Chapter 9:

Chapter 9:Political Parties

Meaning of PartyPolitical Party - group that seeks to elect candidates to public office

A label (voters identify with)An organization (nominate and elect)A set of leaders (represent and organize in government CONGRESS!)Copyright 2013 Cengage2The Meaning of PartyTasks of the PartiesLinkage Institution: the channels through which peoples concerns become political issues on the governments policy agendaParties Pick CandidatesParties Run CampaignsParties Give Cues to VotersParties Articulate PoliciesParties Coordinate Policymaking3The Meaning of Party

4Political Party TrendSince 1960 parties have become weaker and affiliation has decreasedIndependents = INCREASING

The Party in the Electorate

6The Rise and the Decline of the Political PartyThe Jeffersonian Republicans (Democratic Republicans v. Federalists = first 2 parties in U.S.)The Jacksonians =emergence of the Democratic party (Republicans v. Jacksonian Democrats)

The Civil War and Sectionalism

1860old parties divided, emergence of 1st third party over SLAVERY (Democrats, Whigs, Republicans)

1896 W.J. Bryan drove away democrat and encouraged republican support

North = REPUBLICAN South = DEMOCRAT

1932FDR New Deal Democrats supported the urban/industrial government public works programs, while south remained agrarian

North = DEMOCRAT South = REPUBLICAN

Copyright 2013 Cengage7The Rise and Decline of the Political PartyThe Era of Reform- fight voting fraud- initiative = petitioning to change legislation- referendum = citizens vote directly on legislation or answer ballot question

Party Realignments- party is badly defeated disappears (Federalists & Whigs)

- voters shift support from one party to another because of an issue (slavery & Great Depression)

Party Decline

Party Eras in American History

9Party Eras in American History1968-Present: The Era of Divided Party GovernmentDivided government: one party controls Congress and the other controls White House

Divided government in party:Party dealignment disengagement of people from parties (shrinking party ID)Party neutrality people indifferent towards the two parties10The Party in the ElectorateParty imageA voters perception of what Republicans or Democrats stand for

Party identificationA citizens self-proclaimed preference for one party or the otherRepublican, Democrat, or Independent

Ticket-splittingVoting with one party for one office and with another party for other officesIndependents are most likely to split tickets.

11Figure 9.2 Split-Ticket Voting for President/Congress, 19522008Copyright 2013 CengageSource: American National Election Studies, Table 9B.2, Split-Ticket Voting for President/Congress, 19522008.

12American Party CharacteristicsIn the U.S., what is the first step that candidates take in running for office?

* Announce/Declare their candidacy!

2. What must a candidate do once declaration of running for office is established?

*Hire campaign manager, decide their slogan, determine campaign issues important to them, FUNDRAISE , campaign trail

3. In the U.S., do party affiliated elected officials always vote and/or make decisions that the party as a whole wants?

* NO! Ex. Chief Jusitce Roberts (appointed by G.W. Bush republican) ruling on the ACA (Obama Care)

Copyright 2013 CengagePresident Obama in 2011 used an e-mail and a video to tell his followers that he was going to run for reelection in 2012. Digital communication has become more important for both parties.O/Reuters/Landov

The United States Versus Europe

In Europe, political parties have more influence because:Candidates = usually nominated by party leadersCampaigns = run by party, not candidateElected official = expected to vote and act with members of party

Copyright 2013 Cengage15There are so many political parties in France thatin 2007 a woman could study pictures of twelvecandidates to be president.

Copyright 2013 CengageCHARLES PLATIAU/Reuters/Corbis

16National Party StructureNational Convention: meeting of party delegates every 4 years to choose pres. ticket and party platformDelegates (pg. 214 215)

National Convention

17RNC and DNCRepublicansMia LoveRick SantorumChris Christie

DemocratsBill ClintonTammy DuckworthBarbara MikulskiNational Party Structure

19National Party StructureNational Committee: keeps party operating between conventions

Congressional Campaign Committee:committee in congress, gives funds to hopefuls and re-election members

National Chairperson: responsible for day-to-day activities of party

Who Are the Party Delegates?Copyright 2013 CengageSource: 2008 CBS News/New York Times delegate polls.

21National Convention ReformsDEMOCRATIC PARTY1970s : McGovern Reform Rules

1. reduce power over delegates by local party leaders

2. Increase women, young person, African Amer., and Native Americans at convention

National Convention Reform:DEMOCRATIC PARTY1980-1. Men and women = equal delegate rep.

2. Minority delegate proportion rep.

3. 75% of delegates elected from congressional districts

4. Delegates not required to vote with the state delegate majority

5. Restrict # of party leaders and elected officials to vote at convention (superdelegates)

6. Required pledge loyalty to candidateNational Convention Reforms:DEMOCRATIC PARTY1981(Hunt Commission)

1. 14% delegate seats saved for superdelegates without candidate loyalty pledge

superdelegates party leaders and elected officials (governors, state & federal legislators) who dont need primary or caucus vote to become delegate

2. Delegates need not pledge candidate loyalty (repealed from earlier)

Delegates/SuperdelegatesNational Convention Reforms:DEMOCRATIC PARTY1992 chair Ronald Brown Reforms

1. Banned extra delegate rewards for primary and caucus winners

2. Proportional Representation(divides elected delegates among candidates who receive at least 15% of vote)

3. States penalized 25% of their national convention delegates for violating rulesCopyright 2013 CengageSource: 2008 CBS/New York Times polls.

Replace with jpeg, p. 21726State and Local PartiesThe MachineIdeological PartiesSolidarity GroupsSponsored PartiesPersonal FollowingCopyright 2013 CengageEx-Senator George Washington Plunkitt of Tammany Hall explains machine politics from atop the bootblack stand in front of the New York County Courthouse around 1905, p. 217.By permission of the Houghton Library/Harvard University

27The personal following of former President George Bush was passed on to his sons, George W. (left) and Jeb (right), both of whom became governors of large states, and the former of whom became president, p. 220.Copyright 2013 CengageReuters/CORBIS

28State and Local Party StructureThese are the people that work for the party

Local PartiesParty Machines: party org. that relies on material inducements to win votes and to governPatronage: job, promotion or contract given for political reasons

The Two-Party SystemWHY HAS THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM PERSISTED IN THE UNITED STATES?

Plurality System most votes needed NOT a majority (winner-take-all)Voter OpinionState LawsCopyright 2013 Cengage30Copyright 2013 CengageSource: Data from CNN exit polls for each year.

The Two Party System: Party Voting31Minor PartiesIdeological One-Issue Economic-ProtestFactional Copyright 2013 CengageThe Socialist party was an ideological party

The Bull Moose Progressive party split off from the Republicans to support Theodore Roosevelt.Library of Congress/LC-DIG pga-01130

32Copyright 2013 Cengage

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