pol2 paper guide 2017-2018 - university of cambridge€¦ · of the non-western world and occludes...

POL2:INTERNATIONALCONFLICT,ORDERANDJUSTICE

2017-2018PaperOrganisersandLecturers:AdamBranchDepartmentofPoliticsandInternationalStudiesEmail:[email protected]

AyşeZarakol,[email protected]:[email protected]

Supervisors:

MahaRafiAtalKaitlinBallDuncanBell AdamBranchMikeClarkGeoffreyEdwardsDavidFowlerJeremyGreenJaakkoHeiskanenChristopherHillPietervanHoutenK-CLinJamesMayallJustinPearceEvaleilaPesaranGlenRangwalaAaronRapportStefanoRecchiaVsevolodSamokhvalovIanShieldsAyşeZarakol

[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]

POL2 – International Conflict, Order and Justice 2017-2018 2

OutlineofPaper

AimsandObjectives

Thisclasswillintroducestudentstopoliticsbeyondthestate.Wewillseektounderstandthecontemporaryinternationalpoliticalworldastheproductofintersectingformsofpower,eachofwhichhasadistincthistoryandmayrequireadistinctanalyticalapproach.ThedominanttraditionsinthestudyofinternationalrelationsintheWestsinceWorldWarIIhaveemphasizedthepowerofandrelationsamongstates–theirconflictsandeffortsatcoordination.But,asnewglobalpoliticalrealitieshaveemergedinrecentdecades,newtheoreticalapproacheshaveenteredthedebatesoninternationalrelationswiththeobjectiveofinterpretingthesenewrealitiesandre-interpretingdominanthistoriesofinternationalorder.

Someoftheseapproachesmaintainthatactorsbeyondthestate–internationalorganizations,socialmovements,multinationalcorporations,orterroristgroups–needtobeincludedorforegroundedinordertounderstandinternationalpolitics.Othershavearguedthatalternativelogics–suchasrace,gender,orsupposedcivilizationaldivides–shapeinternationalpoliticsandshouldnotbeignoredbyfocusingtooexclusivelyoninter-stateinteraction.StillothershavearguedthatgivingprioritytotheWestphalianstateobscurestheverydifferentvisagethatinternationalpoliticsmayhavefromthestandpointofthenon-Westernworldandoccludesalternativepossibilitiesoforderandjustice.Thus,theglobalstudyofinternationalrelationstodayrequiresattentiontootherformsandhistoriesofinternationalorder,aswellasahistoryofthestateandhowweunderstandit.Thispaperseekstoexploreinternationalpoliticsbutwillleaveopenthequestionsofwhatissuesmatter,whoseexperiencesshouldbethebasisfortheory,andwhatmethodologicaltoolswecanuseinthispursuit.

Forthisreason,POL2:InternationalConflict,OrderandJusticeisstructuredarounddebatesamongscholarsespousingdifferenttheoreticalapproachesastheymakesenseofaseriesofkeytopicsininternationalpolitics.Thefivetopicsare:thenatureofinternationalpoliticalorder;thechangingfaceofwarandconflict;globaljusticeandhumanrights;sovereigntyandhierarchy;andinternationalpoliticsandsystemicchange.Studentscanexpecttofindthatdistinctapproachestointernationalrelationsmaysituneasilywitheachotherepistemologicallyorpolitically.Thesetensionsshouldnotbeacauseforfrustrationbut,rather,shouldprovokefurtherreflectionandcriticalinquiry.

Threeprimarythemeswillcutacrossallfivemodules.First,conflict.Underthistheme,wewillexaminenotonlyconflictamongstates,whetherviolentornon-violent,butalsoviolencebynon-stateactorsaswellasconflictthatcrossesthedomestic-internationaldivide,suchasinoccupationandcounterinsurgency.Wewillalsolookatsystemicformsofinternationalstructuralviolenceandrepression,suchasmightexistalongclass,race,orgenderlines,whichmaybeembeddedintheexistinginternationalsystem.Thisleadstothesecondtheme:order.Whileorderamongstatesisaperennialconcernforinternationalrelations,thereisalsothequestionofwhoseintereststhatorderservesandatwhoseexpenseitismaintained.Whatisthecharacterofinternationalorder–forexample,isithierarchicaloranarchical–whatareitsorigins,andhowdoesitestablishitslegitimacy?Andaretherealternativewaystoordertheworld?Thispointstothethirdtheme:justice.Normativeinternationalrelationshasdealtextensivelywithethicalquestionssuchasjustwarorinternationaleconomicinequality.Thispaperwillalsopayattentiontothedemandsforinternationalandglobaljusticebeingmadebyadiversityofvoicestodaybothinthepoliticalsphereandwithinthestudyofinternationalpoliticsitself–signalingagaintheimportanceofaninclusiveapproachtointernationalrelationstheory.


Beinganintroduction,thispapershouldnotbetreatedasthefinalwordonanyoftheseapproachesorissues.Rather,itismeanttowhetstudents’appetitesandhelpthemdecide,astheyadvancetoPartIIoftheHSPSTripos,whattheywishtofocuson–suchas,forinstance,internationalorganizations,internationallaw,politicaltheory,internationalsociology,internationalpoliticaleconomy,Marxism,gender,race,development,oraspecificregion.Theobjectiveofthecourseisthustwo-fold:toensurethatstudentshaveafirmfoundationforfuturestudiesininternationalpolitics,andtoequipstudentswiththeconceptualtoolsneededtocriticallyinterpretandtoactinthecontemporaryworld.StructureofPaper

Thepaperbeginswithoneofthemostimportanteventsincontemporaryinternationalpolitics:9/11.Weuse9/11asastartingpointforexploringsomeofthekeyconceptsandtensionsininternationalpolitics.InModuleI,welookatthechangesininternationalorderintroducedby9/11,placingthosechangesinthecontextofdebatesoverpost-ColdWarworldorder.InModuleII,wecontinuetouse9/11anditsaftermathasatouchstone,turningtothequestionofinternationalpoliticalviolence,withafocusonterrorism,insurgency,humanitarianintervention,drones,andcounterterrorism.ModuleIIIshiftsfrominternationalviolencetothepursuitofjusticeforviolence.Weexplorethedominantvisionforglobaljusticeinthepost-ColdWarworld–humanrights–andlookatoneofthemostprominent(andcontroversial)internationalinstitutionsestablishedtorealizehumanrights–theInternationalCriminalCourt.Weendthemodulebyaskingwhetherhumanrightsandglobaljusticeareadequatetowhatmaybethemostpressingglobalchallengetoday–climatechange.Thesecondtermconsiderstwobigideasininternationalpoliticsoveralongerspanoftime,thusprovidingabroaderhistoricalcontextforthequestionsexploredinTerm1.First,inModuleIV,sovereigntyisputintoquestion:weaimtounderstandhowthemodernsovereigntyprincipleevolvedoverthecenturiesaswellasthecontemporarychallengestotheideaofnation-statesovereignty.Then,ModuleVaskshowinternationalorderhaschangedovertime–doweseeonlyminorshiftswithinmorefundamentalcontinuities,orhavetherebeenmoreradicalrupturesthatmightpointtowardsthepossibilityofdivergentfutures?LectureList

MichaelmasTerm:

Lecture1:Introduction:ApproachingInternationalPolitics

ModuleI:InternationalPoliticalOrder:FromtheColdWarto9/11 Lecturer:AdamBranch

Lecture2:InterpretingtheEndoftheColdWarLecture3:Did9/11ChangeEverything?Lecture4:USForeignPolicyafter9/11Lecture5:HistoricalAntecedentsoftheWaronTerrorLecture6:TheGenderof9/11

ModuleII:TheChangingNatureofWarandInternationalConflict Lecturer:AdamBranch

Lecture7:DefiningTerrorism


Lecture8:ANewFormofWarfare?InsurgencyandCounterinsurgencyLecture9:TheEthicsofWar:TheIraqInvasionLecture10:DroneDebatesLecture11:TheWaronTerrorinDomesticPolitics

ModuleIII.GlobalJusticeandHumanRights Lecturer:AdamBranch

Lecture12:HumanRightsaftertheColdWarLecture13:GlobalCriminalJustice:HistoriesandVisionsLecture14:TheInternationalCriminalCourtinPracticeLecture15:GlobalJusticeandClimateChangeLecture16:ClimateJusticeandtheLimitsofInternationalPolitics LentTerm:

ModuleIV:SovereigntyandItsDiscontents Lecturer:AyşeZarakol

Lecture17:UnderstandingtheWestphalianOrderLecture18:SovereigntyandtheNation-StateLecture19:Intervention–FromR2PtoCrimeaLecture20:IOs/Globalisation&theSignificanceofBrexitLecture21:AlternativestoModernSovereignty–AnarchiststoISIS

ModuleV:InternationalPoliticsandSystemicChange Lecturer:AyşeZarakol

Lecture22:RiseoftheWest?Lecture23:GreatPowersandDebatesaboutPolarityLecture24:StructuralCleavages–North/South&East/WestLecture25:RisingPowersLecture26:APost-WesternOrder? EasterTerm:RevisionLectures

Monday,Week1,9-11amWednesday,Week1,9-11am(Thelecturesareidentical,sostudentsareexpectedtoattendonlyone.) Teaching

Thepaperistaughtthroughacombinationof26lecturesandsixhoursofsupervisionforeachstudent.SupervisionsareorganisedbyDirectorsofStudy.Studentsshouldcompleteapieceofwrittenworkforeachsupervision;atleastfourofthesepiecesofworkshouldbeessays.Twoofthesupervisionssetbysupervisorscanbealternativewrittenwork;thiscouldbeforexample,anexercisebasedonthereading.Detailsonquestionselection,lengthofessay,andstyleshouldbediscussedwitheachstudent’sspecificsupervisor.StudentsshouldhaveoneortworevisionsupervisionsinEasterTerm.Listsofsampleessayquestionsforsupervisionsaregivenattheendofeachofthemodules.

Giventhesignificantdepthandbreadthofthereading,attendinglectureisessentialforstudentstoestablishpathsthroughthematerial.Lecturesbeginpromptlyat10:00amonMondaysandat10:00amonWednesdays.TherewillbetwolecturesperweekintheMichaelmastermandtwoperweekintheLentterm,withnolecturesinthefinalthree


weeksofLentterm.TherewillbetwoidenticalRevisionLecturesduringEasterterm,eachtwohourslong.Studentsareexpectedtoattendonlyoneoftheselectures.Readings

Therearetwocategoriesofreadingsinthepaperguidebelow:first,CoreReadings;second,SupplementaryReadings.CoreReadingsaretobereadbyallstudentsandwillestablishthefoundationforthecorrespondinglecture.SupplementaryReadingsareusefulforsupervisionessaysorforstudentsparticularlyinterestedinspecifictopicsoraspectsoftopics.ItisnotexpectedthatallstudentswillhavereadtheSupplementaryReadingsforeachlecture,thoughreferencetothemmaybemadeinclass.Studentsmayalsofindthatreadingadditionalchaptersbeyondwhatisassignedinthebooksonthereadinglist,orlookingintootherworksbyincludedauthors,canbehelpfulinwritingsupervisionessaysorrevisingfortheexam.Manyofthereadingscanbefoundonthepaper’sMoodlesite.Assessment

Therewillbeathree-hourunseenexaminationpaperintheEasterterm,inwhicheachstudentwillberequiredtoanswerthreequestions.Theexamwillbedividedintotwosections.Thefirstwillcomprisefourcross-cuttingquestionspertainingtothepaperasawhole,ofwhichstudentsselectonetoanswer.Thesecondsectionwillcomprisetwelvequestions.Therewillbetwoorthreequestionsassociatedwitheachmodule(althoughstudentsmaydrawonanylecture/topicinansweringthesequestions).Studentswillberequiredtoanswertwoquestionsfromthissection.

