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Political Geography

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Page 1: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Political Geography

Page 2: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element
Page 3: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Political Culture

Political cultures vary Political ideas vs. religion or language Theocracies

Territoriality Key element of political culture

Page 4: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

State and Nation

Terminology “State” vs. “country” A nation may be larger than a state

Nation has historic, ethnic and often linguistic and religious connotations

Stateless nations

Page 5: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element
Page 6: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Rise of the Modern State

The European model The Norman invasion & out of “Dark Age” Thirty Years’ War treaties

The Renaissance Mercantilism & religious wars Money vs. land

Page 7: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

The Nation-State

Some democratic, some autocratic, and some parliamentary democracies Sovereignty remained with the nation—the people

European control Creation of “nation states” Are there real nation states?

Internal cultural diversity Heterogeneous states can share “national spirit”

Emotional commitment to the state and for what it stands e.g., Confederation Helvetica

Page 8: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Spatial Characteristics of States

Physical and cultural properties Size and population Needs legitimacy Boundaries: centripetal or centrifugal forces Four main features of the European model:

1. Clearly defined territory

2. Substantial population

3. Certain types of organizational structures

4. Some power

Page 9: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Territory

Territorial morphology Size, shape, and relative location Present opportunities and challenges

Size Large vs. small states

Shape Compact Fragmented Elongated Protruded Perforated

Page 10: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Compact States

Efficient, distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.

Page 11: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Prorupted

An otherwise compact state with a large, projecting extension

-can provide a state with access to water.

-can separate two states.

Page 12: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Perforated

A state that surrounds another one.

South Africa

Page 13: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Fragmented

Includes several discontinuous pieces.

2 types of separation:

1. separates another state (Armenia)

2. separated by water

Page 14: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Elongated

Has a long narrow shape:

-may suffer from poor internal communications

Page 15: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Landlocked States

Page 16: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Paraguay

Itaipu Dam

Page 17: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Lesotho: an enclave

Kaliningrad: an exclave

Page 18: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Ministates/microstates

Page 19: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Land Boundaries

International boundaries Have a vertical plane cutting through the rocks

below, and the airspace above

Page 20: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element
Page 21: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Land Boundaries

How do we get boundaries? Three steps of boundary evolution

Define it Exact location established, via treaty-like legal

documents, describing (absolute or relative) actual points

Delimit it Officially put on a map, by a cartographer

Demarcate it Actual ground markers—fences, pillars, walls, etc.—if

desired Not all boundaries are demarcated

Page 22: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element
Page 23: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

4 Corners: What type of boundary?

Page 24: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element
Page 25: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Land Boundaries Types of boundaries

Geometric boundary Straight-line boundaries Totally unrelated to any aspects of physical or cultural

landscapes

Physical-political boundary or natural-political boundary Outlined by a physiographic landscape features (river,

mountain ridge, etc.) Convenient, but nature & meaning might change over time

Cultural-political boundary Formerly “anthropogenic” boundaries Mark breaks in the human landscape

Page 26: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Land Boundaries

Origin-based classification Richard Hartshorne’s Genetic Boundary Classification

Antecedent boundary Existed before the cultural landscape emerged

Subsequent boundary Developed at the same time as the major elements of the cultural

landscape

Superimposed boundary Placed by powerful outsiders on a developed cultural landscape

Relic boundary Ceased to function, but its imprint is still on the cultural landscape

Frontiers A frontier is a zone of separation

Page 27: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element
Page 28: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Subsequent and Superimposed

Page 29: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Superimposed and subsequent

Page 30: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

A different boundary: The Equator near Quito, Ecuador between the north and south hemisphere

Page 31: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Functions of Boundaries

“Walls” Limit state jurisdiction State symbols

Page 32: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Functions of Boundaries

Internal boundaries For administrative purposes

Examples: United States or Canada

Some culturally divided countries have internal boundaries that do not show on a map

Page 33: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element
Page 34: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Functions of Boundaries

Boundary disputes Four principal forms of boundary disputes

Definitional Focus on the “legalese” of the agreement

Locational Focus on the delimitation and/or demarcation of the border

Operational Focus on neighbors who differ over the way their boundary

should function

Allocational Focus on resources that straddle neighbors

Page 35: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2007/04/mongolia_land_w.html

Page 36: Political Geography. Political Culture  Political cultures vary  Political ideas vs. religion or language  Theocracies  Territoriality  Key element

Resources De Blij, Harm, J. (2007). Human Geography People, Place and Culture.

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Domosh, Mona, Neumann, Roderic, Price, Patricia, & Jordan-Bychkov,

2010. The Human Mosaic, A Cultural Approach to Human Geography. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.

Fellman, Jerome, D., Getis, Arthur, & Getis, Judith, 2008. Human Geography, Landscapes of Human Activities. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic and Alex M. and Pulsipher, 2008. World Regional Geography, Global Patterns, Local Lives. W.H. Freeman and Company New York.  

Rubenstein, James M. (2008). An introduction to human geography The cultural landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Benewick, Robert, & Donald, Stephanie H. (2005). The State of China Atlas. Berkeley: University of California Press.