Politicas de Formacion en Politicas de Formacion en Psicologica: Una Vision desdePsicologica: Una Vision desde

el American Psychological el American Psychological AsssociationAsssociation

Universidad de los Andes, Agosto 26, 2004Universidad de los Andes, Agosto 26, 2004

Antonio E. Puente, Ph.D.Antonio E. Puente, Ph.D.Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology

University of North Carolina at WilmingtonUniversity of North Carolina at WilmingtonWilmington, North Carolina 28403 USAWilmington, North Carolina 28403 USA

910.962.3812910.962.3812puente@uncw.edupuente@uncw.edu

Introductory RemarksIntroductory Remarks

English Power-point; Spanish NarrativeEnglish Power-point; Spanish Narrative Thank You and CongratulationsThank You and Congratulations Post-presentation Communication & Post-presentation Communication &

InformationInformation www.uncw.eduwww.uncw.edu/puente/people/puente/people www.clinicalneuropsychology.uswww.clinicalneuropsychology.us puente@uncw.edupuente@uncw.edu

Dedication Dedication To Krista Puente (my oldest child)To Krista Puente (my oldest child) On her birthday and first day of graduate school On her birthday and first day of graduate school

in Clinical Psychology (Florida Institute of in Clinical Psychology (Florida Institute of Technology)Technology)

BackgroundBackground

HeritageHeritage EducationEducation Academic & Clinical InterestsAcademic & Clinical Interests Experience within APA Experience within APA (examples)(examples)

Task Force on PsychopharmacologyTask Force on Psychopharmacology (member) (member)

Committee for Undergraduate Education Committee for Undergraduate Education (chair)(chair)

Committee for Continuing Education Committee for Continuing Education (chair)(chair) Policy and Planning Board Policy and Planning Board (two terms)(two terms) Division of Clinical Neuropsychology Division of Clinical Neuropsychology (president)(president)

OutlineOutline

Brief History of Psychology in the United Brief History of Psychology in the United States States (with a Focus on APA)(with a Focus on APA)

Panorama of the American Psychological Panorama of the American Psychological AssociationAssociation

Current Pedagogy in American PsychologyCurrent Pedagogy in American Psychology Challenges to Pedagogy in American Challenges to Pedagogy in American

PsychologyPsychology Current Issues in the Pedagogy and Current Issues in the Pedagogy and

Formation of PsychologistsFormation of Psychologists

Brief History of American Brief History of American PsychologyPsychology

BeginningsBeginnings Academic PsychologyAcademic Psychology Clinical PsychologyClinical Psychology

History: The BeginningsHistory: The Beginnings

The Wundt EffectThe Wundt Effect Ivy League & Northern UniversitiesIvy League & Northern Universities The Initial Academic Role of The Initial Academic Role of

PsychologyPsychology American Psychological AssociationAmerican Psychological Association

History: Academic History: Academic PsychologyPsychology

Science Science Psychological Review Psychological Review 1894 1894 (purchase)(purchase) First Laboratory First Laboratory 1885 1885 HarvardHarvard Later Laboratories at Hopkins, Penn, Indiana, Iowa, Later Laboratories at Hopkins, Penn, Indiana, Iowa,

Wisconsin, Cornell, Columbia, etc. Wisconsin, Cornell, Columbia, etc. PedagogyPedagogy

First Undergrad. Course First Undergrad. Course 1840 1840 MarshallMarshall First Graduate Course First Graduate Course 1847 1847 YaleYale First PhD Granted First PhD Granted 1861 1861 YaleYale First TextbookFirst Textbook 18901890 JamesJames

History: clinical PsychologyHistory: clinical Psychology(i.e., Health Providers)(i.e., Health Providers)

WW II and the VA System WW II and the VA System (1945-1960)(1945-1960)

Licensing Laws Licensing Laws (1960-1980)(1960-1980)

Third Party/Insurance Third Party/Insurance Reimbursement Reimbursement (1970-1990)(1970-1990)

Medicare/Medicaid Programs Medicare/Medicaid Programs (1990-(1990-present)present)