Inadditiontothesamplesupervisionessayquestionsincludedattheendofeachmodule,thereisalistofsamplecross-cuttingquestionsincludedattheendofthepaperguide.Thereisalsoasampleexamattheendofthepaperguideasawhole.

Previousyears’examsforPOL2areavailableonthepaper’sMoodlesite,andlastyear’sexamisincludedattheendofthepaperguide.Studentsshouldbeaware,however,thattherehavebeennewmodulesintroducedtothepaperthisyear,andsopreviousexamsmaycovermaterialthatisnotcoveredinPOL2thisyear.Forthisreason,thesamplesupervisionquestionsandsampleexamtheshouldbethefocusinrevisingfortheexam.


MICHAELMASTERMLecture1:Introduction:ApproachingInternationalPoliticsWhatdowestudy,whenwestudyinternationalpolitics?Whataretheconcernsthatmotivateus?Howdowedecidewhatconceptstouse,whatlocationstofocusupon,andwhichactorsandforcestoprivilege?Thislecturewillintroducestudentstothepaperandtohowwemightapproachthestudyofinternationalpolitics.MODULEI:InternationalPoliticalOrder:FromtheColdWarto9/11 Lecturer:AdamBranchHowistheworldorderedtoday?Thestandardansweristhattheworldisdividedupintostates,whichpursuetheirintereststhroughconflictandcooperation.TheendoftheColdWar,theterroristactsof9/11,andtheinceptionoftheWaronTerrorbroughtthatimageoftheworldintoquestionfrommanydifferentquarters,however.TheendoftheColdWarsawadebatearisebetween,ontheonehand,thosewhocelebratedaneweraofpeace,and,ontheother,thosewhosawadangerousturntowardsinstability.Athirdpositionarguedthat,fromthestandpointofthenon-Westernworld,theendoftheColdWarmeantlittleatall,asexistingstructuresofpowerweresimplyaffirmed.After9/11,anewroundofre-assessmentoccurred:somesaw9/11astheopportunitytobringnewordertotheworld,otherssawitasproofofglobaldisorder,andathirdgroupsawitasentrenchingtheunequalpowerrelationsthathadalwaysbeenpresent,whetheralongthelinesofcolonialism,gender,orrace.Thismoduleexploresthesevisionsofthechanginginternationalorder–hope,despair,moreofthesame–astheyevolvedfromtheearly1990suntiltoday.Lecture2:InterpretingtheEndoftheColdWarTheshockof9/11andtheupheavalcausedbyitsglobalresponsemakeiteasytoforgetthat,ameretenyearsbefore9/11,theendoftheColdWarhadtransformedunderstandingsofinternationalpoliticsinperhapsevenmorefundamentalways.ThislectureexplorescompetinginterpretationsoftheendoftheColdWarandvisionsfortheworldthatwasthoughttobeemergingatthatmoment.Corereading:• SamuelP.Huntington,‘TheClashofCivilizations?’,ForeignAffairs72,No.3(1993).[Thisinfluentialtextframespost-ColdWarworldorderasoneofconflictbetweenoppositionalcivilizations.Althoughwrittenbefore9/11,ithasprovidedonepopularframeworkforunderstandingtheevent.]

• FrancisFukuyama,‘TheEndofHistory?’,NationalInterest,No.16(1989):3-18.[AninfluentialthesisclaimingthattheendoftheColdWarhasbroughtanendtoalternativestoliberal,free-marketdemocracy.]

• TonyBlair,PrimeMinister’sspeech,‘DoctrineoftheInternationalCommunity’,24April1999.http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.number10.gov.uk/Page1297[Akeydeclarationofthevisionbehindthe1990’sinternationalcommunity.]

Supplementaryreading:• EqbalAhmad,“TheColdWarfromtheStandpointofitsVictims.”pp.219-227inTheSelectedWritingsofEqbalAhmad,editedbyCaroleeBengelsdorf,MargaretCerullo,andYogeshChandrani(ColumbiaUniversityPress,2006).Availableat


http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/eqbalahmadcoldwar.html[AhmadwasaPakistanipoliticalanalystandactivist,aswellasaprominentcriticofUSforeignpolicy.]

• JaratChopraandThomasWeiss,“SovereigntyIsNoLongerSacrosanct:CodifyingHumanitarianIntervention,”EthicsandInternationalAffairs6(1992):95-117.[AresoundingcallforahumanrightsworldordertoreplacetheColdWar.]

• Kaplan,Robert,“TheComingAnarchy:HowScarcity,Crime,OverpopulationandDiseaseareRapidlyDestroyingtheSocialFabricofourPlanet”,TheAtlanticMonthly,1994.[It’sbad–verybad,saystheprominentpoliticalwriter.]

• MaryKaldor,NewandOldWars:OrganizedViolenceinaGlobalEra(PolityPress,2012[1998]),Chapter1.[It’sbad,saystheLSEprofessor,buttherearealsonewopportunitiesforglobalcivilsocietythathaveariseninthemidstoftheexpandingviolentchaos.]

• JohnMearsheimer,‘BacktotheFuture:InstabilityinEuropeAftertheColdWar’,InternationalSecurity15:1(1990).[Europeisboundforinstabilitywiththeendofabipolarorder,theRealistinternationalrelationsscholarexplains.]

Lecture3:Did9/11ChangeEverything?Somehavearguedthat9/11provedconclusivelythatglobalpoliticstodayisnolongerrestrictedtostates,butisdefinedbybroadandconflictingculturalorreligiousidentities.Othersargue,conversely,that9/11infactdemonstratesthestate’scontinuingcentralitytointernationalpolitics,andthatweneedtolookattherecenthistoryofsuperpowerpoliticsandtheColdWaritselftounderstandtheattacks.Weexplorethisdebatehere.Corereading:• MahmoodMamdani,GoodMuslim,BadMuslim:America,theColdWar,andtheRootsofTerror(RandomHouse,2004),pp.3-38.[MamdaniisaUgandanpoliticalanalystandoneofAfrica’smostimportantpublicintellectuals;hereheoffersacritiqueofHuntington,arguingthatterrorismmustbeseeninhistoricalperspectiveandinthecontextofthepoliticsofpowerfulstates.Seechapter4andtheconclusionforhisfullargument.]

• KennethWaltz,‘TheContinuityofInternationalPolitics’,inBoothandDunne,WorldsinCollision(Palgrave,2002),pp.348-353.[ThedoyenofcontemporaryRealisminInternationalRelationsarguesthat9/11hasnotfundamentallychangedtheunderlyingrealitiesofinternationalpolitics,despitesignstothecontrary.]

Supplementaryreading:• AmitavAcharya,‘State-SocietyRelations:AsianandWorldOrderafterSeptember11’,inKenBootheandTimDunne,eds.,WorldsinCollision:TerrorandtheFutureofGlobalOrder(Palgrave,2002),pp.194-204.[AnargumentfromaprominentIRscholarthatstatepoliticsneedtobeforegroundedinunderstanding9/11.]

• EqbalAhmad,‘Terrorism:TheirsandOurs’,GeopoliticsReview2,No.3(2001).[Althoughhediedin1999,Ahmad’swritingsonterrorismhaveprovedprescientforthepost-9/11world.]

• BenjaminBarber,‘DemocracyandTerrorintheEraofJihadvs.McWorld’,inBoothandDunne,WorldsinCollision(Palgrave,2002),pp.245-262.[Adiscussionoftheconflictbetween,andmutualdependenceof,theglobalizingmarketandlocalizingreligiousorculturalparticularism.]

• FrancisFukuyama,‘HistoryandSeptember11’,inKenBootheandTimDunne,eds.,WorldsinCollision:TerrorandtheFutureofGlobalOrder(Palgrave,2002),pp.27-36.[Fukuyamaintegrates9/11intohisthesis.]


Lecture4:USForeignPolicyafter9/11Theviolenceof9/11andtheUSresponseshatteredmanyoftheimagesofpost-ColdWarstabilityandprogress.WiththeUSlaunchingtwoinvasionsofforeigncountriesaswellasaglobal‘WaronTerror’,vitriolicdebatesaroseamongpolicymakersovertheproperroleofUSpowerintheworldand,amonganalysts,overhowtocharacterizeUSpower.SomesawtheUSasembarkedonacampaigntoprotectitseconomicinterests;otherssawitaspursuingpoliticaldomination;otherssawtheUSashavingembarkedonaprogramtotransformtheworldthroughmilitaryinterventionandregimechange,buildinganewempire.Corereading:• GeorgeW.Bush,‘AddresstotheJointSessionofthe107thCongress’,20September2001.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1555641.stm;

• MichaelIgnatieff,‘TheBurden’,NewYorkTimesMagazine,5January2003.[Ignatieffisaprominentpoliticalphilosopherand,untilrecently,leaderoftheCanadianLiberalParty.HerehecallsforanewUSempireinresponseto9/11.]

• JohnMearsheimer,‘HansMorgenthauandtheIraqwar:realismversusneo-conservatism’,OpenDemocracy.net,19May2005.https://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-americanpower/morgenthau_2522.jsp[AprominentUSrealistassessesthegulfbetweenrealismandneo-conservatisminunderstandinganappropriateUSresponseto9/11,withafocusontheIraqwar.

Supplementaryreading:• ArundhatiRoy,‘TheAlgebraofInfiniteJustice’,TheGuardian,29September2001.http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/29/september11.afghanistan[RoyisanIndianauthor(winneroftheManBookerPrize)andpoliticalactivist;heresheinterrogates‘OperationInfiniteJustice’,astheUSnameditsmilitarycampaigninAfghanistanimmediatelyafter9/11.]

• RobertJervis,‘UnderstandingtheBushDoctrine’,PoliticalScienceQuarterly118,No.3(2003):pp.365-388.[ExcellentanalysisofthebeliefsystembehindtheU.S.invasionofIraq,byoneofAmerica’sforemostinternationalrelationsscholars.]

• AndrewJ.Bacevich,AmericanEmpire:TheRealitiesandConsequencesofU.S.Diplomacy(Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,2002),Ch.1.[FormerUSArmyColonelturnedconservativecriticofUSmilitarismandempire,followedbyavastnumberoffurtherbooksandarticles.]

• BonnieMann,SovereignMasculinity:GenderLessonsfromtheWaronTerror(OxfordUP,2014),pp.1-14,169-214.[Prominentfeministphilosopherexplorestheroleofmasculinityinthewaronterror.]

• AlexCallinicos,‘TheGrandStrategyoftheAmericanEmpire’,InternationalSocialism97,(Winter2002):3-38.[AMarxistinternationalrelationsscholarbuildsthecaseforunderstanding–andopposing–theUSasanot-so-benevolentimperialist.]

Lecture5:HistoricalAntecedentsoftheWaronTerrorFormanyanalysts,therewasnothingparticularlynewabouttheWaronTerror.Infact,theyargued,itwassimplyreprisinglong-standingdivisionsbetweentheWestandthenon-Westernworld.Thesedivisionsweredevelopedandimposedmostimportantlyundercolonialism,andsoweneedtolooktothecoloniallegacytounderstandthepoliticsoftheWaronTerror,theyargue.Othersmaintainthatthecoloniallegacyiseitherapositiveone,orelseisirrelevantforcontemporarypolitics.


Corereading:• EdwardSaid,Orientalism:WesternConceptionsoftheOrient(NewYork:Vintage,1978),Introduction.[Orientalismwasafoundingbookforpostcolonialtheoryacrossthedisciplines;althoughnotaneasyoruncontroversialtext,itremainsessentialforhelpingunderstandthelegaciesofcolonialismtoday.]

• NiallFerguson,Empire:HowBritainMadetheModernWorld(London:Penguin,2003),Introduction.[Aprominentaccountofthebenefitsthatimperialismbroughttothecolonies.]

