 3 m i n . : t o + 2 0 m i n .


54/128

S U L K YGZ S T A u 18 dHOT0 PLANT A m NO. 4

BIsB- 6z 223213.40 N 856 502.97 849 239.07 GZo ~ ~ n mym Transportainer S T A M G Z MFF. TILT 1 2 / 1 8 / 6 4e 615 524. 68 59 4 540. 73 081 WSTEDDISTANCE OBJECT 223214.22 z 5 520 5 328.93

I . F i l m L e g e n d : Fx = Ko d a k P a n a to n i c X2 . A l l c a m e r a s a i m e d s o t h a t l o w e r 15% o f f r a m e c o n ta i ns f o r e g r o u n d .3 . Cl o u d 70 c a m e r a s p u l s e o p e r a t e d 1 p i c t u r e e v e r y 2 s e c . f r o m - 6 sac.

RMARRS

to + 3 m i n . ; I p i c t u r e e v e r y I O s e c . f r o m + 3 min. t o + 2 0 m i n


55/128

S U L K YGZ LTA. U 18 dPHOTO P L A NTATION NO. 5 S T A T " O Z DIFF. Ilk?TATION TYPE 4 x 4~1st- GZ 31,829. 5 5 N 82 0 231.15 849 239 .07 GZ D A ~ 2 / 1 8 / 6 4

DISTANCE OWEC? 31.830.45 5 090 5 328.93E 6 0 7 594 540.73 olgsd po4vED

I. F i l m L e g e n d : Fx = Kodak Panoton ic X2. A l l c a m e r a s a i m e d so that the lower 15% o f f r a m e c o nt a in s f o r e a r o un d .3. Cloud 70 c a m e r a p u l s e o p er a te d I picture every 2 sec. f r o m - 6 s e c . t o

+ 3 min. ; I p i c t u r e e v e r y I O s e c . f r o m + 3 m i n to + 2 0 min.

,I


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ILnWI

TILTO Z8Bd

~7 SU LK YGZ STA. u 18 dDATE 12/18/64

,POSTED

REMARKS 1- F i lm L e g e n d * F x = K odak P anat on ic X2 A l l c a m e r a s a i m e d so t h a t t h e l o w e r 15 % of f r am e con tains foreground.3. Cloud 7 0 cam eras and Hulcher Pulse om rat ed I p i c t u r e e v e r y 2 se c. ro m

- 6 scc . t o + 3 m i n . ; I p i c t u r e e v er y I O s e c . f r o m + 3 min . to + 2 0 min.


57/128

I. F i l m L e g e n d Fx = Ko d a k P a n a to n i c X2. S t a t i o n m a n u a l l y o p e r a t e d . C a m e r a a i m e d so th a t c l o u d w o u l d b e in

c e n te r of f r a m e .


58/128

APPENDIX BAppendix B co ns ist s of com put er plots and print outs of flare

position v s t ime fo r the fol lowing c ame ra s:C am era S ta tion Pe r fo ra t ion No.Mil 2 1 8 2 5 3 7PS 4 1 8 2 5 3 2PS 2 2 8 2 5 3 9E 11 2 82541The computer p lo ts show the uncorrec ted v er t ica l d isplace-

m ent in meters v s t ime for the duratio n of the doming phase.Computer pr in touts list the ver t ica l f la re both hor izonta l and ver t ica ldispla cement s of the flares.