Proliferation of Specialties in Proliferation of Specialties in Psychology Psychology (2000-present)(2000-present)

Panorama of the American Panorama of the American Psychological AssociationPsychological Association

The BeginningThe Beginning Current Membership AnalysesCurrent Membership Analyses Recent Trends in Membership Recent Trends in Membership

Panorama of APA: The Panorama of APA: The BeginningBeginning

Model (American Physiological Society)Model (American Physiological Society) Preliminary Meeting Preliminary Meeting

July, 8, 1892July, 8, 1892 Worcester, Mass. (Clark University)Worcester, Mass. (Clark University) 26 26 (attendance)(attendance) + 2 + 2 (no invitation)(no invitation) + 3 + 3 (new PhDs)(new PhDs) Two Jews, One Catholic Priest, Psychiatrists…Two Jews, One Catholic Priest, Psychiatrists…

First Formal MeetingFirst Formal Meeting December, 1898December, 1898 University of Pennsylvania (2University of Pennsylvania (2ndnd meeting @ meeting @

Columbia)Columbia) 18 Attended and Presented Papers18 Attended and Presented Papers Hall Elected PresidentHall Elected President

Panorama of APA: MembershipPanorama of APA: Membership(2002 Date: APA Research Office)(2002 Date: APA Research Office)

TotalTotal 92,928 (minus students)92,928 (minus students) 2% Hispanic2% Hispanic

GenderGender MaleMale 48.6%48.6% FemaleFemale 50.9%50.9%

AgeAge Less than 30Less than 30 2% 2% Less than 40Less than 40 14%14% Less than 50Less than 50 22%22% Less than 60Less than 60 32%32% Less than 70Less than 70 12%12% Over 70Over 70 10%10%

Panorama of APA: Panorama of APA: MembershipMembership

Health ProviderHealth Provider 69.8%69.8%

ResearchResearch 19.7%19.7%

OtherOther 10.5%10.5%

Panorama of APA: Panorama of APA: MembershipMembership

Health ProviderHealth Provider ClinicalClinical 50%50% CounselingCounseling 11%11% SchoolSchool 4% 4% Child ClinicalChild Clinical 3% 3% HealthHealth 2% 2%

ResearchResearch Industrial/Org.Industrial/Org. 5% 5% DevelopmentalDevelopmental 3% 3% SocialSocial 3% 3% EducationalEducational 2% 2% ExperimentalExperimental 2% 2%

Panorama of APA: New Panorama of APA: New MembersMembers(last 7 years)(last 7 years)

DegreeDegree Ph.D.Ph.D. 74.7%74.7% (mean = 7 (mean = 7

yrs.)yrs.) Psy.D.Psy.D. 17.1%17.1% (mean = 4 (mean = 4

yrs.)yrs.) Ed.D.Ed.D. 2.8% 2.8%

Panorama of APA: New Panorama of APA: New MembersMembers

Clinical Clinical ClinicalClinical 46%46% CounselingCounseling 10%10% SchoolSchool 4% 4% HealthHealth 3% 3% TotalTotal 68%68%

Panorama of APA: New Panorama of APA: New MembersMembers

AcademicAcademic Industrial/OrganizationalIndustrial/Organizational 6%6% Developmental Developmental 4%4% EducationalEducational 3%3% CognitiveCognitive 2%2% TotalTotal 23% 23%

Relationship to Related Relationship to Related DisciplinesDisciplines

AcademicAcademic MedicineMedicine NeuroscienceNeuroscience

ClinicalClinical PsychiatryPsychiatry Social WorkSocial Work Related Health ProfessionalsRelated Health Professionals

Social Security 1989’s Definition of a PhysicianSocial Security 1989’s Definition of a Physician Affiliation with Non-Doctorate Level ProvidersAffiliation with Non-Doctorate Level Providers

Current Pedagogy in American Current Pedagogy in American PsychologyPsychology

The Undergraduate ExperienceThe Undergraduate Experience The Graduate ExperienceThe Graduate Experience The Post-doctorate ExperienceThe Post-doctorate Experience The Continuing Education ExperienceThe Continuing Education Experience

