politics of happiness
TRANSCRIPT
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Toward
sOnePlanetFu
tures
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Contents:
Text: Demos Helsinki
Olli Alanen, Tuuli Kaskinen, Tommi Laitio,
Roope Mokka, Aleksi Neuvonen, Satu Onnela,
Outi Silverberg and Simo Vassinen.
Layout and graphic design:
Kirmo Kivel & Inari Savola
Reviewed: Sampsa Kiianmaa, WWF Finland
Foreword 3
Introduction: Now is the timeor politics o happiness 4
1. Better ree time! 6
2. From spaces to meaningul places 10
3. Doing meaningul things together 14
4. The culture o well-being 18
5. Friends, neighbours and amily 22
Reerences 26
Publisher: WWF
Lintulahdenkatu 10
FI-00500 Helsinki
www.ww.
WWF Finland, 2010
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Foreword
3
Dear reader,
At the present time, the people on this planet consume
natural resources at a rate that exceeds the Planets car-
rying capacity by 50%. In other words, we are creating
an ecological decit that will be borne by uture genera-
tions.
Ensuring the preconditions or lie and well-being
must be a key goal in society. Economic growth hasbeen used as a means o improving well-being, but now
growth based on excessive consumption is quickly be-
coming an obstacle to well-being rather than an engine
or its creation.
In order to ensure that the Planet can sustain lie
in the uture, we have to re-evaluate what we consume
and how these goods are produced. The key question,
however, remains this: Why do we consume? Does the
growing consumption o natural resources truly produce
well-being and happiness?
WWF believes that a sustainable liestyle that is inline with the capacity o this one planet is possible with-
out having to compromise on well-being. Well-being can
increase as we adapt our economic activity to match the
Planets capacity. This requires support or new environ-
mental innovations, shiting to production methods that
are based on recycling and reusing raw materials, and
ocusing consumption on services rather than physical
goods.
Happiness and well-being have become objects o
increasing interest rom researchers. On the basis o re-cent studies, WWF believes that reassessing priorities
to emphasise well-being rather than the consumption
o physical goods oers an excellent way to reduce our
ecological ootprint. WWF Finland asked Demos Hel-
sinki to build on this idea. How can society support the
improvement o its citizens well-being? The Politics of
Happiness A Manifesto is based on this collaborative
eort and presents a positive message. Who would not
want to ensure the happiness o people and the well-
being o the Planet?
WWF hopes that this maniesto will give impetus toa process in which political decision-makers and people
at large will refect upon the direction in which we wish
to develop.
Liisa Rohweder
Secretary General
WWF Finland
Foreword How does WWF denewell-being?WWF strives or a world in which everyone has a
high level o well-being, and we can enjoy healthy
and happy lives while using only our air share o our
planets resources. WWF denes well-being in accord-ance with the UN Millennium Ecosystem Approach.
Human well-being depends on a number o actors:
basic material needs, reedom to engage in meaning-
ul activity, reedom o choice, health, good social rela-
tionships and saety. The eradication o poverty is also
essential to the objectives o environmental preserva-
tion. Improving quality o lie and well-being is a way
to put a stop to the dwindling o natural resources.
Human well-being and the well-being o the en-
vironment are closely interdependent. The diversity
o nature orms ecosystems that oer ecosystem ser-vices. These include nutrient cycling, soil ormation,
climate regulation and the production o natural re-
sources such as ood, potable water and raw materials.
Ecosystem services also comprise cultural services
such as beauty, spirituality and ree time. Together
they make lie on our planet possible.
Human activity causes both direct and indirect
changes to ecosystems. Due to the interdependent
nature o the relationship, these changes aect hu-
man well-being. Human activity also has an impact
on other species and on ecosystems as a whole. Thewell-being o people and the planet is dependent on
the well-being o ecosystems. We have reached a point
at which increasing raw material-intensive consump-
tion no longer produces well-being in the Western
world. On the contrary, it endangers the well-being
o ecosystems, people, other species and our uture
generations.
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ThePoliticsofHappinessAManifesto
4
The time or politicso happiness
Introduction:
Our genetic traits determine one hal o our level o hap-piness. Even those who have been dealt a poor hand in
terms o genes can be happy, but it requires more eort.
The other hal o the actors infuencing happiness are
primarily made up o actions, with very little signicance
given to prevailing circumstances such as income level,
having or not having children, the products we consume,
or our marital status.4 I we operate in meaningul com-
munities we can be ill, divorced, childless and poor, and
still be happy. Similarly, a healthy member o a wealthy
nuclear amily can be unhappy. The politics o happiness
can infuence the extent to which we all have opportuni-ties or meaningul activity.
In light o these ndings, it is no wonder that the
trend o increasing happiness has levelled o. For sev-
eral decades, the growth in material well-being has not
made the citizens o any Western country any happier5.
Nevertheless, politics is still ocused on increasing in-
come levels. We are victims o a collective syndrome o
just a little bit more and then.... It is a view that prevails
despite the act that the relationship between wealth and
happiness is an illusion in todays world.
Happiness is not only the only objective with intrin-sic value, but also what we genuinely desire. The major-
ity o people value happiness more than wealth6. In a
democratic society this should infuence politics. Under
conditions o relative poverty, eliminating material shor-
[4] Lyubomirsky 2009
[5] Bacon et al. 2010
[6] Halpern 2010
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men arecreated equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty
and the pursuit of happiness.
United States Declaration o Independence, 1776
Every one o us is in pursuit o a happier lie.
A growing number o studies have been carried out
in recent years on the subject o happiness. The research
indicates that we are incredibly ill-equipped to assess
what would truly make us happier1
. We generally try tobuild happiness through short-term xes such as picking
up a greasy pastry at the supermarket or working longer
hours in the hope o earning more money. We reach
out or short-term pleasures because we simply cannot
perceive the long-term consequences o our actions2. It is
dicult or us to intuitively assess how various changes
impact on our happiness.
