POLICYPOLICYAS CONCEPT, PROCEDURE AND

CASE STUDY

DEDDY S BRATAKUSUMAH, PhDDEDDY S BRATAKUSUMAH, PhD

ASEAN CONFERENCE, NUSA DUA BALIASEAN CONFERENCE, NUSA DUA BALI20032003

PolicyTHOMAS R. DYE:THOMAS R. DYE:

WHAT GOVERNMENTS DOWHAT GOVERNMENTS DOWHY THEY DO IT, AND WHAT DIFFERENCE IT WHY THEY DO IT, AND WHAT DIFFERENCE IT MAKESMAKES

JAMES ANDERSON:JAMES ANDERSON:

A PURPOSIVE COURSE OF ACTION FOLLOWED BY A PURPOSIVE COURSE OF ACTION FOLLOWED BY AN ACTOR OR SET OF ACTORS IN DEALING WITH A AN ACTOR OR SET OF ACTORS IN DEALING WITH A PROBLEM OR MATTER OF CONCERNPROBLEM OR MATTER OF CONCERN

Policy(continued)

Harold Lasswell:Harold Lasswell:A projected program of goals, values, A projected program of goals, values, and practicesand practices

David Easton:David Easton:TThe impacts of government activityhe impacts of government activity

Austin Ranney:Austin Ranney:a selected line of action or a declaration a selected line of action or a declaration of intentof intent

Policy Variables(in policy substance)

Policy Objectives (yi)Policy Objectives (yi)(Ends)(Ends)

Policy Instruments (xi)Policy Instruments (xi)(Means)(Means)

Yi = f (Xi)Yi = f (Xi)

Policy Characteristics

1.1. FormulatedFormulated2.2. ImplementedImplemented3.3. EvaluatedEvaluated

by by Agency/Organization in political system Agency/Organization in political system (Legislative Executive, and Yudicative)(Legislative Executive, and Yudicative)

Policy Cycle(lester and stewart)

1.AGENDA SETTING

2.FORMULATION

3.IMPLEMENTATION 4.EVALUATION

5. CHANGE

6. TERMINATION

Policy Category NATIONAL POLICY:NATIONAL POLICY:

government decreegovernment decreepresidential decreepresidential decreeministerial decreeministerial decree

LOCAL POLICY:LOCAL POLICY:local lawlocal lawregent regulationregent regulationcity regulationcity regulation

Policy Analysis(MUSTOPADIDJAJA.A.R, 1992)

Problem identification and analysisProblem identification and analysis Policy goalPolicy goal alternatives developmentalternatives development MODEL of alternativesMODEL of alternatives criteria settingcriteria setting Alternatives elaborationAlternatives elaboration Policy recommendationPolicy recommendation

1. Problem Analysis and IdentificationWhat for:What for: to identify and understand the roots of the to identify and understand the roots of the

problemproblem to identify the causal linkagesto identify the causal linkages

theories, Methodologies and Technique applied:theories, Methodologies and Technique applied: research methodology,research methodology, quantitative analysis,quantitative analysis, other related theoriesother related theories

2. Goal SettingThat is:That is:

the outcome that intentionally would be the outcome that intentionally would be achieved or hinderedachieved or hindered

it has to be:it has to be: specificspecific measurablemeasurable attainableattainable reasonablereasonable time boundingtime bounding

3. Alternatives DevelopmentThat is:That is:

the tools/means can be applied to achieve the the tools/means can be applied to achieve the goal directly or indirectly, excluding the goal directly or indirectly, excluding the current meanscurrent means

applied methods:applied methods: research methodresearch method quantitative methodquantitative method relevant substantial methodrelevant substantial method

Forecasting ApproachAPPROACHAPPROACH BASEBASE TECHNIQUETECHNIQUE PRODUCTPRODUCT------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EKSTRAPOLATIVEEKSTRAPOLATIVE EKSTRAPOLATIONEKSTRAPOLATION TIME SERIESTIME SERIES PROJECTIONPROJECTION

TRENDTREND ESTIMATED TREND LINIERESTIMATED TREND LINIEREXPONENTIALEXPONENTIALDATA TRANSFORMATIONDATA TRANSFORMATIONCATASTROPHE METHODCATASTROPHE METHOD