SupplementaryReading:• AntonyAnghie,‘TheEvolutionofInternationalLaw:ColonialandPostcolonialRealities’,ThirdWorldQuarterly27,No.5(2006):739-753.[Onthecontinuitiesininternationallawasan‘othering’processfromtheearlycolonialperiodtothewaronterror.]

• JamesTully,‘LineagesofContemporaryImperialism’,inDuncanKelly,ed.,TheHistoricalRootsofBritishImperialThought(OxfordUP,2009).[Eruditeintroductiontothedebatesovertheshiftsinimperialismthroughthe20thcentury.]

• WalterRodney,HowEuropeUnderdevelopedAfrica(HowardUP,1974),Ch.1.[TheclassicworkbytheGuyanesepoliticaleconomistonthedestructiveeconomicimpactthatcolonialismhadonAfrica.]

• VijayPrashad,TheDarkerNations:APeople’sHistoryoftheThirdWorld(NewPress,2008),Introduction,Part1:‘Bandung’,‘Havana’.[AnengaginghistoricalworkontheeffortsbyThirdWorldpoliticalleadersandsocialmovementstodevelopalternativevisionsofworldorder.]

• MeghanaNayak,‘Orientalismand“saving”USIdentityafter9/11’,InternationalFeministJournalofPolitics8,No.1(2006):42-61.[UsingSaid’sframework,Nayakidentifiespost-9/11USforeignpolicyasan‘orientalizing’project,premisedontheviolentestablishmentof‘self’versusagenderedandracialized‘other’.]

Lecture6:TheGenderof9/11Somefeministtheoristshavearguedinasimilarveinthatthereisnothingnewabout9/11ortheWaronTerror:forthesewriters,botharepartofalonghistoryofviolenceagainstwomen,andsoweneedtolookattheseepisodesthroughagenderlenstograsptheirfullmeaning.Genderhastypicallybeenexcludedfromthestudyofinternationalrelations,however,whichhastraditionallyconsideredittobelongtothedomesticpoliticalrealm,withoutrelevanceforthesupposedlyabstractanduniversalpoliticallogicsoftheinternational.Thesewriterschallengethisassumption,showinghowgendershapesinternationalorderandhowcertainimagesof,andassumptionsabout,genderarebuiltintotheverywaywethinkaboutinternationalpolitics.Corereading:• LilaAbu-Lughod,‘DoMuslimWomenReallyNeedSaving?AnthropologicalReflectionsonCulturalRelativismandItsOthers’,AmericanAnthropologist104,No.3(2002):783-790.[Ontheuseofgenderandracialimagestojustifysupposedlyhumanitarianintervention.AboutAfghanistan,butilluminatingforIraqaswell.]

• CatharineMacKinnon,‘Women’sSeptember11th:RethinkingtheInternationalLawofConflict’,HarvardInternationalLawJournal47(2006):1-30.AlsoinMacKinnon,AreWomenHuman?AndOtherInternationalDialogues(Cambridge:HarvardUP,2006),pp.259-278.[Feministpoliticaltheorist,lawyer,andactivistdramaticallyoverturnsassumptionsabout9/11.]


• bellhooks,‘FeminismandMilitarism:AComment’,Women'sStudiesQuarterly23,No.3/4(1995):58-64.[Theoristandactivistdiscussestherelationbetweenmilitarismandpatriarchyandbreaksdownthesupposedoppositionbetweenwomenandwar,demonstratingtheintersectingnatureofdifferentformsofpower.]

Supplementaryreading:• CynthiaEnloe,Bananas,BeachesandBases(UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1989;2001),Ch.1,3,Conclusion.[Groundbreakingworkinfeministinternationalrelations,settingthestageformuchoftheworkthathasfollowed;seealsoEnloe’spiecesinSupplementaryReadingformoreontheIraqWarspecifically.]

• IrisMarionYoung,‘TheLogicofMasculinistProtection:ReflectionsontheCurrentSecurityState’,Signs:JournalofWomen,CultureandSociety29,No.2(2003).[ApreeminentphilosopherexploresthedomesticconsequencesoftheglobalWaronTerror.]

• NadjeAl-Ali,‘ReconstructingGender:IraqiWomenbetweenDictatorship,War,SanctionsandOccupation’,ThirdWorldQuarterly26,No.4-5(2005):739-758.[What‘liberation’meanstoIraqiwomen–alessoninwhyinternationalpoliticscannotbeunderstoodwithoutconsideringhowpoliticslooksfromdifferentstandpoints.]

• NiveditaMenon,“Feministsand‘Women’”inSeeingLikeaFeminist(Penguin,2012)SAMPLEESSAYQUESTIONS:(Relevantlectures/topicsaresuggestedforeachquestion;studentsmay,ofcourse,drawonanylectures/topicsinwritingtheiressays.)

1. DidtheendoftheColdWarpresentamomentofpoliticalopportunity,and,ifso,forwhom?(Lectures2&4)

2. Doesculturaldifferenceproducepoliticalviolence?(Lectures3&2)

3. WastheinvasionofIraqacaseof“bloodforoil”?(Lecture4)

4. ‘9/11andtheWaronTerrorarenotproofofthecontinuedimportanceofcolonialism,but,rather,areproofofhowmuchthingshavechangedsincecolonialism’.Isthistrue?(Lectures5&3)

5. WastheWaronTerrorawarforwomenorawaronwomen?Orneither?(Lectures6&4)

MODULEII:TheChangingNatureofWarandInternationalConflict Lecturer:AdamBranchTheterroristactsof9/11setinmotionalongtrainofpoliticalviolence–fromthedeclarationofa‘WaronTerror’,totheinvasionandoccupationofAfghanistanandIraq,toabroadgeographyofdronestrikes,proxywars,andincreasedstatesurveillanceandrepression.Inthismodule,welookatthesemanyformsofviolencethateruptedacrosstheglobeinthewakeof9/11,withafocusonthepoliticsandethicsofinternationalviolencetoday.Lecture7:DefiningTerrorismWhilesomeseecontemporaryterrorismasathrowbacktomedievaltimes,areactionagainstanever-expandingmodernglobalization,othersseeterrorismasitselfaproductofglobalizationandmodernity.Othersstill,however,insistthatterrorismshouldnotbe


elevatedintopartofaglobalstruggle,butissimplyapoliticaltacticinlocalstrugglesandshouldbejudgedassuch.Thesereadingsmapoutthiscontroversy.Corereading:• CharlesTilly,‘Terror,Terrorism,Terrorists’,SociologicalTheory22,No.1.(2004):5-13.[‘Somevividtermsservepoliticalandnormativeendsadmirablydespitehinderingdescriptionandexplanationofthesocialphenomenaatwhichtheypoint.’Suchasterrorism,astherenownedsociologistexplains.]

• JohnGray,AlQaedaandWhatItMeanstoBeModern(London:TheNewPress,2003),Ch.1and6.[AlQaedaisasmodernasglobalization,arguestheBritishpoliticalphilosopher.]

• MichaelWalzer,‘Terrorism:ACritiqueofExcuses’,inWalzer,ArguingAboutWar(YaleUP,2004).[Thepreeminentliberalpoliticalphilosopherandjustwartheoristapplieshisargumentstoterrorism.]

Supplementaryreading:• BruceHoffman,InsideTerrorism(NewYork.ColumbiaUniversityPress,2006;RevisedEdition),Chapters1,9.[Probablythemostwidelyreadintroductiontoterrorisminhistoricalperspective.]

• FaisalDevji,TheTerroristinSearchofHumanity:MilitantIslamandGlobalPolitics(Hurst,2010),Ch.1.[Acomplex,difficult,buticonoclasticaccountofterrorismandhumanitarianpolitics.]

• RobertA.Pape.(August2003).“TheStrategicLogicofSuicideTerrorism."AmericanPoliticalScienceReview97(3):343-361.[Politicalscientistarguesthatsuicideterrorismhassecularandstrategicgoals.]

• AyşeZarakol,‘WhatMakesTerrorismModern?Terrorism,Legitimacy,andtheInternationalSystem,’ReviewofInternationalStudies,37(2011).[Aconstructivistaccountofthelegitimacyclaimsmadebyterroristsinhistoricalperspective.]

• NoamChomsky,‘WhoAretheGlobalTerrorists?’,inBootheandDunne,WorldsinCollision(Palgrave,2002),pp.128-137.[Foralongertreatmentthatplacestheeventsof9/11inthehistoricalcontextofUSforeignpolicybyperhapsitsmostimportantAmericancritic,seeChomsky’sbestselling9-11(NewYork:SevenStoriesPress,2001).]

Lecture8:ANewFormofWarfare?InsurgencyandCounterinsurgencyWithinsurgencyandcounterinsurgency,weseeglobalandlocalpoliticscrashingtogether.Theresultingdynamicsraisedifficultquestionsofsovereigntyandstrategy,astheUS-ledcoalitionsquicklydiscoveredduringtheiroccupationsofAfghanistanandIraq.Insurgencyandcounterinsurgencyhavebothbeensubjecttosignificanttheorizationoverthelastcentury,andthereistodayanexpandingliteraturereflectingonthemostrecentroundofwarsofoccupationandtheglobalWaronTerror.Hereweexploresomeofthedirectionsthatdebateisheading,withaneyetohistoricalprecedentsaswell.Corereading:• EqbalAhmad,‘RevolutionaryWarandCounter-insurgency’,JournalofInternationalAffairs25,No.1(1970):1-47.Excerptedas‘Counterinsurgency’inTheSelectedWritingsofEqbalAhmad,pp.36-64.[Ahmad,again,withaseminalanalysisofthepoliticsofcounterinsurgency.Fromadifferentera,butequallyilluminatingfortoday.]

• DavidKilcullen,‘Counteringglobalinsurgency’,JournalofStrategicStudies28,No.4(2005):597–617.[Militaryanalystprovidesahighlyinfluentialaccountoftheconnectionsbetweenlocalandglobalformsofinsurgentviolenceandhowtocombatthatviolence.LookforresonanceswiththeTheU.S.Army/MarineCorpsCounterinsurgencyFieldManual.]


Supplementaryreading:• FrantzFanon,WretchedoftheEarth(GrovePress,1961):Ch.1,‘OnViolence’[Thefoundationaltheorizationofanti-colonialrevolt,describeshowtheviolenceofcolonialoccupationcreatesacontextinwhichanti-colonialviolenceisliberating,butstilldangerous.]

• DonaldRumsfeld,‘Transformingthemilitary’,ForeignAffairs(May/June2002).[TheformerDefenseSecretarylaysouthisvisionforthe‘RevolutioninMilitaryAffairs.’]

• Ernesto“Che”Guevara,GuerrillaWarfare(1961),Chapter3,availableonline.[Theclassicworkonhowinsurgentsshouldengagewiththecivilianpopulation.]

• RichardFalk,‘InterventionandResistance’,BostonReview(December1993/January1994).http://new.bostonreview.net/BR18.6/interresist.html[Interventionwillalwaysleadtoresistance,theradicalinternationallawyerexplains,withafocusonSomalia.]

• RashidKhalidi,‘IraqandAmericanEmpire’,NewPoliticalScience28,No.1(March2006):125–34.[ExplorationsofthepoliticalorderistheUSbuildingthroughitsoccupationofIraq.]

Lecture9:TheEthicsofWar:TheIraqInvasionCanwarbejust?Today,questionsaboutthelegitimacyoftheIraqWarcontinuetoreverberate,astherecentChilcotReportmakesclear.Thislecturelookstothedebatesthattookplaceintheleadupandaftermathoftheinvasion,assessingthereasonsgivenforthewaragainsttheoriesofjustwarandhumanitarianintervention.CoreReading:• AlexJ.Bellamy,JustWars:FromCicerotoIraq(London:Polity,2006),Ch.7,8.[ExplorationofthelegitimacyoftheWaronTerrorandofpre-emptiveandpreventivewar,withimmediateapplicationtoIraq.]