In the meantime, social and human sciences are once
again thriving: relevant, experimental and practical re-
search gives us more insight into happiness than ever
beore. The studies highlight two undamental obser-vations on human nature. The rst is that we are social
creatures who create meaning or ourselves through
comparisons with others. The second is that we adapt
to changes incredibly quickly.3
[1] Kahneman & Thaler 2006
[2] Gilbert 2006
[3] Lyubomirsky 2009
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Introduction:Thetimeforpoliticsofhappiness
5
tages contributed to increasing happiness. In that era,
economic growth was indeed the politics o happiness.
Unortunately, in wealthy modern societies such a direct
route to happiness does not exist. The end and the means
have become conused.
For the time being, Finland has largely due to the
welare states oundation o strong social policy beenranked highly in international studies measuring subjec-
tive happiness7. Nevertheless, new challenges call or new
mechanisms. The politics o happiness is about develo-
ping these mechanisms and making optimal use o them.
In addition to the decoupling o gross national prod-
uct and happiness, increased understanding o climate
change and diminishing natural resources has orced us
to reassess the manner in which we grow our wealth. Eco-
nomic growth leads to increases in greenhouse gas emis-
sions and the consumption o natural resources. Studies
such as the WWF Living Planet Report (2008) indicatethat we are increasing our wealth in an unsustainable
manner. Trends in economic growth and the total con-
sumption o natural resources have closely ollowed each
other everywhere in the world throughout human history.
This means we are living in times o absurdity. We are
taking out an ecological debt and destroying uture well-
being without contributing to our present happiness.
Politics is about the collective consequences o our
actions. We must be able to participate in building the
common good in the best possible way and to receive
the best possible support or satisying our needs. Cur-rent politics is more ocused on minimising misery than
increasing happiness. Better politics would guide indi-
viduals towards actions that benet the community as a
whole towards building shared happiness. In the end,
[7] Bacon ym. 2010; Bok 2010;
New Economics Foundation 2009
no individuals well-being is independent o the well-
being o others.
From the perspective o happiness, the our-year time
span o politics is too short. Achieving genuine social
change takes more time. The achievement o signicant
changes such as past eorts in building the welare
state and getting women involved in the employmentsector takes decades o determined collaboration
between politicians and citizens. These days, there are
representatives o taxpayers, consumers, minorities, in-
terest groups, citizens, armers, the labour market and
industrial sectors on every council and committee, but
uture generations and the creation o new jobs have
no representation whatsoever. We have bypassed the is-
sues o the ecological costs o our activities and the need
to give due consideration to uture interests.
The politics o happiness is a new political approach
or those who believe that the political arena must as-sume a new course to build a happier lie. Our current
social model is not able to produce a happy uture or
generations to come.
Politics cannot directly make us happy. Nevertheless,
it can make the pursuit o happiness possible, or even
easy. Society at present is an obstacle course on the way
to happiness, one complicated enough to make even the
most capable seekers o happiness lose their way.
With increased knowledge rom scientic research,
the pursuit o happiness should be easier than beore.
This maniesto describes how a less hectic rhythm, par-ticipation, meaningul shared activity, the creation o
a new culture o well-being and the creation o deeper
human relationships can make the achievement o hap-
piness both possible and air.
Values behind the politicso happiness
1. The politics o happiness is the politicso One Planet. We are using natural re-sources excessively and we know thiscannot continue.
2. The politics o happiness is a cross-generational approach. It diers romcurrent politics where the ocus is onstriving or short-term welare througheconomic growth.
3. Time, communities and meaningul-ness are vital resources. The politicso happiness questions the position oeconomic growth as the ultimate goal oour society.
4. Sustainable happiness is based onshared experiences. Responsibility orsociety is only possible through joint ex-periences. Sharing responsibility is the
objective o politics.
5. The politics o happiness relies on sci-entic data. It can help bridge the gapbetween research results and politics.
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ThePoliticsofHappinessAManifesto
The cause o this manic behaviour lies in our social na-
ture. We respect high status, admire successul people
and create our sel-image through comparisons with
others. While we may not be able to stop comparing
ourselves to others, we can at least strive to reassess the
way we evaluate status and success.
Becoming less busy paysdividends to the environment
The thought oa slower and more relaxed rhythm o
lie attracts an increasing number o people. Part-time
pension arrangements, job-alternation leave, career
changes, the International Slow Movement, increased
birth rates in countries with the highest quality o lie,
such as Finland and Sweden, the increased signicance
o ree time and reduced perceived meaningulness o
work are part o this cultural megatrend. They speak
o our desire to seek happiness through an alternative
rhythm o lie. The promise o lie lived on the terms o
something other than work is seen as attractive.The politics o happiness challenges our concep-
tualisation o time. There is a shit rom valuing work
and supporting working towards valuing public activity.
The right and obligation to act on the world outside the
Better ree time!
Someone has made the choice or us. Signicant
growth in productivity has resulted in higher wages
rather than shorter working hours8. This is based on
the well-intentioned idea that wealth makes us happy.
This assumption is only partly true. Cross-sectional
studies indicate that the link between increasing wealth
and happiness in Western countries diminishes in im-
portance at an income level that is considerably below
the average income9. Lack o time is considered a greater
burden than lack o money: higher incomes and longer
working hours increase work-related stress, the sense onot having enough time and perceived class dierences10.
Politics that aims to increase income is not only a actor
restricting happiness, but also unsustainable rom the
perspective o natural resources.
In a world that revolves around work and income, the
consumption race has no nish line. Striving or happi-
ness through increased capacity to consume is like wetting
onesel on a cold winters day: it only provides a feeting
moment o warmth. The pressure to increase our capac-
ity to consume even dominates our ree time, which is
spent buying things. Productivity increases and we llour homes with purchases that provide only momentary
joy. Our lives are divided between work and leisure time,
or making money and then spending the money we have
made. There is no room or genuine ree time.