THEORITICALTHEORITICAL THEORYTHEORY THEORY MAPPINGTHEORY MAPPING PREDICTIONPREDICTIONCAUSAL MODEL CAUSAL MODEL REGRESSION ANALISISREGRESSION ANALISISPOINT AND INTERVAL ESTPOINT AND INTERVAL ESTCORRELATION ANALISYSCORRELATION ANALISYS

ESTIMATIONESTIMATION INFORMATIVEINFORMATIVE DELPHIDELPHI ESTIMATIONESTIMATIONESTIMATIONESTIMATION CROSS IMPACT ANALISYSCROSS IMPACT ANALISYSFEASIBILITY ESTIMATIONFEASIBILITY ESTIMATION

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------W.N.DUNN 1994W.N.DUNN 1994

4. MODEL OF ALTERNATIVESTHAT ISTHAT IS

a theoretical representation of empirical data a theoretical representation of empirical data that aims to advance understanding by that aims to advance understanding by highlighting significant relationship and highlighting significant relationship and interactionsinteractions

various kind of MODEL:various kind of MODEL: SCHEMATIC MODEL (FLOWCHART, ARROWS)SCHEMATIC MODEL (FLOWCHART, ARROWS) PHYSICAL MODEL (MINIATURE, MAQUET)PHYSICAL MODEL (MINIATURE, MAQUET) GAME OR SIMULATION (ROLE PLAYING)GAME OR SIMULATION (ROLE PLAYING) SIMBOLLIC (ECONOMETRIK, MATHEMATIC)SIMBOLLIC (ECONOMETRIK, MATHEMATIC)

5. CRITERIA SETTINGWHAT FOR:WHAT FOR:

AS A BASE FOR ALTERNATIVES ELABORATION. AS A BASE FOR ALTERNATIVES ELABORATION. CRITERION HAS TO BE CLEAR AND CONSISTENTCRITERION HAS TO BE CLEAR AND CONSISTENT

INCLUDING:INCLUDING: ECONOMICECONOMIC POLITICPOLITIC ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION LAWSLAWS ETHICTS AND CULTUREETHICTS AND CULTURE

6. Alternatives ELABORATIONWHAT FOR:WHAT FOR:

TO DRAW THE CONCLUSION OF GOAL TO DRAW THE CONCLUSION OF GOAL Achievement's EFFECTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY Achievement's EFFECTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY OF EACH ALTERNATIVE OF EACH ALTERNATIVE

FOR EXAMPLE:FOR EXAMPLE: ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT ANF FEASIBLEECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT ANF FEASIBLE POLITICALLY ACCEPTABLEPOLITICALLY ACCEPTABLE ADMINISTRATIVELY WORKABLEADMINISTRATIVELY WORKABLE CULTURALLY ACCEPTABLECULTURALLY ACCEPTABLE

7. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONWHAT FORWHAT FOR

TO DEVELOP THE conclusion OF THE TO DEVELOP THE conclusion OF THE RECOMMENDED ALTERNATIVES WHIICH IS RECOMMENDED ALTERNATIVES WHIICH IS OPTIMALLY CAN ACHIEVE THE GOALOPTIMALLY CAN ACHIEVE THE GOAL

INCLUDING IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY FOR INCLUDING IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY FOR EACH ALTERNATIVEEACH ALTERNATIVE

POLICY RECOMMENDATION OUTLINE(MUSTOPADIDJAJA. A.R)

A REPORT CONSIST OF:A REPORT CONSIST OF:

1.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARY2.2. PROBLEM LIMITATIONPROBLEM LIMITATION3.3. CRITERIONCRITERION4.4. POLICY ALTERNATIVESPOLICY ALTERNATIVES5.5. ALTERNATIVES ELABORATIONALTERNATIVES ELABORATION6.6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

EXECUTED BYEXECUTED BY

1.1. DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT2.2. AGENCIESAGENCIES3.3. LOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT4.4. COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY5.5. PRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR

POLICY EVALUATIONINCLUDINGINCLUDING

1.1. INPUTSINPUTS2.2. OUTPUTSOUTPUTS3.3. OUTCOMESOUTCOMES4.4. BENEFITSBENEFITS5.5. IMPACTSIMPACTS

POLICY CHANGE AND TERMINATION

POLICY EVALUATION IS THE END OF ONE POLICY EVALUATION IS THE END OF ONE POLICY CYCLE, THE NEXT STEP ISPOLICY CYCLE, THE NEXT STEP IS