• MichaelByers,WarLaw(Grove,2005),Introduction,PartI(pp.1-81).[PlacestheUSinvasionofIraqinpost-ColdWarlegalcontext,withafocusontheUNSecurityCouncil.]

SupplementaryReading:• FernandoR.Tesón,‘EndingTyrannyinIraq’;TerryNardin,‘HumanitarianImperialism’,Ethics&InternationalAffairs19,No.2(September2005).[Debateoverwhetherthe2003IraqWarwasahumanitarianintervention].

• MichaelWalzer,JustandUnjustWars(BasicBooks1977;1992),Prefaceto2ndEditionandChapters4-6.[Theclassicworkonthetopic;theentirebookisilluminatingformanyofthethemeswearecoveringinthismodule.]

• KennethRoth,‘WastheIraqWaraHumanitarianIntervention?’JournalofMilitaryEthics5,No.2(2006):84-92.[CarefulanalysisbytheheadoftheinternationalNGOHumanRightsWatch.Answersthetitlequestioninthenegative].

• LauraSjoberg,‘WhyJustWarNeedsFeminismNowMorethanEver’,InternationalPolitics45(2008).[Criticalreadingofjustwartheoryfromafeministperspective.]

• AdamRoberts,‘LawandtheUseofForceAfterIraq’,Survival45,No.2(Summer2003):31-56.[ReviewsvariouspossiblejustificationsfortheIraqWar.]

Lecture10:DroneDebatesTheuseofdroneshasexpandedgreatlyaspartofchangesintheWaronTerror.Forsomeanalysts,theyareaterrifyingnewdevelopmentinthemachineryofkilling;forothers,theyareanimportantsteptowardsmakingwarandsecuritymorehumane.Inthislecture,we


lookatthereasonsfortheincreasingrelianceondronesandaskabouttheethicsoftheiruse.CoreReading:• AudreyKurthCronin,‘WhyDronesFail’,DanielByman,‘WhyDronesWork’,ForeignAffairs(July/August2013).[Asthetitlespromise,theseauthorsconsidertheefficacyofdronesastoolsofcounterterrorismandcounterinsurgency.]

• StanfordLawSchool&NYUSchoolofLaw,LivingunderDrones:Death,Injury,andTraumatoCiviliansfromUSDronePracticesinPakistan(Stanford/NewYork,2012),pp.1-27;availableonline.[Detailedanddevastatingreportabouttheeffectsofdroneattacksonthecivilianpopulationssubjecttothem.]

• HughGusterson,Drone:RemoteControlWarfare(MITPress,2016),ch.1and5.[Anthropologist’scarefulconsiderationoftheethicsofdronesandthemeaningforthosewhodeploythem.]

SupplementaryReading:• DavidCole,‘TheDronePresidency,’NewYorkReviewofBooks,18August2016.[Recentoverviewofthetrajectoryofdronewarfare.]

• PeterSinger,‘RobotsatWar:TheNewBattlefield’,WilsonQuarterly,2009.https://wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/winter-2009-robots-at-war/robots-at-war-the-new-battlefield/[Engagingbackgroundtothetechnologicalquestionsarounddrones.]

• StephanieCarvin,‘Thetroublewithtargetedkilling’,SecurityStudies21,No.3(2012)[Looksbeyondthetechnologicaldimensionsofdronestoplacetheminthecontextofthepracticeoftargetedkilling.]

Lecture11:TheWaronTerrorinDomesticPoliticsAstheWaronTerrorhasshiftedfromwarsofoccupationtosurveillance,policing,and‘counteringviolentextremism’,manyofthetacticsandideasthatweredevelopedaspartofinternationalcounterterrorismhavebeenbroughtintothedomesticpoliticsofWesternstates.ThislectureexplorestowhatextenttheWaronTerrorhasblurredthelinebetweendomesticandinternationalrealms.Corereading:• ZygmuntBauman,etal.,‘AfterSnowden:Rethinkingtheimpactofsurveillance’,InternationalPoliticalSociology8(2014):121-144.[Adiscussionoftheramificationsofglobalizedsurveillanceforinternationalpolitics,writtenbysomeofthemostprominentcontemporaryinternationaltheorists.]

• MichaelIgnatieff,“LesserEvils,”NewYorkTimesMagazine,2May2004,http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/02/magazine/lesser-evils.html[Ignatieffproposesapoliticalethicsforliberaldemocraciesinthefaceofterrorism.]

• HishamAidi,RebelMusic:Race,Empire,andtheNewMuslimYouthCulture(Vintage,2014),Prologue,Chapter4,9.[Aglobe-spanninglookatthepastandpresentofyouthcommunitiesfacingtheWaronTerror;thesechaptersfocusontheUK.GoodbackgroundonthesocialpoliticsofPreventintheUK.]

Supplementaryreading:• JessicaStern,‘Mindovermartyr:HowtoderadicalizeIslamistextremists’,ForeignAffairs(2010):95-108.[Adefinitivestatementoftheemerging‘counteringviolentextremism’agenda.]


• AnthonyRichards,‘Fromterrorismto“radicalization”to“extremism”:counterterrorismimperativeorlossoffocus?’,InternationalAffairs91,No.2(2015):371–380.[CriticalassessmentoftheUKgovernment’sPreventagenda.]

• RitaAbrahamsen,‘ABreedingGroundforTerrorists?Africa&Britain's“WaronTerrorism”’,ReviewofAfricanPoliticalEconomy31,No.102(2004):677-684.[HowAfricahasbeendefinedasasourceofterrorismandhowUKpolicytowardsthecontinenthasbeenshapedbythatunderstanding.]

• LeilaNadyaSadat,‘ExtraordinaryRendition,Torture,andOtherNightmaresfromtheWaronTerror’,GeorgeWashingtonLawReview75,No.5/6(2007).[Criticalexaminationoftheinternationallegaldimensionsofso-called‘extraordinaryrendition’.]

SAMPLEESSAYQUESTIONS:(Relevantlectures/topicsaresuggestedforeachquestion;studentsmay,ofcourse,drawonanylectures/topicsinwritingtheiressays.)1. Terrorismisjustapoliticaltactic,andaterroristissimplysomeonewhoemploysthat

tactictorealizecertainends.Assessthevalidityofthisstatement.(Lectures7&11)

2. Doesforeigninterventionalwaysgiverisetoinsurgency?(Lectures8&10)

3. WastheIraqwarjust?(Lecture9)

4. Isthereanythingtrulynewaboutdronesasaweapon?(Lectures10&8)

5. ‘Whenitcomestocounterterrorism,libertyandsecuritywill,unfortunately,alwaysbeintension.’Isthistrue?(Lectures11&10)

Note:StudentswhowouldliketolearnmoreaboutthehistoryofthewarsinAfghanistanorinIraqcanrefertosomeofthesekeytexts.Feelfreetofindothersourcesaswell.Ifyouwouldlike,youcandrawonthismaterialforempiricalevidenceforthethemesraisedinthelectures.• AhmedRashid,DescentintoChaos:HowtheWarAgainstIslamicExtremismisBeingLostinPakistan,AfghanistanandCentralAsia(AllenLane,2008).

• SethJones,IntheGraveyardofEmpires:America'sWarinAfghanistan(W.W.Norton,2009).

• AhmedS.Hashim,InsurgencyandCounter-InsurgencyinIraq(CornellUP,2006).• TobyDodge,Iraq–FromWartoaNewAuthoritarianism(Routledge,2013)• ThomasE.Ricks,Fiasco:TheAmericanMilitaryAdventureinIraq(Penguin,2007)MODULEIII.GlobalJusticeandHumanRights Lecturer:AdamBranchTheendoftheColdWargavebirthtoanewvisionofthepossibilitiesofglobaljustice,aformofjusticethatwouldbeanchoredinuniversalhumanrightsandenforcedbytheinternationalcommunity.Duringthe1990s,thiscosmopolitanvisionofahumanitarianworldorderwasascendant,givenapparentsupportbyaseriesofhumanitarianinterventions,anewrobustUNroleinpeacekeeping,andthedevelopmentoftheInternationalCriminalCourt.However,withthenewcentury,thisvisionhascomeunderchallenge.SomearguethattheWaronTerrorbroughtthe“ageofrights”toanend.Others


arguethatthemostpressingformsofglobalviolenceandsufferingwefacetoday--inparticularinclimatechange–revealthelimitsofthishumanrightsvisionforjustice.Othersarguethatahumanrightsworldorderwasneverpossibleorperhapsevendesirableinthefirstplace.Themoduleexplorestheriseandpossiblefallofglobalhumanrights,withafocusontheInternationalCriminalCourtandonglobalclimatejustice.Lecture12:HumanRightsaftertheColdWarTheendoftheColdWarandtheUN-authorizedwaragainstIraqproducedanewexuberanceamonglawyers,diplomats,andactivistsaboutthepossibilitiesforhumanrightstobeenforcedaroundtheworld(seeChopra&WeissinLectureTwo).Others,however,raiseddoubtsandaskedwhetherhumanrightswouldbecomesimplyanotherguiseforWesternpower.Thislectureexploresthepositionsinthisdebate.Corereading:• LouisHenkin,‘HumanRights:IdeologyandAspiration,RealityandProspect’,inSamanthaPowerandGrahamAlison,eds.,RealizingHumanRights:MovingfromInspirationtoImpact(PalgraveMacmillan,2000).[Avisionoftheprogressiverealizationofhumanrightsbyoneofthefathersofthehumanrightsmovement.]

• BoutrosBoutros-Ghali,AnAgendaforPeace,1992ReportoftheSecretaryGeneral(NewYork:UnitedNations):http://www.un-documents.net/a47-277.htm[KeystatementfromtheUNSecretaryGeneralofthenewvisionforinternationalorder.]

• MakauwaMutua,‘Savages,Victims,andSaviors:TheMetaphorofHumanRights’,HarvardInternationalLawJournal42,No.1(Winter2001):onlypp.201-219.[Placescontemporaryinternationalhumanrightsdiscourseinthecontextofthecolonialcivilizingmission.]

Supplementaryreading:• DavidKennedy,“TheInternationalHumanRightsMovement:PartoftheProblem?,”inTheDarkSidesofVirtue(2004).[Prominentlawprofessorraisesaseriesofdoubtsabouthumanrights’abilitytobepartofthesolution.]

• NoamChomsky,‘TheUnitedStatesandtheChallengeofRelativity’,inRogueStates:TheRuleofForceinWorldAffairs(2000).[HumanrightsasacloakofUSinterests?]

• SamuelMoyn,TheLastUtopia:HumanRightsinHistory(Harvard,2010):Ch.5andEpilogue.[Influentialrecentworkprovidingacriticalpoliticalhistoryofhumanrights.]

• MichaelIgnatieff,“HumanRightsasPolitics,”inHumanRightsasPoliticsandIdolatry(2001).[Eloquentdefenseofhumanrightsasaformofpolitics.]

• AdamBranch,‘AmericanMoralityoverInternationalLaw:OriginsinUNMilitaryInterventions,1991-1995’,Constellations12,No.1(2005).[TracestheexpandinguseofforcebytheUNSecurityCouncil,arguingthatitrevealstheimpossibilityofenforcinghumanrights.]

• AryehNeier,“DidtheEraofRightsEndonSeptember11?”(2002).[DirectorofHumanRightsWatchhopesitdidn’t.]