[8] Soininvaara 2007
[9] Bacon et al. 2010
[10] Schirin & Nelson 2008
1.
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1.Betterfreetime!
Work and ree time caneasily become limitedto making money and
spending money.home become as important as the traditional right andobligation to work.
The change begins rom a new approach to time.
When pressed or time, we oten make poor decisions
regarding ood, clothing and housing, as well as happi-
ness11. Global natural resources are becoming scarce, and
we can no longer aord bad decisions with ar-reaching
consequences. Reducing time pressure is good or both
our planet and or us. We must encourage each other to
engage in meaningul activity instead o ocusing solely
on working as hard as possible.The politics o happiness is not only a matter o bal-
ancing work and ree time, and initiatives such as the
our-day working week or civic salary do not automati-
cally resolve the problems we have regarding our use o
time. People are oten perormance-oriented even in
their ree time12. Our ree time is also diminished by
growing distances between home, the workplace and
services, not to mention the ecological eects o increas-
ing distances. Free time easily becomes subordinated to
work and is spent recharging ones batteries. Separating
work and leisure time is dicult: work ollows us home,while at work we use social media to stay in touch with
riends outside work. We work during our ree time and
engage in leisure activities at work.
Current politics is ocused on working hours and ex-
[11] Halpern 2010
[12] Vehmas 2010
tending working lie, despite the act that retirement at a
later age does not create new jobs or solve the problem o
structural change in the employment sector. The length
o working lie is not extended i people become atigued
at work. It is more important to ocus on how retirees
can spend their ree time in a meaningul way and how
production can be organised when work is not perceived
as meaningul. In addition to youth unemployment, we
should be discussing how adults cope with work and the
problem o inactivity among retirees, which is the real
pensions crisis.
The right amount o time
Time is a unique resource: it cannot be stored. We all
have it, but most o us have too little o it. We say that it is
important to be able to make our own decisions on how to
use our ree time. The signicance o ree time has grown
in the past two decades13. At the same time, the issue o
leisure time is paradoxical. For a busy person, ree time
may be the key to happiness, but happiness can equallyeasily be lost in not having anything to do. For a person
who is lonely, time can become a problem. The negative
eect o unemployment on happiness has more to do with
the lack o work than the reduction in income14.
[13] Liikkanen et al. 2005
[14] Clark et al. 2001
Productivity in developed industrial countries has ex-
ceeded our ability to consume. This has us stuck on a
revolving wheel o consumption and work. As ar back
as in the 1920s, production equipment and corporations
reached a point o eciency where not everything that
was produced could be sold, and money was let lying
in peoples accounts. We now consume to ensure that
there is more work or us to do, thereby wasting notonly natural resources but also an inordinate amount
o time and eort.
Social dialogue easily pigeonholes people into those
who are successul and those who live o others, when in
act there are many more options. An increasing number
o people are realising that it is possible to lead a rich
lie without the assumption o continuously increasing
consumption capacity. The mantra o no alternatives is
crumbling away.
Changes in the denition o success according to cul-
tural and historical actors are nothing new. The mod-ern-day successul person now has an obligation to show
how happiness can be achieved in ways other than simply
working and consuming. This can help make sustainable
happiness an admirable status and an exemplary liestyle.
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ThePoliti
csofHappinessAManifesto
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1.Betterfreetime!
Ater a certain point is reached, income levels have
little impact on happiness. In Finland this point was
reached in the 1980s, whereater our happiness has not
increased15. At the same time, the national economy and
individual incomes have grown at a tremendous rate16
.What has increased with growing incomes, however, is
the level o greenhouse gas emissions. In countries where
this has not happened, the explanation is simply that the
emissions have been exported, i.e. production has been
shited to other countries17.
There are two primary reasons or the decoupling o
happiness and income levels. The rst is social compari-
sons: your neighbour becoming wealthier is experienced
as yoursel becoming less afuent. Secondly, we adapt
aster and better despite our presumptions to both
positive and negative changes.18
This explains why even
[15] World Database o Happiness
[16] Statistics Finland
[17] Watt 2008
[18] Lyubomirsky 2009
unemployment does not always result in unhappiness.
The recession in Finland in the 1990s did not have an im-
pact on happiness despite unemployment gures rising
rom 3% to 17% in a very short time.19 I we seek success
and happiness through wealth, we will never reach ourgoal. We will simply be running aster and aster while
the treadmill o happiness gathers speed.
Sweating on this proverbial treadmill is harmul to
us in many ways. The exhausting pursuit o personal
wealth uses up natural resources, increases stress and
occupies time that could otherwise be spent on more
activities that provide longer-lasting pleasure20. We must
nd a way to slow down the treadmill by shiting our
ocus rom work to active ree time. Active leisure time
explains why young people and the aged are happier
than average21
.
[19] Bckerman & Ilmakunnas 2006
[20] Kahneman ym. 2006
[21] Blanchfower & Oswald 2008
Despite increasing wealth,happiness among Finns has
not increased since the 1980s.
Policy recommendations:
1. Income taxation should be reormedto avour longer holidays instead oadditional income.
2. The Government should establish anational time und to develop a cul-ture o volunteerism along with vari-ous incentives or civic activity. Thetime und would reward those citizenswho participate in civic activities ex-tensively with additional holidays.
3. Consumer goods should be labelled toindicate their expected lie cycle. TheConsumer Protection Act must guar-
antee that the actual useul lie o con-sumer goods is known.
Slow down the treadmill o happiness
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ThePoliticsofHappinessAManifesto
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From spaces tomeaningul places
eeling the exhilarating sense o speed). These types o
experience bring people together and turn spaces into
meaningul places.