- 5 5 -


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S T A T I T ~ N -_ i CAMERA P S4U L R Y D O M I N GFLAREkWW3fP

12349670P1 0 11

i234367891 0

11

123456780

1 0 11

1234

- -

X P U S J T l O NH t T E R S FEET

. .-... . - rm6

600U0000000

a 5 71.31

a 0 3. 7i . B il a 7 58 41.981 . 2 11.34

a 7 1

e 6 4e 5 09 4 # 0 31 , l l

l # O l1.31a 601 . 1 4l a 5 1

;,24

# 3 4- 6 0. 4

0 . 0 7

806000D'00

-- -6-

-e

h * Z O6,646.545.575,?75-775,?34 , 4 84 . 4 94.UY3,SS

PRAME N U M B E R 2 0 TINE

-56-


60/128

SULKY D O M I N GQ

FLAREHlJHBERs47891 011

123496791011

a

1z54567e91011

t234567891 0I 1n

1

33*101 0 e 0 9.25 17.21

C A M E ~ ~ A S4X DISPLACEMENTFEE7. 7591 . 5 5

8 3 48 978 8 4

l e i 8

- a 3 0. 31 .2 867

8 74I c34. 7. 4. 0* 81

, 2 7

.I71.111.76. 19 4741.186 4. 7

8 6 0. 1- a 201.381.71. 7. 8 7

8 60. 4. 47 48 60

i831

. s o

1 7 H A R , 1 9 6 5V D 1SPLACED4E)tT


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-nm --333I78

0i oi t

ia3496I89

i d11

aa345d791 0 11

e

123436I89

m SQT a s i4 2 a 4 837 . 9 633.PT

74 56a 19a 5 1# 7 3# 3 3e 56e 39a 3 9a24a 57i ba 3 4

-.I110 5 1* 59a 3 4a 53a 2 7a 33e 124 9a 1 0

- , o s

8 , 9 87 .n7 . 9 26,wP , S Yin e 3 99 , b 37 , 7 57 4 1

- 5 8 -

a 17a 3 5a 71". 4 f ?a Z R. Pa 0 1* l e

a n

HETEUSe 169$2e 52a 8 1a 72* 79a 30e 3 9- , o s

a 89

e 01a U 3a 3 9a 93 1 . 2 5

l a t il a 5 5a 69a 36a 51. s* 03a 0 8e 42le071 * 4 0

l a 37l e 5 0e 980 I53a 49a 22

a 190 sea 671 . 0 %1.471.621.621.26e 69


62/128

S U l K Y DOH N G STAT IUN 1 C A M E R A P S 4FLARE X POSITION Y POSItXOM Y DISPLACEHtNTN M R E R HET RS FEET METENS

1 011

12345bI89

1011

123494I89

1 0i a

i23496909

IO11

12

FRAME NJMBER 1207 . ~ 17 . 8 2A a 9 9io .1411 r 3 111.954.899 a b 96 . 8 14 , 9 9

8 i e

i i ~21.177 .487 . 4 8% , 8 b9.90t 2 . 1 612 t 18t i 8559,JS8 , 5 66 . 4 74 . 9 5

1 7 M A R , 1 9 6 5Y D 1SPLACEHENT

- 5 9 -


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SULKY DOH Ala . S t A l I O ( u 1 CAMERA PSIF L A R ENUFIBER

34'36789

1 0i t

a23496I89

1 011

1234967e9

11i a

i23456791 0a

% 0 44 7 * 5 442.9536.4633 a 3 726 . 62 3 . 5 61 9 - 1 4i4.57

5 . 0 59 . 7 2

FRM E3 1 - 9 24 7 . 3 442 .783 8 . 4 138.6127 .992 3 . 51 9 . 0 01 4 , 5 59 . 6 55 . 0 4

FRAME91-834 7 - 2 94 2 . 0 738 s 3628.1623.3618.391 4 . 2 49 . 4 7

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Report NumberPNE-700FPNE-701FPNE-703FPNE-709F

PNE-71OF'PNE- 711F

PNE- 713FPNE-719F

Report NumberPNE-714FPNE-715FPNE-717FPNE- 718F

PROJECT SULKYTechnica l Repor ts

Agency Su bj ec t o r T i t l eLRL Radiochemical StudiesLRL Tota l Cloud Act iv i ty MeasurementsLRLLRLEG8Gsc