Lecture13:GlobalCriminalJustice:HistoriesandVisions Globalcriminaljusticehasbeenimaginedasthepinnacleofahumanrightsworldorder,inwhichcertainfundamentalhumanrightscanbeenforcedbyinternationalcourtsoflaw.Itsproponentsarguethatinternationalcriminaltrialscanrealizejusticeandpeace;criticsmaintainthatitwillachieveneither.Thislectureplacesglobalcriminaljusticeinthecontextofhumanrights,whilealsoexploringtheso-called‘peaceversusjustice’debate.


Corereading:• WilliamSchabas,UnimaginableAtrocities:Justice,Politics,andRightsattheWarCrimesTribunals(OxfordUP,2012),Introduction,Ch.3,7.[Anengagingaccountofthedevelopmentofinternationalcriminallawfromaforemostscholar-practitioner.]

• LeslieVinjamuri,‘Deterrence,Democracy,andthePursuitofInternationalJustice’,EthicsandInternationalAffairs24,No.2(2010):191-211.[Carefulcriticalexaminationofthedifferentjustificationsusedforinternationalcriminaltrials.]

• HenryKissinger,‘ThePitfallsofUniversalJurisdiction’,ForeignAffairs80,No.4(2001);vs.KennethRoth,‘TheCaseforUniversalJurisdiction’,ForeignAffairs80,No.4(2001).[Thearch-realistversustheheadofHumanRightsWatchonuniversaljurisdiction–youcanguesswhichsideeachison.]

Supplementaryreading:• HannahArendt,EichmanninJerusalem:AReportontheBanalityofEvil(Penguin,1963),pp.313-388.[Ifyouhaven’treadit,youshoulddosoatsomepoint.Aclassic.]

• KarenEngle,‘AGenealogyoftheCriminalTurninHumanRights’,inAnti-ImpunityandtheHumanRightsAgenda,editedbyKarenEngle,ZinaidaMillerandD.M.Davis(Cambridge,2016).[Tracestheoriginsoftheturntocriminalizationbythehumanrightsindustry;theentirevolumeisilluminating.]

• PayamAkhavan,‘BeyondImpunity:CanInternationalCriminalJusticePreventFutureAtrocities?’,AmericanJournalofInternationalLaw95,No.1(2001):7-31.[Afirmbelieverinthepowerofinternationaltrialstoeffectpositivepoliticalchange.]

• GerrySimpson,Law,War&Crime:WarCrimes,TrialsandtheReinventionofInternationalLaw(Polity,2007),Ch.1,3.[Anastuteandtheoreticallyrigoroustreatmentofthedilemmasinherentininternationalcriminaltrials.]

• JohnJ.Mearsheimer,‘TheFalsePromiseofInternationalInstitutions’,InternationalSecurity19(1994/5):5-49.[Realistcritiqueofinternationalinstitutions,applicabletointernationaltribunals.]

Lecture14:TheInternationalCriminalCourtinPracticeTheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICC)washailedbyBanKi-Moonasrepresenting‘afundamentalbreakwithhistory;’‘Theolderaofimpunityisover’,hesaid,andnow‘wearewitnessingthebirthofanageofaccountability.’Today,however,theICClookstobeincrisis,withlittletoshowforits15yearsofworkandbilliondollarsspent.WhatdoestheshorthistoryoftheICCrevealaboutthepossibilitiesofglobaljusticetoday?Corereading:• RomeStatuteoftheICC(1998).Skim,withspecialattentiontoPreambleandArticles1,2,3,5,11-17,53.http://www.un.org/law/icc/index.html

• LuisMoreno-Ocampo,‘KeynoteAddress’,CouncilonForeignRelations(2010).Availableonline;searchbythetitle.[ThecontroversialfirstChiefProsecutoroftheICCgiveshisvisionforthecourt.]

• BanKi-moon,‘WiththeInternationalCriminalCourt,aNewAgeofAccountability’,WashingtonPost,29May2010.[Anotherenthusiasticsupporter.]

• DavidBosco,RoughJustice:TheInternationalCriminalCourtinaWorldofPowerPolitics(OxfordUP,2014),Introduction,Ch.6.[AcriticalexaminationofthepoliticalpragmatismoftheICC.SeealsoChapter1foranexplicitapplicationofIRtheorytotheICC.]

• AdamBranch,‘Uganda’sCivilWarandthePoliticsofICCIntervention’,Ethics&InternationalAffairs21,No.2(2007).[YourfaithfullecturerwaxescriticalaboutthepossibilityoftheICCrealizingpeaceorjusticeinUganda.]


Supplementaryreading:• PayamAkhavan,‘TheLord'sResistanceArmyCase:Uganda'sSubmissionoftheFirstStateReferraltotheInternationalCriminalCourt’,TheAmericanJournalofInternationalLaw99,No.2(2005):403-421.[AstrongdefenseofthepositiveimpactthattheICCwillhaveonUganda’swarandpolitics.]

• MahmoodMamdani,‘ResponsibilitytoProtectorRighttoPunish?’,JournalofInterventionandStatebuilding4,No.1(2010):53-67.[UgandanscholarplacestheICCinthecontextofdestructive,coerciveWesterninterventioninAfrica.]

• SarahNouwenandWouterWerner,‘DoingJusticetothePolitical:TheInternationalCriminalCourtinUgandaandSudan’,TheEuropeanJournalofInternationalLaw21,No.4,(2011).[ExaminestheproblematicpoliticallogicsthatareinherenttosupposedlyapoliticalICCtrials.]

• KathrynSikkink,TheJusticeCascade:HowHumanRightsProsecutionsAreChangingWorldPolitics(W.W.Norton,2011),pp.1-28,162-188.[Strongproponentoftheideathatinternationaltrialshaveledtoacascadeofaccountabilitymechanismsatdifferentlevels.]

• FatouBensouda,‘WeAreNotAgainstAfrica’,NewAfrican,September2012.www.newafricanmagazine.com/features/politics/fatou-bensouda-we-are-not-against-africa[ThecurrentChiefProsecutor,herselfaGambianlawyer,makeshercase.]

• KofiAnnan,‘AfricaandtheInternationalCourt’,NewYorkTimes,30June2009.[FormerUNSecretaryGeneralisenthusiasticabouttheICC’sroleinAfrica.]

• AdamBranch,‘DominicOngwenonTrial:TheICC’sAfricanDilemmas’,InternationalJournalofTransitionalJustice11(2017):30-49.[YourfaithfullectureragainvoiceshisdoubtsabouttheICC,explainingwhyithasfocusedexclusivelyonAfrica.]

• ‘IstheInternationalCommunityAbandoningtheFightAgainstImpunity?’,on-linedebate,InternationalCentreforTransitionalJustice,https://www.ictj.org/debate/article/debate-whose-time-has-come[Illuminatingdebateamongtopfiguresintheinternationalcriminaljusticeworld–especiallyrecommendedareIgnatieff’sinterventions.]

Lecture15:GlobalJusticeandClimateChangeIsinternationalcriminaljusticeadequatetotheformsofviolence,themassivecollectivesufferingthathumanityfacestoday?SomearguethattheICCandthemajorhumanrightsinstitutionswehavedevelopedsimplycannotdealwiththegreatestchallengehumanityisfacing–climatechange.Thislecturelooksathowclimatechangetransformsourunderstandingofinternationalpolitics,settingthestageforaskinghowittransformsourvisionsofglobaljusticeinthenextlecture.Corereading:• AmitavGhosh,TheGreatDerangement:ClimateChangeandtheUnthinkable(UniversityofChicagoPress,2016),PartI.[Brilliantworkbythefamousnovelistandessayist,takingclimatechangeseriouslyasaglobalphenomenon.]

• NaomiKlein,ThisChangesEverything(Penguin,2015),Introduction,Ch.1,13.[Partisanandgrippingaccountofthepoliticalstrugglesaroundclimatechange,fromthedeniers,tothetechno-optimists,tothecommunitiesseekingsolutionsontheirownterms.]

Supplementaryreading:• UlrichBeck,WorldatRisk(Polity,2013),Ch.1,5.[Theforemosttheoristofthe‘risksociety’addressesthetransformationsclimatechangeisintroducinginourglobalpoliticalworld.]


• SimonDalby,‘TheGeopoliticsofClimateChange’,PoliticalGeography37(November2013):38–47.[Ananalysisoftheradicaltransformationsthatclimatechangeisforcingtoourunderstandingofglobalpolitics.]

• JeremyDavies,TheBirthoftheAnthropocene(UniversityofCalifornia,2016),ch.1.[Perhapsthebestintroductiontothetopic.]

• JeffreySachs,TheAgeofSustainableDevelopment(ColumbiaUniversityPress,2015),Ch.1,6,14.[Thepreeminentdevelopmenteconomist–and‘Bono’sprofessor’–bringstheplanetbackintoglobalpoverty.StartedasaMOOC,soeasyreading.]

• CameronHarrington,‘TheEndsoftheWorld:InternationalRelationsandtheAnthropocene’,Millennium:JournalofInternationalStudies44,No.3(2016):478-498.[Appliesdebatesovertheanthropocenetointernationalrelations,raisingkeyquestionsforthefuturestudyofplanetarypolitics.]

• ChristianParenti,TropicofChaos:ClimateChangeandtheNewGeographyofViolence(NewYork:NationBooks,2011),Ch.1,2.[Onthenewconflictsandsecurityregimesprovokedbyclimatechange.]

Lecture16:ClimateJusticeandtheLimitsofInternationalPoliticsWhatdoesjusticemeanintheso-calledageoftheAnthropocene?Doweneedanewvisionofglobaljustice,andnewinstitutions,thatareadequatetoplanetarydevastationinsteadoftheindividualatrocitiesthatinternationalcriminaljusticewasdesignedfor?Corereading:• AmitavGhosh,TheGreatDerangement:ClimateChangeandtheUnthinkable(UniversityofChicagoPress,2016),PartsIIandIII.[Again,perhapsthemostinsightfultextyetwrittenontheethicsofclimatechange.]

• Jean-BaptisteFressozandChristopheBonneuil,TheShockoftheAnthropocene:TheEarth,HistoryandUs(Verso,2016),Ch.1,4,10.[Howdoweunderstandresponsibilityfortheanthropocene?Doweblamehumankind,capitalism,industry,mankind,orempire?Andhowdoweimaginejusticebaseduponthatattributionofresponsibility?]

Supplementaryreading:• SaskiaSassen,Explusions:BrutalityandComplexityintheGlobalEconomy(HarvardUP,2014),Ch.2.[Thesociologistexaminesthehumanconsequencesofincreasingcontemporarylandalienation.]

• ThomasPogge,‘AreWeViolatingtheHumanRightsoftheWorld’sPoor’,YaleHumanRightsandDevelopmentLawJournal14,no.2(2011):1–33.[WhatistheresponsibilityofWesternconsumersinperpetuatingglobalpoverty?Poggeasks.]

• VandanaShiva,MakingPeacewiththeEarth(London:Pluto,2013),Ch.1,4,9.[Thevisionaryeco-feministdiscussescontemporaryenvironmentalandpoliticalcrisis.]

• AnilAgarwalandSunitaNarain,GlobalWarminginanUnequalWorld:ACaseofEnvironmentalColonialism(CentreforScienceandEnvironment,NewDelhi1991).Availableathttp://cseindia.org/challenge_balance/Reading/GlobalWarming%20Book.pdf[Perhapstheearlieststatementoftheideaof‘commonanddifferentiatedresponsibilities.’SeethediscussionofthiskeyworkinDipeshChakrabarty,‘ClimateandCapital’,CriticalInquiry41,No.1(2014):1-23.]

• CraigM.Kauffman,&PamelaL.Martin,‘Scalingupbuenvivir:GlobalizinglocalenvironmentalgovernancefromEcuador’,GlobalEnvironmentalPolitics14,No.1(2014):40-58.[ThinkingthroughtheimplicationsofindigenousAndeanconceptsofdevelopmentforglobalpoliticaleconomy.]