Happy places
We are used to being able to modiy the places that areimportant to us without having to ask or other peoples
opinions or permission. When we give up that which is
shared, the need or sel-expression drives us towards
a lonely and isolated lie. A visit to an average school,
health centre or bus station reveals that we are largely
unable to create shared spaces that would be perceived
by people as their own. Architecture, spatial planning
and city planning ail to consider the notion o shared
experiences as a precondition or happiness, and drab
public and shared spaces ail to support the well-being
and satisaction o 21st century man.People want to live according to their dreams. Soci-
etal structure is spread out as cities and other spaces o
shared lie ail to oer the opportunities needed or this.
The lack o quality public spaces also results in ewer
quality encounters between people. At present, the pub-
lic space puts us on a collision course with people with
2.
Lasting happiness is created through deep experiences
and activities. They always take place in a certain space,
according to the activity. The shopping centre, park and
home all encourage very dierent activities. In the pre-
sent time, spaces are characterised by an exact purpose
and privacy. A private sauna, a home theatre and a spa
bathroom tend to keep people apart instead o bringing
them together. The politics o happiness is more ocused
on unique experiences, pleasant spaces, beautiul livingenvironments, public acilities that invite people to act
together, a sense o calm and places that eel like ones
own. Access to and equal availability o such acilities
are a precondition or a happy society.
The use o space is a highly political issue. It either
acilitates or prevents our activities, well-being and hap-
piness. Unique experiences contribute to happiness by
providing people with experiences o something greater
than themselves. People who identiy objectives beyond
their personal interest are happier than others22. Upli-
ting and grand experiences can even bring about perma-nent change in people. Such grand experiences may be
spectacles (the Olympics, parliamentary elections, or the
Eurovision Song Contest), aesthetic by nature (the sound
o thunder, an engrossing lm, nature, or a sports car)
or liberating (the end o an unsatisactory relationship,
the ability to make choices against ones own interest, or
[22] French & Joseph 1999
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2.From
spacestomeaningfulplaces
whom we have little in common, and residential areas
are not planned with well-being and happiness in mind.
The need or expressing onesel and enjoying ones
environment calls the ability o proessionals responsible
or planning, constructing and maintaining our cities
into question. Spatial planning that supports happiness
must start with a ocus on people, experiences and in-
tended use not on mass, a building or a structure. This
new attitude calls or collaboration methods, technologyand applications that acilitate agreement on the use o
shared space. Dense urban structures provide a ounda-
tion or rich services and a vibrant environment. The key
challenge is to make living in densely populated areas
a positive thing. This requires adaptable yards, housing
that supports privacy, rail trac, peaceul public spaces
and child-riendly cities.
In the politics o happiness, public space acilitates
the ormation o peer groups. The signicance o peer
groups increases as ewer people have access to posi-
tive communities o amilies, colleagues or riends. Inaddition to recreational activities and shared interests,
peer groups provide a oundation or developing human
relationships and a prerequisite or shared activities in
an open setting. Without shared activities there is no
happiness. Experiential places provide the best possible
preconditions or shared activities. This reers to places
that dier considerably rom the public spaces we have
at present. We need a renaissance o public spaces. One
must ask questions regarding where people eel content
and happy and in what kinds o settings meaningul
encounters can happen.
From private to public
Space that is experienced as ones own is private and
adaptable. Privacy can be seen as a controlled closing
and opening o onesel to interaction with others. Lack
o privacy results in a sense o connement, while too
much privacy tends to isolate. The ways o seeking ones
own space range rom a walk in nature to driving in a
private car. Privacy is also needed in the construction o
ones own identity. Striving to create ones own space has
led to increased use o energy or transport and heating,
resulting in a tremendous increase in the consumption
o natural resources. People end up wanting and usingtwice the amount o space they actually need. As cities
ail to oer the eeling o having ones own space and
an enjoyable environment, we have seen an escape to
suburban residential areas and communities o holiday
homes. It is obvious that some ways o seeking privacy
are ecologically more sustainable than others.
The objectives o ecology and happiness are somewhat
linked in this aspect as well. Studies indicate that in order
to reach an equal level o happiness, those who spend ap-
proximately one hour commuting in their own car must
earn almost twice as much as those who walk to work23.
Living close to work reduces the ecological ootprint and
increases perceived happiness.
Finns have a reputation o being a people that values
sel-suciency. Quiet and shy individuals are considered
virtuous in Finland. In the heady years o the past dec-
ade, there has been a signicant increase in the time andmoney invested in the home, decorating it and pottering
around the home. The desire to build or extend ones
home has oten exceeded peoples capabilities. We can
change the atmosphere in the home through individual
items and suraces, but designing a good space is less well
understood. The more time we spend at home, the more
[23] Stutzer & Frey 2008
Lack o qualityshared spaces
leads to a virtualarms race between
individual homes.
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2.From
spacestomeaningfulplaces
belongings we tend to accumulate in it. We need space,
our own yard and our own peaceul surroundings, due
to the act that public spaces ail to provide a sense o
privacy and ownership.
The general perception o a need or space is directly
linked to shared spaces being seen as not suciently
pleasant, incapable o inviting citizens into meaninguljoint activities or the ormation o a community. The
yards o housing companies have become parking lots
and shopping centres take up a tremendous share o
public space. Traditional neighbourhood stores were sig-
nicantly better able to unction as a scene or meaning-
ul encounters. Good shared spaces and services give us
personal living space in the same way as square metres o
space in our homes do, but they do it more eciently in
terms o the use o natural resources and the contribu-
tion they make to happiness.
Participation and happiness are inexorably linked.Democracies are happy countries. The modern man
requires a deeper level o participation, beyond simply
We have the right to adaptour living environment.
It makes us happy. Policy recommendations:
1. Urban planning must be user-ocused.The initiative in developing the urbanenvironment must be shited to theusers, i.e. the residents. The residentsinvolvement must be a part o the plan-ning and implementation o both exist-ing and new spaces rom the very earlystages.