1.1. POLICY CHANGEPOLICY CHANGE2.2. POLICY TERMINATIONPOLICY TERMINATION

PEOPLE’S ECONOMY

SECTOR1. FARMING AND AGRICULTE1. FARMING AND AGRICULTE2.ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTION2.ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTION3. FISHING AND FISH FARMING3. FISHING AND FISH FARMING4. SERVICE AND TOURISM4. SERVICE AND TOURISM5.5. FORRESTRY COLLECTORFORRESTRY COLLECTOR6. SMALL MINNING6. SMALL MINNING7. INDUSTRY: * HANDYCRAFT7. INDUSTRY: * HANDYCRAFT

* PROCESSING* PROCESSING (AGRICULTURE (AGRICULTURE PRODUCT, PRODUCT, HUSBANDRY,FISHING)HUSBANDRY,FISHING)

PROBLEMS1.1.CAPITALCAPITAL2. Lack of entrepreneurship2. Lack of entrepreneurship3.3.MARKET INFORMATION AND MARKETINGMARKET INFORMATION AND MARKETING4.4.PROCESSING AND PACKAGINGPROCESSING AND PACKAGING5.5.RAW MATERIAL, SEED, AND ADDITIVE RAW MATERIAL, SEED, AND ADDITIVE

MATERIALMATERIAL6.6.MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGYMANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY7.7.INSURANCE AND INTELECTUAL PROPERTY INSURANCE AND INTELECTUAL PROPERTY

RIGHT (PATENT)RIGHT (PATENT)

POLICIES

Actions and actorsAction Action NGONGO/univ /univ PPrivate rivate GGovernmentovernment----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Do nothing1. Do nothing 2. 2. PPartnershipartnership - -3. Technical Ass3. Technical Ass - -4. 4. AAccessibilityccessibility - - 5. Int Prop right5. Int Prop right 6. Insurance6. Insurance - -

Capital / Investment

1.1.Providing access to formal finance institutionsProviding access to formal finance institutions2. Revitalization of small scale credit scheme 2. Revitalization of small scale credit scheme

through local and indigenous financial through local and indigenous financial institutionsinstitutions

3.3.Alternative financing scheme Alternative financing scheme (venture, leasing, partnership)(venture, leasing, partnership)

4. Ownership of production land4. Ownership of production land

Lack of Entrepreneurship

1.1.Changing paradigm from traditional and Changing paradigm from traditional and classical to modern business activitiesclassical to modern business activities

2.2.Entrepreneurship trainingEntrepreneurship training3.3.Comparative studyComparative study4.4.Providing reading material on Providing reading material on

entrepreunershipentrepreunership

Marketing and Market Information

1. Commodities Promotions1. Commodities Promotions2. Access to market demands information2. Access to market demands information3. Market infrastructures and facilities 3. Market infrastructures and facilities

(market, promotion center, (market, promotion center, transportation, storage)transportation, storage)

4. Costume accessibility to producers.4. Costume accessibility to producers.

Processing and Packaging

1.1.Increasing value addedIncreasing value added2.2.Prolonged life timeProlonged life time3.3.Increasing attractivenessIncreasing attractiveness4.4.Easy to TransportedEasy to Transported

RAW MATERIAL, SEED, AND ADDITIVE MATERIAL 1. Easy to provide1. Easy to provide2.2.ContinueContinue3.3.Fit to demandFit to demand

(specification, criterion)(specification, criterion)4.4.On time deliveryOn time delivery5.5.AAffordableffordable

Management and Technology1.1.EmpowermentEmpowerment

- - appropriate technology trainingappropriate technology training-- appropriate management trainingappropriate management training

2. Advance technology and management 2. Advance technology and management socializationsocialization

3.3.Technical assistanceTechnical assistance

Insurance and Intellectual Property Right 1.1.Increasing credit worthinessIncreasing credit worthiness2.2.InsuranceInsurance3.3.Intellectual property right and patentIntellectual property right and patent4.4.Consumer rightConsumer right5.5.Quality assuranceQuality assurance

An Example of Strategy(in Oita province Japan)

1. One province one special commodity1. One province one special commodity22 one district one special commodityone district one special commodity3.3.One village one special commodityOne village one special commodity4.4.One group one special commodityOne group one special commodity5.5.One individual one special commodityOne individual one special commodity

ladies and gentlemen