SAMPLEESSAYQUESTIONS:(Relevantlectures/topicsaresuggestedforeachquestion;studentsmay,ofcourse,drawonanylectures/topicsinwritingtheiressays.)

1. Cantheinternationalcommunityenforcehumanrights?(Lectures12&14)

2. Caninternationalcriminaljusticeavoidbeingpolitical?(Lectures13&14)

3. WhyhastheICCfocusedonAfrica?(Lectures13&14)

4. Doesclimatechange‘changeeverything’whenitcomestointernationalpolitics?(Lectures15&16)

5. ‘Climatejusticedemandsthatindividualseverywherereducetheircarbonfootprint’.Isthistrue?(Lectures15&16)


LENTTERM

ModuleIV:SovereigntyandItsDiscontentsLecturer:AyşeZarakolNation-statesovereigntyisthebuildingblockofmoderninternationalpolitics.Inthismodule,weaimtounderstandhowthemodernsovereigntyprincipleevolved,aswellasthecontemporarychallengestothisprinciple.Canthenation-statesurviveintothetwenty-firstcentury,orwillitbereplacedbyalternatives?Ifso,whatwouldthosealternativeslooklike?Itmayalsobethatnation-stateismoreresilientthanisusuallyassumed,asdemonstratedbyBrexit.Lecture17:UnderstandingtheWestphalianOrderThemoderninternationalorderisoftenreferredtoastheWestphaliansystem,inreferencetotheWestphalianarrangementof1648,whichisthoughttohavegivenbirthtothemodernsovereigntyprinciple.Theactualevolutionof“Westphalian”sovereigntyisamorecomplicatedandgradualstory.Inthislecture,wereviewthehistoricaldevelopmentandexpansionoftheWestphalianorderfromMedievalEuropetothepresent.CoreReading:

• Krasner,Stephen(1993)‘WestphaliaandAllThat’,inJudithGoldstein&RobertO.Keohane(eds.),IdeasandForeignPolicy:Beliefs,InstitutionsandPoliticalChange.Ithaca:CornellUniversityPress.[ThisarticlereviewstheconventionalIRwisdomonWestphaliaandarguesthatWestphaliahasalwaysbeenanideal-type]

• Hobson,JohnMandJasonC.Sharman(2005)TheEnduringPlaceofHierarchyinWorldPolitics:TracingtheSocialLogicsofHierarchyandSocialChange.EuropeanJournalofInternationalRelations11(1):63-98.[ThisarticlemakesanargumentthathierarchieshavealwaysplayedanimportantroleintheWestphalianorder.]

SupplementaryReading:• Osiander,Andreas(2001)Sovereignty,internationalrelationsandtheWestphalian

Myth.InternationalOrganization55(2):251–287.[ThisarticleshowsthattheWestphalianmythisacreationofthenineteenthandtwentiethcentury.]

• Bukovansky,Mlada,‘Thealteredstateandthestateofnature—theFrenchRevolutionandinternationalpolitics,’ReviewofInternationalStudies25(1999):197-216.[ThisarticlearguesthattheFrenchRevolutionfundamentallyalteredtheorganisingprinciplesoftheinternationalorder.]

• Buzan,BarryandGeorgeLawson(2014)Rethinkingbenchmarkdatesininternationalrelations.EuropeanJournalofInternationalRelations20(2):437-462.[QuestionstheclassicalbenchmarkdatesinIR].

• deCarvalho,Benjamin,HalvardLeiraandJohnM.Hobson(2011)‘TheBigBangsofIR:TheMythsThatYourTeachersStillTellYouabout1648and1919’,Millennium39(3):735-758[ThisarticlechallengesthenotionthatinternationalrelationsasweknowthememergedthroughthepeaceofWestphalia.]

• Lawson,GeorgeandRobbieShilliam(2009)‘Beyondhypocrisy?Debatingthe‘fact’and‘value’ofsovereigntyincontemporaryworldpolitics’.InternationalPolitics46:657–670.[ThisarticlereviewstherecentliteratureonWestphaliansovereignty.]

• Kayaoğlu,Turan.‘WestphalianEurocentricisminInternationalRelationsTheory,’InternationalStudiesReview12(2010):193-217.[Thisarticlediscussesthe


explanatoryblindspotscreatedifweassumethatWestphaliaisthestartingpointforIR].

• Blaney,DavidL.andNaeemInayatullah(2002)‘TheWestphalianDeferral’.InternationalStudiesReview2(2):29-64.[ThisarticlearguesthattheWestphaliansystemdidnotsolvetheproblemofdifferenceintheinternationalorderbutmerelytransformedit.]

Lecture18:SovereigntyandtheNation-StateWhatdoesmodernsovereigntyentail,exactly?Andwhyisitattachedtothenation-stateandnototherformsofpoliticalauthority?Inthislecture,wediscussdefinitionsofmodernsovereigntyandconsiderthesystemicimplicationsofarranginginternationalpoliticsaroundthisprinciple.CoreReading:

• Tilly,Charles(1985)WarMakingandStateMakingasOrganizedCrime.InBringingtheStateBackIneditedbyPeterEvans,DietrichRueschemeyer,andThedaSkocpol.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.[Aclassicargumentabouttherelationshipbetweenwar-makingandtheemergenceoftheEuropeannation-state]

• Weber,Max(1919)PoliticsasaVocation(Lecture).http://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf[Originofthemostcommonlyuseddefinitionofastate]

SupplementaryReading:

• Biersteker,Thomas(2002)State,SovereigntyandTerritory,inWalterCarsnaesetal.,editors,HandbookofInternationalRelations.London:Sage,pp.157-176.[PrimeronIRunderstandingsofsovereignty.]

• Ruggie,JohnGerard(1993)TerritorialityandBeyond:ProblematizingModernityinInternationalRelations.InternationalOrganization47:139-174.[Thisessayprovidesanoverviewofthedevelopmentsthatgaveriseto‘modernity’andthemodernstate.]

• Benton,Laura(2010)ASearchforSovereignty.CambridgeUniversityPress.[Explainstheriseofterritorialityasafeatureofsovereignty]

• Branch,Jordan(2012)”ColonialReflection”andTerritoriality:ThePeripheralOriginsofSovereignStatehood.EuropeanJournalofInternationalRelations18(2):277-97.[ThisarticlearguesthatthemodernstatessystemresultedfrominteractionsbetweenEuropeandtherestoftheworld.]

• Bartelson,Jens(2009)VisionsofWorldCommunity.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Esp.Chapters3and4.[Explainstheprocessesbywhichthenation-statewereconstructed]

• Anderson,Benedict(2006)ImaginedCommunities:ReflectionsontheOriginandSpreadofNationalism.Verso.[Classictextonunderstandingnationasanimaginedpoliticalcommunity].

• Gellner,Ernest(1980)NationsandNationalism.CornellUniversityPress.[Classictextlinkingtheemergenceofnationalismtotheindustrialrevolution.]

• Tilly,Charles(1992)Coercion,Capital,andEuropeanStates,AD990–1992.Wiley-Blackwell.[Bookversionofthe“statesmakewar,warmakesstates”argument].

ChallengestotheSovereigntyPrincipleLikeanyotherpoliticalarrangement,themodernsovereigntyprinciplehascreatedparticularwinnersandlosers,andexistsmorecomfortablywithcertaineconomicandsocial


arrangementsthanothers.Thenextthreelecturesprovidesnapshotsofinternationalpoliticalpracticesorexperimentsthattestthemodernsovereigntyprinciple.Lecture19:Intervention–FromR2PtoCrimeaSomeauthorshavearguedthatinthemodernorderthesovereigntyprinciplehasbeenbreachedmoreoftenthanitishonoured:formalempiressurvivedwellintothetwentiethcentury,andcurrentpracticesofhumanitarianinterventionareseenbysomeasacontinuationofthistradition.Thislecturefocusesontworecentevents–theUNauthorisedinterventioninLibyain2011andRussia’sannexationofCrimeain2014–toponderwhetherthemodernsovereigntyprinciplehasbeensignificantlyerodedrecently.CoreReading:

• Krasner,Stephen(1999)Sovereignty:OrganizedHypocrisy.PrincetonUniversityPress.ReadChapter1:“SovereigntyandItsDiscontents”.[Overviewofthedifferentdefinitionsofsovereigntyandthewaystheyareviolated]

• Brockmeier,Sarah,OliverStuenkel&MarcosTourinho(2016)TheImpactoftheLibyaInterventionDebatesonNormsofProtection.GlobalSociety30(1):113-133.[OverviewoftheuseofR2PinLibyaandrepercussions]

• Buchan,RussellandNicholasTsagourias(2017)TheCrisisinCrimeaandthePrincipleofNon-Intervention.InternationalCommunityLawReview19(2-3)”165-193.[LawjournalarticleonhowtounderstandRussia’sannexationofCrimea.Alsogivesthebackgroundofthecase]


• Weiss,ThomasG.(2004)TheSunsetofHumanitarianIntervention?TheResponsibilitytoProtectinaUnipolarEra.SecurityDialogue35(2):135-153.[Explainsthehistoryandevolutionofhumanitarianintervention].

• Bellamy,AlexJ.(2009)RealizingtheResponsibilitytoProtect.InternationalStudiesPerspectives10(2):111–128.[OverviewoftheimplementationchallengesofR2P]

• Mamdani,Mahmood(2010)ResponsibilitytoProtectorRighttoPunish?JournalofInterventionandStatebuilding4(1):53-67.[AcriticalperspectiveonR2P]

• Dunne,Tim(2013)‘InternationalismandInterventionism’inTimDunneandTrineFlockhart,eds.LiberalWorldOrders.BritishAcademyScholarshipOnline.[Primeroninterventionismasanapproach.]

• EdwardKeene(2013)InternationalHierarchyandtheOriginsoftheModernPracticeofIntervention.ReviewofInternationalStudies39(5):1077-90.[‘Thisarticlearguesthathierarchyplaysanimportantroleinshapingthepracticeofintervention,andthatthechangingnatureofinternationalhierarchyisacrucialpartofthestoryofhowthemodernpracticeofinterventionemerged.’]

• Averre,DerekandLanceDavies(2015)Russia,humanitarianinterventionandtheResponsibilitytoProtect:thecaseofSyria.InternationalAffairs91(4):813-834.[ExtendsthedebatestothecaseofSyria].

Lecture20:IOs/Globalisation&theSignificanceofBrexitAnotherchallengetonation-statesovereigntycomesfromeffortstogivemoreauthoritytosupra-nationalorganisationsand/ortodoawaywithnationalborderstofacilitatethemoreefficientmovementofcapital,labourandgoods.Thislecturediscussesthehistoryandthelogicofsuchefforts,fromtheLeagueofNationstotheEUandWTO,andconsiderstowhatextenttheyhavechallengedtheauthorityofthenation-state.OrisBrexitanindicationthatsucheffortshavereachedtheirlimit?


CoreReading:• Strange,Susan(1995)TheDefectiveState.Daedalus124(2,WhatFutureforthe

State?):55-74.[Classicoverviewofthechangesandchallengesglobalisationbringstobearonthenation-state].

• Pettifor,Ann(2016)BrexitanditsConsequences.Globalizations14(1):127-132.[Brexitistoorecentfortheretohaveemergedasettledacademicliteratureonit.ThisisanexampleofarticlethatseesBrexitasapopularbacklashagainstglobalization].

• Morgan,Jamie(2016)Brexit:BeCarefulWhatYouWishFor?Globalizations14(1):118-126.[ThisarticlearguesthatitisunlikelythatBrexitwillsolvethegrievancesthatresultedinBrexit,becausethosegrievancesarerootedintrendsthattranscendtheEU].