2. The degree o use o schools, public o-
ces and libraries must be increasedby opening them up or broader use.These spaces, which are produced bypublic unding, must be made intoshared spaces or the community byexpanding on their user base and thetimes during which the acilities can bebooked, rented and borrowed.
3. Designers to the ore! The name o thedesigner o each building, both public
and private, should be prominentlydisplayed on site. Furthermore, neigh-bourhood resident panels need to beestablished in order to recognise andreward urban planners or creatingpositive spaces.
voting in elections, in adapting the spaces he uses and
the practices prevalent in society in order to attain hap-
piness24. In addition to encouraging participation, ur-
ban nature directly contributes to well-being and even
health25.
The quality o public spaces currently available is per-
ceived as poor, and people do not eel the spaces are theirown26. As shared spaces cannot be adapted, we naturally
ocus on our private space. This is a radical change: the
average size o homes has grown since the 1970s, yet the
average number o people per household has dropped by
a third27. Trac noise also tends to have a negative eect
on the quality o spaces and the eeling o privacy. When
urban structure is condensed, trac noise is reduced.
Low population density contributes to unhappiness.
The amount o time spent commuting and waiting by
people living ar rom workplaces and services results
in a signicant reduction in perceived happiness on adaily basis.28
[24] Skidmore & Bound 2008
[25] Kytt et al. 2009; Lappi 2007
[26] Karisto 2004
[27] Statistics Finland 2008
[28] Halpern 2010; Stutzer & Frey 2008
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Doing meaningul thingstogether
The happiest moments in lie are oten related to
doing meaningul things together. Working towards a
shared goal with others is a source o healthy condence
and belie in ones own ability to infuence things. We
have a need or sel-actualisation as part o a meaningul
and greater whole. We are happy when we get to par-
ticipate in building our own as well as shared well-
being29. According to studies, the presence o opportu-
nities or democratic participation regardless o theextent to which they are actually pursued increases our
level o happiness30. We also know that loneliness and a
sense o isolation radically diminish the preconditions
or our happiness31.
In the politics o happiness, the experiences o doing
meaningul things together are created on a broad basis
in various aspects o lie. Traditionally, the sense o be-
ing a useul and productive person has stemmed rom
employment and work around the home. In addition to
this, there is a strong tradition o voluntary community
work and organisational activities. We want to eel useuland signicant to the communities and organisations
we perceive as important, regardless o whether or not
we get paid. Until now, doing things together has in-
cluded paid employment, recreational pleasures or civic
[29] Bacon et al. 2010
[30] Frey & Stutzer 2000
[31] Lyubomirsky 2009
activities in support o things perceived as important.
In the politics o happiness, these are seen as essential
psychological phenomena that contribute to increased
happiness.
The beat to which recreationalFinland moves
While citizens have aith in democracy as the best pos-
sible system or society, condence in politics and ones
own ability to infuence matters is diminishing 32. This
also has a negative impact on happiness33. At the same
time, interest in voting and condence in the expertise
o ocials are becoming weaker. One reason or this
crisis is the trend o proessionalisation o politics and
institutions and a sense o growing distance between
them and civic activity. Restoring condence in poli-
tics requires that politics once again begins rom people
doing things together.Society has traditionally supported doing things to-
gether by supporting employment among citizens. The
ocus has been on ensuring that people are given the
ability to work and stay at work. In the uture this will
[32] Kuusela & Rnkk 2008
[33] New Economics Foundation 2009; Bok 2010
3.
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3.Doin
gmeaningfulthingstogether
no longer be sucient, as ewer people will participate
in paid work. In terms o the traditional classication
o how people spend their time, we are already seeing a
shit towards a Finland where ree time is more signi-
cant than ever. The growing number o retirees in itsel
challenges us to nd ways to support civic activity and
other orms o people doing things together.
O the people who are o working age and have the
ability to work, not all nd sucient experiences osuccess in their jobs. As such, it is important to oer a
diverse range o activities that people can do together.
In todays world, the unortunate ones are no longer
necessarily the people who are struggling nancially, but
rather the people who have ew opportunities and skills
or doing things together with others. Education should
ocus on developing these skills as well as building last-
ing happiness.
In a good society, both schools and workplaces en-
courage people to engage in civic activities, helping
around their neighbourhoods, community care pro-grammes and other activities with their peers. A great
deal o valuable work would not be done i it were not
or people doing things together voluntarily. This is the
engine that keeps things like childrens sporting activi-
ties, Wikipedia and peer support services or the chroni-
cally ill running.
The signicance o activities with peers will grow in
terms o both the individual and society. There are more
and more things that cannot be produced through pub-
licly unded service provision they are either too ex-
pensive or inecient to produce proessionally and oten
ail to accomplish the desired individual result. Instead,
public institutions could support citizens participation
in activities with their peers. Finding ways to provide
this support is one o the major challenges acing thepolitics o happiness.
Everyone is able to help others
We have been under the impression that social devel-
opment reers to everything becoming proessionalised
and people doing things together becoming replaced by
paid services. At the same time, we are concerned about
the weakening trust between citizens. To many people,
lie eels like a completely meaningless and lonely race.Remedying the situation requires that we value doing
things together through actions: participating in volun-
tary work with neighbours to clean up common areas,
coaching childrens sports or helping with the catering
or a party. The best way to begin this type o partici-
pation is identiying ones own skills and abilities and
Society must supportall ways o working andacting together, not only
paid employment.
nding a way to put them to use in doing things together
and or the common good. Everyone has the ability to do
something that helps others. By putting our skills to use
and teaching them to others we can make ourselves eel
needed. Research shows that this increases happiness.34
Participating in common activities, such as maintain-
ing or improving the living environment, one can make
the environment eel more like ones own. By making a
personal contribution to improving the environment,people get the opportunity to share their experiences
and connect the shared space with personal meanings.
This also serves to make people eel more responsible
or their living environment.