NCGfLRLWES

R. F. Gamma. MonitorsSubsurf ace Dynamic StudiesS c i e n t f i c PhotographyClose-In A i r Blast from aR e la ti ve ly Deep Low-Yield Nucle arDetonation i n B a s s a l tCrater MeasurementsPresh o t Geo lo g ic In v es t ig a t io n

Sa fe ty R epo rt sAgency Su bj ec t o r T i t l eUSWB Weather and Radiation ProgramUSPHSREECoFAA

O f f - S i t e S u r v e i l l a n c eOn-Si te Radio log ica l Sa fe t yFede ral Avi at io n Agency A i r SpaceAdvisory

124


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13 HAZLETON NUCLEAR SCIENCE CORPORATIONGEN ERAL E LEC TRI C COMPANY, SAN JOSE

No. Copies i18 ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND1 AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION1 AIR FORCE INSTIT UTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2 HOLMES AND NARVER. I NC1 AIR FORCE WEkPONS LABORATORY 2 LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY1 ALBUQUERQUE OPERATIONS OFFICE 1 LOVELAC E FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL1 ARGONNE NATIONA L LABORATORY EDUCATION AN0 HESEARCH5 ARMY ENGINEER NUCLEAR CRATERING GROUP 1 MATHEMATICA1 ARMY ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELD P- I MUESFR. II UIL ED GE, WENTWORTH AND

MENT L A BOR ~ TOR I E S JOHNSTON6 ARMY FNCINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIM ENT I N4SA .IANYED SPACECRAFT CENTERSTATICN jj 1 NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL L IBRARY

1 ARMY MATERIEL COMMANC (NA) 1 NATIONA L MILI TARY COMMAND SYSTEM1 AQMY NATICK LABORATORIES SUPPORT CENTER11 NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE1 NAVA L RADIOLO GICAL DEFENSE LABORATORY5 NEVADA OPERATIONS OFFICE1 NEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE1 OAK RIDGE OPERATIONS OFFI CE17

NATION AL REACTOR TESTING STATION ( INC)1 ARMY NUCLEAR DEFENSE LABORATORY1 ARMY PICATIN~Y AQSENAL

1 ATOMIC ENERGY cowissios, BETHESDA1 ARMY IS EVEN THI SUPPORT COMMAND

25 AEC DIVISION OF PE ACEF UL NUCLEAR EXPLO.SIVES 4 1 NRA, INC.1 AEC PATENT OFF ICE1 AFC SCIENTIFIC REPRESENTATIVE, OFF ICE OF NAVA L RESEARCH (CODE 422)OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERSARGENTINA 'I 1

11511125411111

1 AE C SCIENTIFIC REPRESENTATIVE, BELGIUM1 AEC SCIENTIFI C REPRESENTATIVE. ENGLANDI AEC SCIENTI FIC REPRESENTATIVE, FRANCE1 AEC SCIENTIF:C REPRESENTATIVE, JAP AN1 4TOMIC POwER\DE VELOPMEN T ASSOCIATES, INC.2 ATOMICS INT ERNATIO NAL2 BATTELLE MEdOPl4L INST ITUTE1 EATTELLE-NORTHWEST

3 ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION, WASHINGTON

~- .OHIO STATE UNIVERSITYPHYSICS I NTERNATI ONAL COMPANYPUBL IC H EALTH SERVICEPUBL IC HEALT H SERVICE, LAS VEGASPURDUE UNIVERSITYRADIOPTICS, INC.RESEARCH ANALYSIS CORPORATIONREYNOLDS ELECTRI CAL AND ENGINEERINGSAN FRANCISCO OPERATIONS OFFICESANDIA CORPORATION, ALBUQUERQUESANDIA CORPDRATION, LIVERM ORESAVANNAH RIVER OPE RATIONS OFF!CESCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINESOUTHWEST RESEARCH INST ITUT ETENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

COMPANY, INC

pne 710 sulky, scientific photography

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