• Barnett,Michael&MarthaFinnemore(1999).ThePolitics,Power,andPathologiesofInternationalOrganizations.InternationalOrganization,53(4),699-732.[OverviewoftheIRliteratureonIOsandthewaystheyconstrainstatebehaviour].

• Martin,LisaL.andBethA.Simmons(2002)InternationalOrganizationsandInstitutions,inWalterCarsnaesetal.,editors,HandbookofInternationalRelations.London:Sage,pp.192-211.[Primeroninternationalorganizations].

• Risse,Thomas(2002)TransnationalActorsandWorldPolitics,inWalterCarsnaesetal.,editors,HandbookofInternationalRelations.London:Sage,pp.255-274.[Primerontransnationalactors].

• Habermas,Jürgen(1999)TheEuropeanNation-StateandthePressuresofGlobalization.NewLeftReview235:46.[Classicarticlebyaleadingphilosopheronthepressuresofglobalisation].

• Mann,Michael(1997)Hasglobalizationendedtheriseandriseofthenation-state?ReviewofInternationalPoliticalEconomy4(3):472-96.[Classicarticlebyaleadingsociologistonthepressuresofglobalisation].

• Thompson,Helen(2016)BetweenScyllaandCharybdis.Juncture23(2):111-115.[EssayexplainingpolicydriversofBrexit].

• Jensen,MadsDagnisandHollySnaith(2016)Whenpoliticsprevails:thepoliticaleconomyofaBrexit.JournalofEuropeanPublicPolicy23(9):1302–1310.[AnarticleaboutthepoliticsofBrexit].

• Worth,Owen(2016)RevivingHayek’sdream.Globalizations14(1):104-109.[AnarticlearguingthatBrexitwasnotgeneratedbyanti-marketforcesbuttheopposite].

Lecture21:AlternativestoModernSovereignty–AnarchiststoISISExtendingbacktothenineteenthcentury,terroristorganisationshaveoftenhadalternativeconceptionsofsovereignty.Nineteenthcenturyanarchists,forinstance,rejectedthenation-statemodelinfavourofindividualauthority.Inthecontemporaryorder,radicalIslamistorganisationshaveadvocatedalternativemodelsofsovereigntyorganisedaroundtheCaliphateandthereligiouscommunityofumma.Thislecturefocusesonthesovereigntymodelsadvocated(andpracticed)byAlQaedaandISIStoconsiderwhethertheytrulysignaladeparturefromtheWestphalianmodel.CoreReading:

• Zarakol,Ayşe(2011)WhatMakesTerrorismModern?Terrorism,Legitimacy,andtheInternationalSystem.ReviewofInternationalStudies37(5):2311-36.[Anargument


astowhysometypesofterrorismchallengemodernnotionsofsovereigntyandothersdonot].

• Wood,Graeme(2015)“WhatISISReallyWants”,TheAtlantic.March.https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/what-isis-really-wants/384980/[ControversialarticlethattakesISISatitsword.]

• Hasan,Mehdi(2015)HowIslamicIstheIslamicState?NotatAll.WhatTheAtlanticgotwrongaboutISIS.TheNewStatesman.March13.[OneoftheresponsestotheWoodarticle]http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2015/03/mehdi-hasan-how-islamic-islamic-state


• Devji,Faisal(2015)ISIS:HauntedbySovereignty.Spiked.December.[GoodessayonhowtounderstandtherelationshipofISIStothemodernconceptofsovereignty].

• McDonald,Kevin(2014)Isisjihadisaren’tmedieval–theyareshapedbymodernwesternphilosophy.TheGuardian,September9.[Shortop-edarguingthatISISismodern.]

• Hashim,AhmedS.(2014)TheIslamicState:Fromal-QaedaAffiliatetoCaliphate.MiddleEastPolicy21(4):69-83.[OverviewoftheriseofISIS]

• Cronin,AudreyKurth(2015)ISISisnotaterroristgroup.ForeignAffairs94:87.[DistinguishingISISfromal-Qaeda].

• Rapoport,DavidC.(2001)TheFourthWave:September11inthehistoryofterrorism.CurrentHistoryDecember:419-424.[Summarisingtheclassicargumentonhowtoperiodisedifferentmanifestationsofterrorism.]

• Chailand,Gerard(2007)andArnaudBlin,eds.,TheHistoryofTerrorism.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.[Comprehensiveoverviewofthehistoryofterrorism].

• Mueller,JohnandMarkStewart(2016)MisoverestimatingISIS:Comparisonswithal-Qaeda.PerspectivesonTerrorism10(4):32-41.


1. Whatisthe‘Westphalianorder’ininternationalpolitics?(Lecture17)2. Whatdoesthemodernconceptofsovereignty(andstate)entail?(Lecture18)3. Whichoneposesthegreaterthreattothemodernsovereigntyprinciple:the

interventioninLibyaortheannexationofCrimea?(Lecture19)4. ShouldweunderstandBrexitasamomentwhenthenation-statehasreasserted

itselfagainsttheforcesofglobalisationand/ortheincreasingauthorityofinternationalorganisations?(Lecture20)

5. DoesISIS(oral-Qaeda–pickone)presentarealchallengetoourunderstandingandpracticeofmodernsovereignty?(Lecture21)

ModuleV:InternationalPoliticsandSystemicChangeLecturer:AyşeZarakolSystemicchangeisoneofthemajorconcernsofinternationalrelationsscholars,aswasfirstraisedinModuleI.Whilesomearguethatinternationalpoliticsisdefinedbysystemicanarchyandthuslimitpossibilityofchangetoshiftingpolaritywithinanessentiallystablesystem,othersseeamorefundamentalbreakbetweenthemodernorderanditshistorical


antecedents,andthusallowforthepossibilityofamoreradicalendtothecontemporaryorder.Inthismodule,weconsidertheargumentsforboth.Lecture22:RiseoftheWest?Arguably,oneofthemostcrucialdefiningaspectsofthemoderninternationalorderisthatithasbeendominatedbyWesternpowerssinceatleastthenineteenthcentury.Inthislecture,wereviewthehistoricalevolutionofthisstatusquo,focusingespeciallyonthenineteenthcentury,whenmanyofthefeaturesofthecurrentarrangementemerged.CoreReading:

• Buzan,BarryandGeorgeLawson(2013)Theglobaltransformation:thenineteenthcenturyandthemakingofmoderninternationalrelations.InternationalStudiesQuarterly57(3):620-634.[Thisarticlearguesthatalloffundamentalcharacteristicsofthemoderninternationalorderemergedinthenineteenthcentury.(Thereisabookversionthatdevelopstheargumentfurther–seesupplementaryreadings).]

• Goldstone,Jack(2000)‘TheRiseoftheWestorNot?ARevisiontoSocio-EconomicHistory,’SociologicalTheory18(2):175-94.[Thisarticleonthe‘RiseoftheWest’makesanargumentfortheimportanceofcontingentandaccidentalfactorsinhistory.]


• Anievas,AlexanderandNişancıoğlu,Kerem(2013)'What’satStakeintheTransitionDebate?RethinkingtheOriginsofCapitalismandthe“RiseoftheWest".'Millennium:JournalofInternationalStudies.42(1):pp.78-102.[ThisarticlechallengestheendogenouslydrivenaccountsfortheriseofcapitalisminEurope.]

• Buzan,BarryandGeorgeLawson(2015)TheGlobalTransformation.CambridgeUniversityPress.PartIandII[Bookversion]

• Goldstone,Jack(1987)‘CulturalOrthodoxy,Risk,andInnovation:TheDivergenceofEastandWestintheEarlyModernWorld’.SociologicalTheory5(2):119-35.

• Hobson,JohnM.(2004)TheEasternOriginsofWesternCivilisation.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Chapters1and12.[Hobsonunderlinesthe‘Eastern’contributionstothe‘RiseoftheWest’]

• Kidd,Colin(2004)‘Hybridity’LondonReviewofBooks26(2):14-15.[ReviewofBayly’sBirthoftheModernWorld,aclassictext.)

• Pomeranz,Kenneth(2000)TheGreatDivergence.Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress.[PomeranzarguesthatEurope'snineteenth-centurydivergencefromtheOldWorldowesmuchtothefortunatelocationofcoal,whichsubstitutedfortimber.]

• Zarakol,Ayşe(2014)'Whatmadethemodernworldhangtogether:socialisationorstigmatisation?'InternationalTheory6(2):311-332.[AnargumentabouttheroleofsocialmechanismsinthespreadofWesternorderaroundtheglobe.AlsoseeZarakol(2011)AfterDefeat.CambridgeUniversityPress.]

Lecture23:GreatPowersandDebatesaboutPolarityThemoderninternationalordermayhavebeendominatedbyWesternpowersforthelasttwocenturies,butithasnotalwaysbeendominatedbythesameones.Somescholarsarguethatthemainshiftsinthesystemhavebeenaroundtheidentityandnumberofgreatpowers,fromEuropeandominatedmultipolarityinlatenineteenthcenturytobipolarityoftheColdWartotheunipolarityofthepost-ColdWaryears.Thislecturereviewstheargumentsaboutpolarityandimplicationsforsystemstability.


CoreReading:• Waltz,Kenneth(1979)TheoryofInternationalPolitics.WavelandPress.Chapter6:

AnarchicOrdersandBalancesofPower.[Foundationaltextforstructuralrealism,makingtheargumentthattheonlysystemlevelchangepossibleininternationalrelationsisinthenumberofgreatpowers.]

• Levy,JackS.andWilliamR.Thompson(2006)HegemonicThreatsandGreatPowerBalancinginEurope,1495–1999.SecurityStudies14(1):1-33.[Inadditiontoitsownsubstantivecontribution,thearticleprovidesagoodoverviewofbalance-of-powertheory].


• Schroeder,PaulW.(1994)“HistoricalRealityvs.Neo-RealistTheory,”InternationalSecurity19(1);seealsobelow

• Schroeder,PaulW.(2003)WhyRealismDoesNotWorkWellforInternationalHistory(WhetherorNotItRepresentsaDegenerateIRResearchStrategy),inJohnA.VasquezandColinElman,eds.RealismandtheBalancingofPower:ANewDebate.Pearson.[Historianquestioningtherealistreadingofhistoryfromwhichbalance-o-powertheoriesarederived.]

• Wagner,R.Harrison(1993)WhatWasBipolarity?InternationalOrganization47(1)(1993):77–106.[ThisarticlequestionsreceivedwisdomonthebipolarityoftheColdWaryears]

• Webb,MichaelC.andStephenD.Krasner(2009)HegemonicStabilityTheory:AnEmpiricalAssessment.ReviewofInternationalStudies15(2):183-189.[ProvidesanoverviewofHST,atheoryaboutthebenefitsofunipolarity,andempiricallytestsit.]

• Wohlforth,WilliamC.(2003)MeasuringPower—andthePowerofTheories,inJohnA.VasquezandColinElman,eds.RealismandtheBalancingofPower:ANewDebate.Pearson.[Articleabouthowtomeasurepower.]

• Baldwin,DavidA.(2002),PowerandInternationalRelations,inWalterCarsnaesetal.,editors,HandbookofInternationalRelations.London:Sage.[AnotherprimeronhowpowerisunderstoodinIR.]