We all have an obligation to participate in creating
new ways o doing things. I traditional ways are not
suciently attractive, new ways must be developed. The
opportunities or action can change when we spend
more time on things that make us eel useul and happy.
Change begins rom an understanding that doing things
together is an essential building block or sustainablehappiness. This can help us learn the skill o spending
ree time together.
[34] Post 2005
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Towardsservices!
0
1
2
3
4
018,336,75573,391,7110 mrd
kg CO2
eq
Educa
tion
Housin
g:
(mainten
ance
charges)
Amea
tdishDr
ivin
gacar
Electricit
y
(rents)
Culture
Hospital
service
s
16
The carbon ootprint o one euro [Carbon intensity: kg CO2
eq /$]
Source: The Envimat and euros carbon ootprint projects; www.ymparisto./syke/envimat; Suomen ymprist 20/2009.
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3.Doin
gmeaningfulthingstogether
How we spend our money and time has drastic eects
on happiness and the environment. As a rule, money
spent on health, sports, learning, culture and human-
centred services related to doing things together pollutes
the least and consumes the least energy35. Doing and
experiencing things together increase the level o enjoy-
ment derived rom the activities. People engaged in team
sports have a signicantly higher level o endorphins
than those doing solo sports 36.
Working is not a guaranteed route to happiness. For
one thing, people in ull-time paid employment are al-ready a minority in the Finnish population, as will soon
be the case in most o the world. In addition, ever since
the early 1990s, Finns have perceived work as less and less
[35] Seppl et al. 2009
[36] Cohen et al. 2010
Policy recommendations:
1. Education should involve more practicesthat support doing things together. Civicactivity and other orms o doing thingstogether must be included in all existingcurricula. At present, the school systembarely teaches these skills at all. In addi-tion to behaving properly and being quiet,students must be taught the skill o givingand receiving eedback.
2. Introduce municipal academies or o-cials and operate them in conjunctionwith universities. In the uture, publicsector proessions should not be catego-rised into proession-specifc unctions
such as teachers, nurses and police ofc-ers. The municipal ofcial is, above all, aperson who acilitates the resolution odifcult and systemic problems. The keyobjective o a municipal academy is tohave ofcials adopt this broader view otheir role.
3. The national deence orces should grad-ually be transormed into a civic campor everyone. Civic service would be short
in duration but recurring. It would inormcitizens on which civic needs are the mosturgent at any given time and what ormso civic activity exist or resolving theidentifed needs. The purpose o the civiccamp is to improve skills, produce newunctional groups and bring people o di-erent demographic groups together.
Work is perceived as lessmeaningul and rewardingdespite the quality o workimproving.
meaningul and rewarding, despite the act that op-
portunities to infuence matters and improvements
in equality have resulted in the quality o work im-
proving37. Even now, the daily activities we nd pleas-
urable take place outside work or many o us38. As
such, it is no wonder that participating in voluntary
organisations is a greater contributor to happiness
than wealth39.
[37] Ministry o Employment and the Economy 2008
[38] Kahneman et al. 2004
[39] Helliwell & Putnam 2005
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4. The culture o well-being
Good health gives a person the opportunity or a long
and enjoyable lie. Being ree o human suering caused
by pain, distress and ear creates a oundation or hap-
piness. We adapt quickly to many types o changes in
health, even signicant ones, but the negative eect o
problems such as chronic pain, sleep disorders and men-
tal health issues on happiness is undisputed40. A restless
night has a signicantly greater impact on our happiness
the ollowing day than the amount o money in ones
pocket41. What is interesting is that the same things cont-
ribute to both health and happiness. A persons ability
to be the master o his own lie and actively guide andadapt it lies in the core o both. Good health has also an
extended eect, due to the act that a healthy person is
able to assess the impacts o his actions beyond his own
immediate sphere o infuence.
Healthcare constitutes a major item o national ex-
penditure in the Finnish economy, using up a signi-
cant proportion o the societys resources. Paying or
healthcare maintains the present culture o work and
consumption that is based on consuming natural re-
sources. The money we spend on healthcare does not,
however, bring a direct return to taxpayers in the orm olonger lives, healthy years o lie or happiness. Investing
in personal counselling and the prevention o illness, on
the other hand, produces both well-being benets and
economic savings, according to research42. We also know
[40] Bok 2010
[41] Kahneman & Riis 2005
[42] Martuzzi & Tickner 2005
that a pleasant, healthy and thriving environment con-
tributes to the prevention o illness. A clean environment
and experiences o nature have been shown to promote
overall health and happiness43.
Preventive communities
In Finland, a great deal o money is spent on healthcare.
Despite this, the health impacts o other political deci-
sions are barely assessed. A more comprehensive and
systematic approach to understanding the mechanismsbehind health and illness would most likely reduce the
amount o resources spent on healthcare, as well as the
problem o diminished happiness due to illness.
In a society built around the politics o happiness,
the objective is to create a new culture o well-being.
This means supporting and guiding people, both men-
tally and physically, to adopt healthy liestyles. The new
culture o well-being is built through strengthening the
communities and organisations that seem to have a key
role in preventing and treating illness. Thereore, we
need a new division o responsibilities between proes-sionals and laymen.
We need to ask: What is the patients own contribu-
tion to getting better, and what can the proessionals
do? How can the signicance o the patients immedi-
[43] New Economics Foundation 2005
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4.Thecultureofwell-being
ate circle o people in promoting health be emphasised
more? In addition to giving a prescription to engage
in physical exercise, a preventative doctor should give
a prescription to strengthen existing communities or
to nd new communities that have an essential role in
treating the patients medical condition.
Medical science is largely specialised, so its some-
times dicult people are not yet seen as psychophysical
entities. According to research, we are able to dene the
relationship between our health and our happiness to
a greater extent than our doctors44. This indicates that
health like happiness cannot be dened by an exter-nal evaluation. Medicine must pursue the ormation o a
more holistic concept o the human being. The mind and
body are not separate entities, but orm a single whole.
