Political & Social Political & Social ChangesChanges

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Adam SmithAdam Smith1723–1790 1723–1790

AdamAdam Smith laid the Smith laid the intellectual framework intellectual framework for the concept of the for the concept of the free marketfree market

SocialismSocialism

BasicsBasics– Economic competition is inherently Economic competition is inherently

unfair and leads to injustice and unfair and leads to injustice and inequalitiesinequalities

– Belief in gov’t interventionBelief in gov’t intervention– Led to socialist parties and labor Led to socialist parties and labor

unionsunions

Karl Marx (1818-1883)Karl Marx (1818-1883)

GermanGerman Lived in EnglandLived in England Books – Books – Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto - -

1848 1848 Das KapitalDas Kapital -1867 -1867

PhilosophyPhilosophy– Bourgeoisie growing richer & more Bourgeoisie growing richer & more

monopolisticmonopolistic– Proletariat (workers) would take Proletariat (workers) would take

over the factors of productionover the factors of production– The state (the people) would own The state (the people) would own

the factors of productionthe factors of production– Marxism = communismMarxism = communism

Workers’ MovementWorkers’ Movement

Labor UnionsLabor Unions– At 1At 1stst illegal illegal– Pushed for higher wages, work hrs. Pushed for higher wages, work hrs.

& working conditions& working conditions

Political PartiesPolitical Parties– Workers’ parties emergedWorkers’ parties emerged– Example – Labour Party of Great Example – Labour Party of Great

Britain Britain

Women & Family in Women & Family in 1919thth Century Western Century Western

SocietiesSocieties

Working Class WomenWorking Class Women

Led lives of toil & painLed lives of toil & pain Domestic servantsDomestic servants

– Long hrs., physical abuse & sexual Long hrs., physical abuse & sexual abuseabuse

Young women in factories – poorly Young women in factories – poorly paid work in textilespaid work in textiles

Married women – stay home, take Married women – stay home, take care of children, sewing jobs and care of children, sewing jobs and take in boarderstake in boarders

Poorest women – orphans & single Poorest women – orphans & single mothers – many turned to mothers – many turned to prostitutionprostitution

Middle ClassMiddle Class

““Victorian Age” – Victorian Age” – 1850-19141850-1914

Refers to Queen Refers to Queen VictoriaVictoria

Rules of BehaviorRules of Behavior– Ideology Ideology

surrounding surrounding family& relations family& relations between men & between men & womenwomen

– ““Separate Separate spheres”spheres”

Middle Class Women’s Roles – Middle Class Women’s Roles – Victorian Age Victorian Age

Most important work was rearing Most important work was rearing childrenchildren

Only single women could work – Only single women could work – not in factories – usually in not in factories – usually in educationeducation

Discrimination – women were Discrimination – women were considered minorsconsidered minors

Western FeminismWestern Feminism

Mary Wollstonecraft – influenced by Mary Wollstonecraft – influenced by the enlightenment women should be the enlightenment women should be equal with menequal with men

Push for women's suffragePush for women's suffrage Some women joined organizations Some women joined organizations

fighting prostitution, child labor and fighting prostitution, child labor and alcohol consumption alcohol consumption

Intellectual and Cultural Intellectual and Cultural Currents in EuropeCurrents in Europe

RomanticismRomanticism

Represented a backlash against the logic Represented a backlash against the logic and reason-oriented outlook of the and reason-oriented outlook of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Stressed personal emotion, free play of Stressed personal emotion, free play of the imagination, and freedom from rules of the imagination, and freedom from rules of formform

Writers and poets – Lord Byron, Victor Writers and poets – Lord Byron, Victor HugoHugo

Musicians – Ludwig van Beethoven, Musicians – Ludwig van Beethoven, WagnerWagner

Thomas ColeThomas Cole

RealismRealism

Rejected Romanticism’s idealized, Rejected Romanticism’s idealized, dramatic outlook in favor of a more dramatic outlook in favor of a more sober, critical view of lifesober, critical view of life

Charles Dickens and Leo TolstoyCharles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

Evolution – is a Evolution – is a random process in random process in which physical which physical changes that changes that increase an increase an animal’s chance for animal’s chance for survival are passed survival are passed on to that animal’s on to that animal’s offspringoffspring