Lecture24:StructuralCleavages–North/South&East/WestWhenwelookbeyondtheworldofGreatPowers,manyobserversofinternationalpoliticsoftenrefertoNorth/SouthandEast/Westcleavages,themanifestationsofwhichwecanalsoseeintermssuchasthe“GlobalSouth”;“DevelopingCountries”or“ThirdWorld”.Whatdothesecleavagesentailandwheredotheycomefrom?Thislecturereviewsthehistoricalevolutionofthesefault-linesanddiscussestheirimplicationsforcontemporarypolitics.CoreReading:

• Wallerstein,Immanuel1976.“AWorld-SystemPerspectiveontheSocialSciences”TheBritishJournalofSociology27(3):343–352.[SummaryoftheWorldSystemsPerspective,whicharguesthattherealdivisionintheworldisnotbetweennation-statesbutbetweenthecore,semi-peripheryandperipheryoftheworldeconomy]

• Lustick,Ian(1997).TheAbsenceofMiddleEasternGreatPowers:Political“Backwardness”inHistoricalPerspective.InternationalOrganization51(4):653-683.[ArguesthatWesterninterventionisanobstacletopoliticaldevelopmentintheMiddleEastintheTillyiansense]

• Zarakol,Ayşe(2011)AfterDefeat:HowtheEastLearnedtoLivewiththeWest.CambridgeUniversityPress.Introduction.[AnargumentabouttheexistenceofasocialhierarchybetweentheWestandtheEastinthemodernorder].


SupplementaryReading:• Escobar,Arturo(2011)EncounteringDevelopment:TheMakingandUnmakingofthe

ThirdWorld.PrincetonUniversityPress.Chapter2.[TheTaleofThreeWorlds]• Zarakol,Ayşe(2011)AfterDefeat:HowtheEastLearnedtoLivewiththeWest.

CambridgeUniversityPress.Chapters1and2.[Explainingtheemergenceofsocialhierarchiesintheinternationalsystem].

• MohammedAyoob(1989)TheThirdWorldintheSystemofStates:AcuteSchizophreniaorGrowingPains?InternationalStudiesQuarterly331:67–79.

• Dirlik,Arif(2007)GlobalSouth:PredicamentandPromise.TheGlobalSouth1(1):12-23.[Overviewofthedevelopmentoftheconceptof‘globalsouth’andanargumentaboutChina’spossibleleadershiprole]

• Rist,Gilbert(2004)TheHistoryofDevelopment:FromWesternOriginstoGlobalFaith.ZedBooks.[Placeschangingideasarounddevelopmentinhistoricalperspective].

• Prashad,Vijay(2008)TheDarkerNations:APeople’sHistoryoftheThirdWorld.[HistoricaloverviewofThirdWorldism].

Lecture25:RisingPowersInrecentyears,therehasbeenalotofattentiononso-called“risingpowers”,especiallyonChinabutalsoontheBRICSingeneral.Howdowedefine“risingpowers”?Dotheyposeachallengetothemoderninternationalorder?IsRussiaa“risingpower”ordecliningone?Shouldwewelcomeamultipolarsystemorfearit?CoreReading:

• Ikenberry,JohnG.(2008)TheRiseofChinaandtheFutureoftheWest:CantheLiberalSystemSurvive?ForeignAffairs87(1):23-37.[OptimistictakebyaliberalontheriseofChina.]

• Lake,DavidA.(2006)AmericanHegemonyandtheFutureofEast-WestRelations.InternationalStudiesPerspectives7:23-30.[SuggestionsastohowtheUSshoulddealwiththeriseofChina]

• Schweller,RandallL.andXiaoyuPu(2011)AfterUnipolarity:China’sVisionsofInternationalOrderinanEraofUSDecline.InternationalSecurity36(1):41-72.[SampleIRarticledealingwiththeriseofChina.]

SupplementaryReading:• Chase-Dunn,Christopher(2010)AdamSmithinBeijing:AWorld-Systems

Perspective[ReviewEssay]HistoricalMaterialism18:39-51.[AWorld-SystemstakeontheriseofChina]

• Layne,Christopher(2012)ThisTimeIt’sReal:TheEndofUnipolarityandthePaxAmericana.InternationalStudiesQuarterly56(1):203-13.[SampleIRarticlepredictingtheendofAmericanhegemony.]

• RuchirSharma(2012)BrokenBRICs:WhytheRestStoppedRising?ForeignAffairs,November/December.Alsoreview“TheRiseoftheRest”CollectionfromForeignAffairs.[ArguesthattheBRICsarenolongerrising.]

• Kang,DavidC.(2007)ChinaRising:Peace,Power,andOrderinEastAsia.ColumbiaUniversityPress.[ArguingthattheriseofChinaisnotathreattoglobalorder].

• Kang,DavidC.(2003)GettingAsiaWrong:TheNeedforNewAnalyticalFrameworks.InternationalSecurity27.4(2003):57-85.[AnargumentthattheoreticalframeworksderivedfromEuropeanexperiencecannotpredictChinesebehaviour.]

• Fortescue,Stephen(2017)CanRussiaAffordtobeaGreatPower?LowyInstituteReport.https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/can-russia-afford-be-great-


power[DecentprimeronthewaysRussianambition(andsuccess)ingreatpowerpoliticsexceedsitsmaterialcapability].

Lecture26:APost-WesternOrder?BuildingonLecture24,inthislecturewewillaskifthe“RiseoftheRest”meanssomethingmoresignificantthanshiftingpolarityandwhetherwearenearingtheendoftheWesterndominatedinternationalorder.Whatwouldapost-Westernorderlooklike?Isitthesamethingasapost-Westphalianorder?CoreReading:

• ImmanuelWallerstein(2002)TheEagleHasCrashLanded.ForeignPolicy131:60-68.[Essaypredictingthattheendofcapitalismisnear(predatestheGlobalFinancialCrisis)]

• RogerC.Altman(2013)TheFallandRiseoftheWest.ForeignAffairs,January/February.[ArguesthattheWestemergestrongerfromtheFinancialCrisis.]

• Mann,Michael(2013)TheEndMaybeNigh,butforWhom?InDoesCapitalismHaveaFuture?OxfordUniversityPress.[Arguesthatcapitalismwillsurviveinamodifiedform.]

• Mishra,Pankaj(2016)Welcometotheageofanger.TheGuardian.December8. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/dec/08/welcome-age-anger-brexit-trump[Astock-takingessayofourtimes]

• Buzan,BarryandGeorgeLawson(2015)TheGlobalTransformation.CambridgeUniversityPress.Chapter9.[Overviewsofpost-Westernworldscenarios]


• Abu-Lughod,Janet(1989)BeforeEuropeanHegemony.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.[ClassictextontheworldbeforeEuropeanhegemony]

• Barkawi,TarakandMarkLaffey(2006)ThePostcolonialMomentInSecurityStudies.ReviewofInternationalStudies32:329–352.[ArgumentforapostcolonialtakeonIR]

• Harvey,David(2015)SeventeenContradictionsandtheEndofCapitalism.London:ProfileBooks.[Primerontheargumentsfortheendofcapitalism]

• Mitchell,Timothy(2011)CarbonDemocracy:PoliticalPowerintheAgeofOil.London:Verso.Introduction&Conclusion.[ArguesthatthedemocraticmodelintheWestcannotsurvivetheendtheexhaustionofoilandassociatedclimatechange.]

• Phillips,Andrew(2010)War,ReligionandEmpire:TheTransformationofInternationalOrders.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Chapters2&10.[Importanceofreligionininternationalaffairs]

• Phillips,AndrewandJasonC.Sharman(2015)ExplainingDurableDiversityinInternationalSystems:State,Company,andEmpireintheIndianOcean.InternationalStudiesQuarterly59(3):436-448.[Historicalargumentforthesustainabilityanddurabilityofdiverseinternationalsystems]

• EssaysbyWallerstein,Collins,DerluguianandCalhouninDoesCapitalismHaveaFuture?OxfordUniversityPress.


1. Whatisthebestexplanationforthe“greatdivergence”?(Lecture22)2. Whatkindofgreatpowerpolaritydescribesourcurrentmoment?(Lecture23)


3. AssumeforthepurposesofthisessaythattheNorth-SouthdivideisprimarilyaneconomichierarchyandtheWest-Eastoneisasocial-culturalone.Whichofthesehierarchiesgeneratemoreconflictsandwhy?(Lecture24)

4. Whichoneisagreaterthreattostability:AmericandeclineorChina’srise?(Lecture25)

5. AreweatnearingtheendoftheWesterninternationalorder?(Lecture26)


SampleCross-CuttingQuestions:1. Doesinternationallawshapethebehaviorofstates?2. Havenon-stateactorsbecomemoreimportantthanstatesininternationalpolitics?3. Aretherecertainaspectsofinternationalpoliticsthatcanbeunderstoodwithout

attentiontogender?4. Isthedistinctionbetweendomesticandinternationalpoliticsstillusefulintoday’sera

ofglobalization?5. Isthelegacyofcolonialismmoreimportantintermsofitsimpactondomesticpolitics

orinternationalpolitics?6. Doestheinternationaleconomyoperateindependentlyofinternationalpolitics?7. Willviolencealwaysbepartofinternationalpolitics,evenifitspreciseformchanges

overtime?8. Iscontemporaryinternationalpoliticalorderdefinedbyanarchyorhierarchyamong

states?2017-2018SAMPLEEXAM

A)Cross-CuttingQuestions

EachstudentmustanswerONEofthesequestions.Materialcanbedrawnfromanyofthemodules.

1) Whatroleshouldmoralityplayininternationalpolitics?

2) Isviolencenecessarilyapartofinternationalpolitics?

3) Doesimperialismstillshapeourpoliticalworldtoday?

4) Whichactorsmatterininternationalpolitics?

B)Module-SpecificQuestions

EachstudentmustanswerTWOofthesequestions.

1) DidtheendoftheColdWarchangeeverything,ordid9/11changeeverything?Orneither?

2) Howdoesourunderstandingof9/11change–ifatall–whenweviewitfromperspectivesoutsidetheWest?

3) Isinternationallawgendered?

4) Isterrorismalwaysaformofpoliticalviolence?

5) DoesmilitaryinterventionhavetobeauthorizedbytheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilinordertobelegitimate?

6) Arehumanrightsabletobeenforced?

7) Ifwearefacingaplanetarycrisistoday,whoorwhatistoblameforit?

8) Issovereigntyonthewanetoday?


9) DidtheattainmentofformalsovereigntyfundamentallychangeThirdWorldstates’statusininternationalorder?

10) IsISISaharbingerofthefutureorarelicofthepast?

11) DoesChina’sriseposeachallengetothestudyofinternationalpolitics?

12) Isthereaparticularperiodfromhistorythatcanhelpilluminatethefutureofinternationalpolitics?

POL2 2017 Exam Questions [Note that some of these questions refer to modules included in 2016-17 but not included this year] A) Cross-Cutting Questions

Each student must answer ONE of these questions. Material can be drawn from any of the modules.

1) Can the exercise of power produce positive outcomes in international relations, or is it always a means of dominating weaker groups and states? 2) To what extent do legacies of colonialism still shape international politics? 3) “A country that demands moral perfection of itself as a test of its foreign policy will achieve neither perfection nor security”. (Henry Kissinger). Do you agree with Kissinger’s assessment of international politics? 4) Are we in a post-Westphalian age? B) Module-Specific Questions

Each student must answer TWO of these questions. 5) To what degree can cultural difference help explain international conflict? 6) Is the War on Terror gendered? 7) “The best thing for a state to do that wants to promote economic development is to get out of the way”. Assess the validity of this statement. 8) “All terrorism is local”. Assess the validity of this statement. 9) Since established democracies do not fight each other, promoting democracy abroad offers the surest path to “perpetual peace”. Do you agree with this statement?


10) Would the 2003 Iraq War have been just, had it been authorized by the UN Security Council? 11) How does avoiding Eurocentrism in the study of international relations change our understanding of contemporary international order? 12) Is the state a unitary, rational actor? 13) Is "leadership" essential for achieving cooperation through diplomacy? 14) Does a state's public diplomacy add to its international power and influence in any meaningful way? 15) Can international criminal justice avoid being politicised? 16) Is it true that climate change “changes everything”, as Naomi Klein puts it, when it comes to international politics?

pol2 paper guide 2017-2018 - university of cambridge€¦ · of the non-western world and occludes...

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