The Undergraduate The Undergraduate ExperienceExperience

General StudiesGeneral Studies ElectivesElectives Psychology MajorPsychology Major

APA CUE Review (1985)APA CUE Review (1985) Liberal ArtsLiberal Arts Experimental/MethodologyExperimental/Methodology

Typical Major RequirementsTypical Major Requirements Introduction/GeneralIntroduction/General StatisticsStatistics ExperimentalExperimental MenuMenu

AppliedApplied ResearchResearch

The Graduate ExperienceThe Graduate Experience

MastersMasters State & Federal GuidelinesState & Federal Guidelines Council of Masters’ ProgramCouncil of Masters’ Program Health Provider vs ResearchHealth Provider vs Research 2-3 years 2-3 years (6 month internship if Health Provider)(6 month internship if Health Provider)

DoctorateDoctorate State & Federal GuidelinesState & Federal Guidelines Health Provider vs. ResearchHealth Provider vs. Research

The Graduate Experience: The Graduate Experience: AcademicAcademic

Focus on ResearchFocus on Research

Limited Focus on Teaching Limited Focus on Teaching (e.g. Epting, (e.g. Epting, et al 2004, ToP)et al 2004, ToP)

The Graduate Experience The Graduate Experience (cont.)(cont.)

Health ProviderHealth Provider APA Accreditation Program (program & APA Accreditation Program (program &

internships)internships) Ph.D. vs. Psy.D.Ph.D. vs. Psy.D. Course WorkCourse Work

MastersMasters DoctorateDoctorate

Comprehensive ExaminationComprehensive Examination ResearchResearch InternshipInternship

The Postgraduate The Postgraduate ExperienceExperience

ResearchResearch 1-5 years1-5 years

Health ProviderHealth Provider 1-3 years1-3 years Requirement for State LicensureRequirement for State Licensure

Model LicensureModel Licensure Doctorate from an accredited programDoctorate from an accredited program Two years supervised clinical trainingTwo years supervised clinical training

State x State Requirements vary considerablyState x State Requirements vary considerably

The Continuing Education The Continuing Education ExperienceExperience

Academic LeavesAcademic Leaves Licensing Requirements (APA Model)Licensing Requirements (APA Model)

ReadingReading WorkshopsWorkshops Formal, extended trainingFormal, extended training Peer ReviewPeer Review

Challenges to Pedagogy in Challenges to Pedagogy in American PsychologyAmerican Psychology

The Undergraduate ExperienceThe Undergraduate Experience The Graduate ExperienceThe Graduate Experience The Post-doctorate ExperienceThe Post-doctorate Experience The Continuing Education ExperienceThe Continuing Education Experience

Challenges: UndergraduateChallenges: Undergraduate

Pre-College ExposurePre-College Exposure Advanced Placement Course (ETS)Advanced Placement Course (ETS) Varieties of Experiences (APA)Varieties of Experiences (APA)

PopularityPopularity Single Largest Undergraduate Major in USSingle Largest Undergraduate Major in US 1 million Students Take Psychology Courses per yr.1 million Students Take Psychology Courses per yr.

Pre-Professional vs. Liberal ArtsPre-Professional vs. Liberal Arts CUE/APA Statement on Liberal ArtsCUE/APA Statement on Liberal Arts Pressure From Students for Career Opportunities Pressure From Students for Career Opportunities

with Bachelors Degreeswith Bachelors Degrees

Challenges: GraduateChallenges: Graduate

OverallOverall Length of training (4-7 years post BA; plus post-doc)Length of training (4-7 years post BA; plus post-doc) Costs (over $20,000 per year on average)Costs (over $20,000 per year on average) Difficulties in obtaining Admission (2-40%)Difficulties in obtaining Admission (2-40%)

AcademicAcademic Declining Interest (versus health provider training)Declining Interest (versus health provider training) Variability of Education & TrainingVariability of Education & Training

Health ProviderHealth Provider Proliferation of Free-Standing PsyD ProgramProliferation of Free-Standing PsyD Program Specialization as a Post-doctoral ExperienceSpecialization as a Post-doctoral Experience

Challenges: Graduate Challenges: Graduate (cont.)(cont.)

