poetry form and function academic vocabulary. structure poetic form: the way words are organized and...
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POETRY Form and Function
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
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Structure
Poetic form: the way words are organized and patterned, including length and placement
• Arrangement of lines and stanzas • Units of sound used• Form is chosen to fit subject matterLine = single row of words on a page in a poemStanza = a group of lines that form a unit of thought in a
poem
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Forms
Conventional/Traditional or Fixed form: poetry with set rules, such as number of lines, rhythm, and rhyme (sonnets)
Organic or Irregular form: poetry that takes shape freely because of the flow of content (free verse)
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Traditional Form
Sonnets
• a 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme and meter
• Commonly written in iambic pentameter• Stanza arrangement- – octaves (eight lines) and sestets (six lines) – quatrains (four lines) and couplets (two rhyming
lines).• Most sonnets focus on love and deep subjects
such as fate or immortality.
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Devices UsedApostrophe: directly addressing an absent person, a nonhuman
creature or object, or an abstract idea.Hyperbole: exaggeration to convey strong emotions.Extended Metaphor: long, elaborate comparison of two unlike
thingsIrony: contrasts of situations in which what is expected is not
what actually occurs. Paradox: seemingly impossible contradictions that turn out to be
true.Inverted Sentences: To maintain meter and rhyme scheme,
poems sometimes use unusual word order. Punctuation may show slurred, omitted, or accented syllables.
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Epic1. A long narrative poem on a serious subject, presented in an
elevated or formal style. (Fixed Form)2. Traces the adventures of a great hero who embodies the
culture. 3. Tells a Full Story: includes story elements (characters, setting,
plot, and point of view) 4. Conveys universal themes or messages about important
aspects of human nature i.e. good and evil, life and death, honor and loyalty.
Epic storyline examples:– a great battle between people or forces in conflict– a long journey involving of a quest or search– the coming-of-age of a young hero
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Epic Traits1. Epic Hero: a figure of high social status and often of great historical or
legendary importance.– actions often determine the fate of a nation or group of people.– performs exceedingly courageous, even superhuman, deeds that
reflect the ideas and values of an era.2. Supernatural Plot Elements: Complication by the actions of gods or
mysterious, larger-than-life forces.3. Large-Scale Setting-involves more than one nation.4. Long, Formal Speeches-especially for the main character.5. Begins with an Invocation-calling upon a Muse or other help in telling
the story.6. Epic Similes -extended comparisons that continue for a number of
lines and often relate heroic events to simple everyday events in people's lives.
7. Springs from Oral Tradition
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Traditional Forms
Ballad: has meter, rhyme and repeated passages– Usually a type of narrative poem (tells a story or
recounts events)– originally meant to be sung
Ode: a lyric poem (short, a single speaker expresses personal thoughts and feelings) of a serious or meditative nature that aims to elevate its subject
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Odes
Odes tend to be longer poems but may take a variety of forms.
• A Pindaric ode uses a three-stanza pattern in which the first two stanzas follow the same form and the third stanza is different; the three-stanza pattern may then be repeated to create odes of six stanzas, nine stanzas, and so on.
• A Horatian ode uses one single stanza pattern.• Odes that use a variety of stanzas or no stanzas are
called irregular odes
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Fixed Forms
• Elegy: a poem that reflects on death, or mourns the loss of someone or something
• Villanelle: 19 lines arranged in 5 stanzas of 3 lines and 1 stanza of 4 lines including repeated lines
• Blank Verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter
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Sound Units
Rhythm: the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
Meter: the repetition of regular rhythmic units Foot: each unit of meter; consists of a combination
of stressed and unstressed syllablesScansion or scanning: the notation of stressed and
unstressed syllables in a line of poetry - breaking down a lines into rhythmic components to determine meter
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Metrical Feet• Iamb, or iambic foot: an unstressed followed by a
stressed syllable . Iambs are the most common meter.
EXAMPLE: My life closed twice before its close—
• Trochee, or trochaic foot: a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable. Used to provide a singsong or trance-like rhythm.
EXAMPLE: Tiger!/Tiger!/ burning/ bright
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Metrical Feet
• Anapest: two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. Often convey galloping or other forward motion.
EXAMPLE “Till at length into Aix Roland galloped and stood.”
• Dactyl: a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. Also move the rhythm along quickly, and often a poet will end a line with a half-foot to provide a stop.
EXAMPLE Hickory Dickory Dock
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Sound Devices
Rhyme scheme: a pattern of end rhyme in a poem
Exact rhyme: word pair or set whose accented vowel sounds—and succeeding sounds—are identical, as in amuse, confuse, and lose
Slant rhyme / off rhyme: rhyme that is approximate but not exact, as in road/ride and sell/seal
End rhyme: rhyme that occurs at the end of a line of poetryInternal rhyme: rhyme that occurs within a single line of
poetry
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Device and Structure names
End-stopped line: a line whose end coincides with a pause in normal speech
Enjambment: a line whose end does not coincide with a natural pause. A pause or breaking in the middle of a line or a run on that gives end stop
Couplet: 2- rhyming line stanza, usually a response to an earlier developed issue quatrain: 4-line stanza sestet: 6-line stanzatercet: 3-line stanza octave: 8-line stanza
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Organic/Irregular Form
• Arose out of desire to achieve more flexibility in verse forms to fit the new content
• Takes shape and pattern from content itself• Rhythm and meter may exist but usually in
unexpected ways
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Organic/Irregular Form
Free Verse • Lacks regular meter and rhyme• Usually still has a musical quality achieved
through sound devices like alliteration and repetition
• Flows naturally to indicate the cadences of everyday speech
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Walt Whitman
Famous for free verseCreates rhythm with poetic devices:
Cataloging – listing (people, things, attributes)Parallelism – related ideas phrased in similar waysRepetition
(LIT 509)
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Free Verse
Recognize the poetic forms of Whitman:Going to school, I dress quickly, eat in a rush, run for the bus.Going to school, I read closely, listen, speak, write, rush to the next class.
Repetition – “Going to school”Cataloging – lists of actionsParallel grammatical structure – I + Verb + Adv
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Writing Exercise
Write a few lines of your own using free verse and at least two of Whitman’s devices.
Have you exhibited a specific tone (an expression of attitude toward the subject) through your choice of words and details?
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Whitman
• Free Verse• Lingering Romantic
Notions (subject matter = nature)
• A bit of Transcendentalism present (individualism)
• Optimistic Tone, always positive
* http://www.elronds-haus.de/whitman.htm
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Emily Dickinson’s Style• Quatrains that echo the rhythms of church
hymns, lines 2 & 4 rhyme• Slant rhyme• Inventive punctuation – use of dash• Irregular capitalization and inverted syntax to
emphasize words• Imagery and figurative language• Depressing, pessimistic tone. • Subject matter = death
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*poems are untitled
My life closed twice before its close –It yet remains to seeIf Immortality unveilA third event to me
So huge, so hopeless to conceiveAs these that twice befell. Parting is all we know of heaven,And all we need of hell.
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Writing Exercise
• Choose either Whitman or Dickinson’s style• Write at least two stanzas to emulate his or
her poetry• Be sure to use at least two elements of the
poet in your own free verse
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