Furthermore, our mental and physical health should
not be discussed in isolation rom society and politics. The
prevalence o mental health disorders is a clear example o
the misery that modern society can produce. Mental health
problems, such as stress and depression, can incapacitate a
person and the eect elt through human relationships in
society at large. Overcoming mental health disorders is o-
ten beyond an individuals personal capabilities. Thereore,their treatment and prevention is dependent on relevant
change in both society and politics. Politics based on hap-
piness research is one solution to creating a society that
better promotes mental and physical well-being.
[44] Okun & George 1984
Health rom talk to culture
Health is a social issue that unies people. Like the
weather, it is one o the most common topics o discus-
sion when Finns meet each other. Communities dene
what kind o lie is perceived as normal and routine.
One cannot simply give health to another, nor can one
ully build ones own health. As such, health should not
be seen as a matter that is centred on the individual.
The individual can, however, contribute to the creation
o a culture o health and well-being and support oth-
ers in making better choices in terms o their eects on
happiness.
Focusing on routines is o primary importance.Changing routines and habits is an essential phase in
improving happiness45. This can only be accomplished i
our habits become visible rom the perspective o health.
The individual always needs to be inormed and willing
to take action, as there is no universal solution to health.
Even when a treatment plan devised by a proessional
exists, the individual must always assume an active role
in order to bring about an improvement in health. This
might be, or example, commuting to work as an op-
portunity or physical exercise, or being conscious o a
healthier diet when grocery shopping. Spurring oneselto action may require purchasing equipment to boost
motivation or getting a personal treatment plan some-
thing to make the learning o new habits and routines
possible.
[45] Lyubomirsky 2009
A restless nighthas a signifcantlygreater impact on
our happiness theollowing day than
how much money wehave in our pocket in
the morning.
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4.Thecultureofwell-being
The money spent on healthcare does not correlate
with health and well-being46.Additional investments in
healthcare no longer increase lie expectancy47. A simi-
lar lack o a causal relationship can be seen between
investments in healthcare and happiness48. Despite all
this, healthcare costs continue to rise49. Studies indicate
that perceived health correlates with social equality and
condence50.For instance, there is a correlation between
an irregular income level and the prevalence o various
psychological disorders51.
The majority o resources invested in healthcare are
directed at treating illnesses rather than preventing them.
[46] Bok 2010
[47] OECD 2009
[48] Veenhoven 2000
[49] National Institute or Health and Welare
[50] Wilkinson & Pickett 2010
[51] Pickett et al. 2006
Policy recommendations:
1. Choice architecture should be inclu-ded as a tool in politics. The traditionalnotion o public enlightenment shouldbe replaced by acilitating the makingo sensible choices and oering themto people. The public sector should re-cognise that in addition to controllingprices, societal norms and inormati-on, there are numerous other meanso control and guidance available. Forinstance, sustainable and healthy nut-ritional choices can be acilitated byplacing meat pastries at the ar endand better choices right at the ront othe caeteria lunch counter.
2. Company bicycle benets with zerotaxable value or all public sector emp-loyees. Policies related to company carbenefts should be tightened, acceptingonly work-related travel.
3. Healthcare policy should span die-rent sectors o politics and emphasisequality o lie. The amount o medical
treatment given strictly to extend lieshould be questioned. Every adult ci-tizen should be encouraged to make aliving will.
This is despite the act that prevention is the most cost-
eective method o improving our health52 and an e-
ective way to boost happiness53. According to estimates
by the World Health Organisation, in 2020 depression
will be the second most signicant illness globally in
terms o reducing the number o healthy years o lie54.
In Finland, special attention must be paid not only to
mental health disorders, but also to liestyle illnesses such
as cardiovascular disease, alcoholism and diabetes. The
measures that help in their prevention such as taking
physical exercise and eating a diet rich in vegetables are
oten also choices that are good or the environment.
[52] Puska
[53] Halpern 2010; Bacon 2010
[54] WHO
Healthcare costs are increasingwhile well-being is not.
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One o the most radical changes in the 20th century
was the liberation o people rom mandatory institu-
tions and the shit towards human relationships based
on choice: rom the traditional concept o kinship amily
to the serial amily and being single, and rom the im-
mediate community in ones physical vicinity to commu-
nities ormed around recreational activities and work.
The signicance o the amily as a dening orce in the
individuals lie has weakened in the past decades, but
close human relationships are increasingly valued and
appreciated. There is even talk o neoamilism. Close
human relationships and the ormation o communi-
ties help raise peoples sense o security and boost social
capital, which is the most enduring and resilient o all
orms o capital and has a greater impact on happiness
than economic capital55.
Recent studies indicate that social exclusion or mar-
ginalisation is closely linked to loneliness: lonely indi-
viduals tend to be more prone to developing mental
health disorders, exposure to health risks and nancial
diculties. Loneliness is the lack o opportunities to do
things with others. The actors contributing to lonelinessinclude the increased number o people living on their
own, the world o work becoming harsher, marriages
becoming shorter and the amily model being largely
restricted to the nuclear amily. Loneliness tends to be
a particular burden on the unemployed and the aged56.
[55] Bok 2010
[56] Moisio & Rm 2007
Every human culture believes that children bring hap-
piness. However, measuring the eect children have on
happiness suggests a dierent story. Couples are at their
happiest beore they have their rst child57 and again
when the last o their children moves out rom the am-
ily home58. This applies especially to women59. Studies
indicate that women eel happier when eating, exercising,
shopping, taking a nap or watching television than when
caring or their children60.
The question is not about children, but rather the
nuclear amily model. In modern society, children do
not add to meaningul human relationships, but instead
can isolate the amily rom the rest o society, conning
it to the workplace and home. Nevertheless, providing
support or meaningul, quality human relationships
such as the amily and close riends is largely justied
by research on happiness61. A broken amily background
is oten transerred rom one generation to the next,
makes access to other communities more dicult and
erodes trust in the durability o human relationships.
