politics – 1860-1900 reform, segregation, populism and imperialism
TRANSCRIPT
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Politics – 1860-1900
Reform, Segregation, Populism and Imperialism
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Election of 1880• Republicans – James Garfield and
Chester A. Arthur• Democrats – Winfield Hancock and
William English
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Garfield Assassination
• July 2, 1881
• By disgruntled and unbalanced office seeker – Charles Guiteau
• Arthur became president
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1. Civil Service Reform
• Motivated by incompetence and corruption of Grant Administration
• 1877 – Hayes removed Chester A Arthur from NYC customs House
• 1883 – Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Act
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Pendleton Civil Service Act
• Standards and competitive examinations of positions
• No soliciting of contributions from government workers **
– ** Forced political parties to look elsewhere for campaign funds. Big Business will gain a controlling hand in national politics
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The Election of 1884• Republicans: James G. Blaine and
Thomas Hendricks
• Democrats: Grover Cleveland and John Logan
Blaine Cleveland-A referendum on the spoils system
-Cleveland supported by reform minded Republicans – “mugwumps”
- “Rum, Romanism and Rebellion” – led to high immigrant turnout
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Election of 1888• Republicans: Benjamin Harrison
and Levi Morton• Democrats: Grover Cleveland
and Allen ThurmanHarrison Cleveland
Harrison lost popular vote, but won electoral vote
Harrison had massive support from big business and The Grand Army of the Republic
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2. Racial Discrimination• Black disfranchisement
– Literacy test, poll taxes, property requirements
• The Convict-lease system– Cheap labor for mines, railroad construction, cotton
farmers– Kept white labor from protest or strike
• Lynchings• Civil Rights Cases – declared Civil Rights Act of 1875
unconstitutional• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – “separate but equal
facilities are constitutional”
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Black Response• Booker T. Washington –
“accommodation”– Blacks must acquire skills and
prove their economic worth
• Bishop Henry M. Turner – return to Africa
• Frederick Douglas – press for full equality
• T. Thomas Fortune – violence
• Emigration to northern cities and the Great Plains
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3. Tariffs, Money, and Agrarian Distress
• A. Tariffs and Currency– Tariffs
• Republicans favored high protectionist tariffs–Harrison: McKinley Tariff (1890)
• Democrats (i.e. Cleveland) sought lower tariffs– To prevent eliminate the surplus and its use for veteran
pension expansion– Wilson-Gorman Tariff (still very protectionist)
» Included a small income tax» Pollack v. Farmers Loan and Trust – declared the income
tax as unconstitutional
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3. Tariffs, Money, and Agrarian Distress
-Currency• Big Business, creditors, most politicians supported the
gold standard; limited money supply
• Farmers and other debtors – supported an expanding money supply
– Pushed for bi-metalism– (i.e. currency backed by both gold and silver
– Bland-Allison Act (1878) – required gov’t to buy and mint up to $ 4 million of silver each month
– Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 -- $4.5 million of sliver each month and to issue notes equal to this amount.
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3. Tariffs, Money, and Agrarian Distress
• B. Agrarian Distress and Action
– Farmers’ problems:
• Tight money supply
• Low prices for crops
• Debt
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3. Tariffs, Money, and Agrarian Distress
• Farmers organized– The Grange
• Began as a social and informational organization• Sought to farmers “self-sufficiency” through cooperatives
– Failed for lack of capital
• Pressured states to regulate railroads -- Granger Laws– Most repealed through railroad lobbying
– Farmers Alliances• Sought tariff reduction, graduated income tax, public ownership of
railroads, federal funds of research, ban on alien land ownership, and “free coinage of silver”
– Populist Party• Sought Alliance goals plus direct election of senators
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Election of 1892
• Republicans: Benjamin Harrison and Whitelaw Reid• Democrats: Grover Cleveland and Adlai Stevenson• Populists: James Weaver and James Field
Harrison
Cleveland Weaver
Populists “stole” states from RepublicansRepublican campaign ignored farm and labor unrest; and hurt by the McKinley TariffCleveland came out in favor of the gold standard
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The Panic of 1893• Farm troubles led to a decline in Railroad business, which
affected many industries
• Confidence in gold standard waned:– Financial Crisis in London l– Veterans benefits– Sherman Silver Purchase Act –– Gold reserves dropped
• Bankruptcy of Philadelphia and Reading Railroad
• Stock market crash Depression
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Reactions to Panic/Depression• Strikes (e.g., Pullman Strike
of 1894)• Coxey’s “army” • Government borrowed $62
million • Democratic party split
between “gold” and “silver”
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Election of 1896
• Republicans: William McKinley and Garret Hobart
• Democrats: William Jennings Bryan and Arthur Sewall
• Populists; William Jennings Bryan and Thomas Watson
McKinley Bryan Bryan
Bryan campaigned on the free and unlimited coinage of silver at a ratio of 16:1
-“Cross of Gold Speech”
McKinley supported the gold standard and protective tariff
-Had massive funding from big business-Mark Hanna managed McKinley’s “front porch campaign
Bryan’s campaign did not appeal to urban workers or stable farmers or many immigrantsA victory for big business and tight money
-Dingley Tariff (1897)-The Currency Act of 1900
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American Imperialism
• Revival of Manifest Destiny– European imperialism– Corporate pressure for new markets– Alfred Mahan: sea power = national greatness– The Christian missionary movement– Social Darwinism
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American Imperialism• 1852 – Commodore Mathew Perry used the American fleet
to force Japan to open itself to western trade
• 1889 – joint protectorate over the Samoan Islands
• Hawaii– 1887 – new constitution imposed on Hawaiian monarch
and U.S. naval base constructed– 1890 – McKinley Tariff on sugar– 1893 – Liliuokalani deposed; annexation requested– 1898 – Hawaii annexed by the U.S.
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American Imperialism• Cuba
– Rebellion against Spanish organized by José Martí
– Popular support in U.S.• Atrocities of “Butcher” Weyler• Yellow Journalism (Hearst and Pulitzer)
– Feb. 8 1898 – the Journal published an insult of President Mckinley by Spanish minister (de Lome letter)
– Feb. 15, 1898 -- the U.S.S. Maine sunk in Havana harbor
– April 11, 1898 – Congressional resolution to recognized Cuban independence and to support it by force
• Teller Amendment --U.S. would not seek to “control” Cuba
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American Imperialism• Spanish-American War, 1898
– May 1 – Dewey captured Manila– July 1 – Battle of San Juan Hill (Roosevelt)– July 3 – Spanish fleet destroyed – July 17 – Spain requested an armistice– December – Treaty:
• Cuban Independence• U.S. received Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam
– 1901 Platt Amendment• U.S. retained U.S. naval base and the right to intervene
• Philippine Rebellion – 1898-1902
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