Lack of Focus/Training on Teaching (e.g., Lack of Focus/Training on Teaching (e.g., Epting, et al, 2004, Teaching of Psychology)Epting, et al, 2004, Teaching of Psychology) HumorHumor Speaking StyleSpeaking Style SyllabusSyllabus LecturesLectures FeedbackFeedback DiscussionDiscussion Activities/DemonstrationsActivities/Demonstrations

Challenges: Post-GraduateChallenges: Post-Graduate

AcademicAcademic Length (Post-doctoral Careers)Length (Post-doctoral Careers) Preparation for Academic OpportunitiesPreparation for Academic Opportunities Limited Focus & Training on Teaching Limited Focus & Training on Teaching

Health ProviderHealth Provider Matching Interests to Opportunities & Variety of OpportunitiesMatching Interests to Opportunities & Variety of Opportunities Practice Standards vs. GuidelinesPractice Standards vs. Guidelines National College of Professional PsychologyNational College of Professional Psychology APA SpecialtiesAPA Specialties

Clinical NeuropsychologyClinical Neuropsychology Clinical PsychologyClinical Psychology CounselingCounseling FamilyFamily IndustrialIndustrial SchoolSchool HealthHealth

Challenges: Continuing Challenges: Continuing EducationEducation

Half-Life of InformationHalf-Life of Information Retooling to Meet Marketplace and Retooling to Meet Marketplace and

Personal Interests ShiftsPersonal Interests Shifts CE Requirement for Continued CE Requirement for Continued

LicensureLicensure

Current Issues in American Current Issues in American PsychologyPsychology

(APA Survey, 2002)(APA Survey, 2002)

MarketplaceMarketplace Public PerceptionPublic Perception Expanding ParadigmsExpanding Paradigms

Current Issues: MarketplaceCurrent Issues: Marketplace

Academic ParadigmsAcademic Paradigms Feminization of PsychologyFeminization of Psychology Retirement of FacultyRetirement of Faculty Changing Universities (e.g., profit driven)Changing Universities (e.g., profit driven)

Health Provider ParadigmsHealth Provider Paradigms Psychiatric (from WWII to 1990s)Psychiatric (from WWII to 1990s) Neurological (decade of the brain)Neurological (decade of the brain) Health/Medical (2000-present)Health/Medical (2000-present) Forensics/Legal (2000-present)Forensics/Legal (2000-present) Sports, Business, Government, etc. (developing)Sports, Business, Government, etc. (developing)

Current Issues: Current Issues: Perception of PsychologyPerception of Psychology

APA SurveyAPA Survey Misperception of;Misperception of;

Our EducationOur Education Science BaseScience Base Difference with PsychiatryDifference with Psychiatry

Ronald Levant’s (APA President) Ronald Levant’s (APA President) InitiativeInitiative ““to make psychology a household word”to make psychology a household word”

Current Issues: Expanding Current Issues: Expanding ParadigmsParadigms

AcademicAcademic Supporting Traditional Areas and Scientific Basis of PsychologySupporting Traditional Areas and Scientific Basis of Psychology Evolving into New Areas Evolving into New Areas (e.g., Evolutionary Psychology)(e.g., Evolutionary Psychology)

Health ProviderHealth Provider From Psychiatry > Neurological > Health > Forensics > From Psychiatry > Neurological > Health > Forensics >

BeyondBeyond Industrial (Walmart) vs Niche (Boutique)Industrial (Walmart) vs Niche (Boutique) The Challenge of Prescription Privileges (NM, LA)The Challenge of Prescription Privileges (NM, LA)

Interface of Academic and Health ProviderInterface of Academic and Health Provider Psychology Cannot Exist Without Both, InteractingPsychology Cannot Exist Without Both, Interacting We are the Only Profession that Teaches UndergraduatesWe are the Only Profession that Teaches Undergraduates

Public PolicyPublic Policy Economics Drive a DisciplineEconomics Drive a Discipline Advocacy Through LegislationAdvocacy Through Legislation

The Future?The Future?

Change…lots of changeChange…lots of change