Thereore, it is common or the less ortunate to drit
out o the reach o meaningul human relationships.
[57] Walker 1977
[58] Myers 1992
[59] Feeney 1994
[60] Kahneman et al. 2004
[61] Lyubomirsky 2009
Friends, neighbours and amily5.
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5.Friends,neighboursandfamily
Down with loneliness!
Removing the structures o loneliness is a key chal-
lenge or the politics o happiness, much in the same
way as removing the class structures was in the 20th
century. With increasing wealth, population density
in urban settings has decreased and services are now a
greater distance rom the home than beore.
The signicance o neighbours has been virtually lost
in many cases.
Finnish housing policy has ocused on supporting
the lie o the nuclear amily. Restrictions on energy and
natural resources challenge the idea that a single-amily
house such as those built in the early 2000s, located ar
rom services, jobs and neighbours, could be sustain-
able. The impact on well-being must be examined rom
a broader perspective than just ocusing on the nuclear
amilys need or space or the sake o both happiness
and the consumption o natural resources. The risk o
social exclusion related to loneliness cannot be reduced
simply through amily policy, although more broad-
based provision o marriage counselling and couples
therapy could improve the happiness o many people.
The Finland o the uture must increasingly ocus onhow nearby communities, circles o r iends and various
peer communities can be used to strengthen the saety
net perceived by individuals and amilies. An important
element in this is the planning o city districts, villages,
city blocks and housing concepts. They can be used to
encourage people to interact with others more exten-
sively. Complementing existing residential areas by add-
ing services that are close to their users can optimally
create a kind o a heart or the community, a place or
encounters between people residing in the same area.
The objective is not simply to bring together dierent
social classes and increase mobility between them, but
also the concrete goal o preventing exclusion among
individuals.
Living arrangements or older people is another
important issue. Older people are the most prone to
isolation. Residential communities and various orms o
intergenerational living can help to prevent people rom
being let alone. Solutions can be developed by allocating
support and subsidies to experimental housing arrange-
ments, by oering planning and counselling assistance
as part o public services and by making complementary
construction in existing residential areas easier. Public
services and other institutional structures are rarely de-
veloped with a view to bringing people together. Could
the school building house municipal oces, should
the national deence orces be replaced by civic service,
or should the retirement home be located in the same
building as the nursery school?
Expanding the sphere osharing
People are not very good at applying statistical prob-
abilities to their own lives. They believe that their rela-
tionship with their signicant other lasts orever, while
knowing that the average duration o relationships has
decreased signicantly and most break up in the end62.
Other human relationships and happiness can suer i
happiness is only sought through marriage and children.
While they may initially boost happiness, this levels o in
a matter o years and happiness alls back to the persons
previous level63. Relationships and the amily cannot be
the only orm o intimate human relationship. Without
other human relationships, the individuals saety net
is weak. Building and maintaining riendships is vital.
Peoples own choices about how they spend time ulti-
mately determine how riendships are maintained and
developed.
The ability to trust others is largely developed in early
childhood, when it is important to expose the child to
diverse adult contacts. The key is to learn to do things
together with others. The child grows to participate in
communities when he is involved in hobbies, volunteer
work and recreational activities. Supporting practices
that contribute to the ability to work with others as well
as the development o sel-esteem is good policy romthe viewpoint o happiness. Individuals with a healthy
level o sel-esteem and condence are less likely to be
drawn to the rat race that runs on natural resources.
[62] Kontula 2009
[63] Gilbert 2006
Loneliness is the lacko opportunities to do
things with others.
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5.Friends,neighboursandfamily
I everyone on this planet consumed as much as we
Finns, we would need 2.5 Planets just to maintain our
liestyle64. Sharing is not only sensible rom the perspec-
tive o using natural resources, but also because helping
others and sharing creates pleasure not unlike that de-
rived rom sex, and contributes to our happiness65.In all
cultures, sharing is the method o interaction avoured
by ree individuals as opposed to e.g. payment, hier-
archy or reciprocity66. The politics o happiness must
create an atmosphere o tolerance that osters sharing.
Many studies point to a correlation between tolerance
or various minority groups and the happiness o the
population as a whole67.
There is an acute need or sharing. For instance,
[64] WWF 2008
[65] Post 2005[66] Fiske 2006
[67] Bok 2010
There is an acute needor a new kind o sharingand tolerance.
Policy recommendations:
1. Increase taxes on unused space. Spaceshould be taxed according to its de-gree o use. By sharing space, its usebecomes cheaper or both individualsand corporations. Research and devel-opment investment should ocus onthe development o technologies andservices or sharing.
2. Cars should not be permitted wherethere are children. Cities should be de-veloped to become more child-riendlyto allow amilies to eel sae and secureliving in the urban environment. Thishelps prevent the dispersion o societalstructure and the degeneration o near-by communities.
3. Create a new godparent system thatwould allow people to take time owork to care or not only their ownbiological children or parents, but oth-ers as well. Society should employ taxincentives and other methods to en-courage the expansion o the concepto amily beyond that o the nuclearamily.
equipping holiday homes with modern amenities and
the increase in the number o second homes pose a
signicant challenge in terms o the consumption o
natural resources. The average size o holiday homes has
grown, and today nearly hal o them meet the criteria
o a second home with electric heating and water clos-
ets68. It seems impossible that asceticism alone would
solve this problem. Happiness and quality o lie must
be sought through new ways and places o sharing that
consume ewer natural resources. The sharing o re-
sources no longer happens naturally through traditional
avenues. The act that nearly hal o Finns live alone is
an unortunate indicator o this69.
[68] Berghll et al. 2008; Rytknen & Kirkkari 2010
[69] Statistics Finland 2008
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Lhteet
Kuusela, Hanna & Rnkk, Mika (2008): Puolueiden kriisi. Helsinki: Into kustannus.
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