LATVIJAS UNIVERSITTES

VSTURES UN FILOZOFIJAS FAKULTTES

ARHEOLOIJAS UN VSTURES PALGZINTU KATEDRA

Vstures Bakalaura studiju programmas

3. kursa studente

Laine Kalja

Stud. apl. Nr. lk08330

POLITISKS TIKAS PROBLEMTIKA MARKA

AURLIJA DARB

BAKALAURA DARBS

Darba zintniskais vadtjs

Dr. habil. hist., prof. Harijs Tumans

RGA, 2011

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SATURS

Anotcija.................................................................................................. 3

Annotation ............................................................................................... 3

Avotu un literatras apskats .................................................................... 5

Sasinjumi .............................................................................................. 9

Ievads ..................................................................................................... 10

1. Dabiskais likums ............................................................................... 18

1.1. Dabisk likuma defincijas problma .......................................... 18

1.2. Dabiskais likums un romieu tiesbas ......................................... 28

1.3. Dabiskais likums sabiedrb........................................................ 34

1.4. Secinjumi ................................................................................... 40

2. Kosmopolis ideja ............................................................................... 42

2.1. Kosmopolis idejas saknes ............................................................ 42

2.2. Kosmopoltisma leitimitte ....................................................... 48

2.3. Etniskais un reliiskais kosmopoltisms ..................................... 57

2.4. Cilvku socils vienldzbas ideja ............................................. 64

2.5. Secinjumi ................................................................................... 69

3. Varas tika ......................................................................................... 71

3.1. Idela valdnieka tikumi ............................................................... 73

3.2. Idels valdnieks darbb .............................................................. 80

3.3. Secinjumi ................................................................................... 90

Nobeiguma secinjumi .......................................................................... 91

Izmantoto avotu un literatras saraksts ................................................. 95

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ANOTCIJA

Bakalaura darba tmas nosaukums ir Politisks tikas problemtika Marka Aurlija

darb. Bakalaura darbs sastv no Marka Aurlija sarakstt filozofisk sacerjuma Ta eis

heauton jeb Paam sev, citur tulkots ar k Meditcijas. da analze tiks saistta ar Marka

Aurlija politisko darbbu, un galvenais mris ir pardt Marka Aurlija politisks darbbas

saskau vai nesaskau ar via filozofiju, k ar attiecbas starp Marka Aurlija politiskajiem

ideliem, k dabiskais likums, kosmopoltisms un cilvku vienldzbas idejas, un via imperatora

profesionlo tiku, kas nosaka valsts un ts pilsou intereu stdanu pirmaj viet.

Dubults pilsonbas koncepts, kuru lieto gan stoii, gan Marks Aurlijs, nosaka, ka var

pastvt t.s. dubult lojalitte jeb var pastvt grtbas starp Marka Aurlija imperatora lomas un

via k kosmopolis pilsoa identittes savienoanu, respektvi grtbas pastv, jo pastv

jautjums, kurai lomai dot priekroku, un kuras lomas uzdotos pienkumus nepiecieams pildt

vispirms. Vl viens bakalaura darba mris ir noskaidrot, kpc pastv tik dadi uzskati

jautjum par to, vai Marks Aurlijs bija tik idels valdnieks, k via stoicisk filozofija

ierosinja.

Bakalaura dara struktra sastv no trs galvenajiem tematiem: dabisk likuma teorija,

kosmopolis ideja un varas tikas jautjumi. Darba metode ir Paam sev analzes saldzinana

ar citiem vstures avotiem un vstures un filozofijas literatr atrodamajiem dadajiem

viedokiem.

ANNOTATION

The title of the barchelors thesis is The Problem of Political Ethics in the Work of

Marcus Aurelius. It consists of the analysis of Marcus Aureliuss philosophical work Ta eis

heauton or To Himself, also known as Meditations. This analysis is related to the political

actions of Marcus Aurelius and the main aim is to show the consistency between Marcus

Aurelius philosophy and politics and the relations between his philosophical ideals such as

natural law, cosmopolitanism and human equality idejas and his ethics as an emperor which

today might be called professional ethics. The concept of dual citizenship found both in stoics

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and in Marcus Aurelius suggests that there might be a question about dividing loyality and

difficulties might appear for the Marcus Aurelius as an emperor to decide which of his roles an

emperor or a human being in the kosmopolis, should be preferred and which of the duties should

be done. The other aim is also to clarify why there is such a different points of view whether

Marcus Aurelius was consequent in his actions in regards to his stoic philosophy or not.

The structure of the barchelors thesis consists of three main topics: natural law theory,

kosmopolis idea and the ethics of power. The method of writing is comparison of the analysis of

To Himself with other sources and different literature that gives an opinion of the historical

events of the time.

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AVOTU UN LITERATRAS APSKATS

1. Marks Aurlijs Paam sev

Tiek uzskatts, ka Paam sev sarakstts pdjos 12 Marka Aurlija dzves gados, ko vi

pavadjis karojot ar ermu ciltm imprijas ziemeu da. Ttad darbs sarakstts laik no 168.

ldz 180. gadam Itlijas ziemeu da un msdienu Vcijas teritorij1. Otrs grmatas virsraksts

zio par to, ka t sarakstta starp kvadiem2 (Marc. Aurel. II), bet tre grmata skas ar

vrdiem sarakstts Kartantam (Carnuntum3) (Marc. Aurel. III).

Darbs sastv no 12 grmatm, kuras saraksttas sengrieu valod, no kurm pirmaj

apkopoti pateicbas vrdiem visiem cilvkiem, no kuriem vi mcjies dadas labs pabas,

kuras ar uzskaita, bet prjs 11 grmatas atspoguo aptuveni 500 aforistisk veid izteiktas

prdomas, bez sistemtiskas struktras. Kristofers Dils uzskata, ka ts drzk vrtjamas k sev

adrestas, personga rakstura praktisks tikas piezmes, nevis k stoiu skolotja piezmes, kas

domtas plakai auditorijai4. M. Morfords uzskata, ka darbs Paam sev attlo vientuu

valdnieku, kas izjt smago pienkumu atbildbas nastu5. E. Birlijs uzskata, ka nav aubu, ka

Marks Aurlijs rakstjis vienatn, klusb, sava telt6, un lielk daa piezmes tapuas karu laik.

Literatr nav viennozmga viedoka par to, vai Marka Aurlija filozofija btu dvjama

pilnb par stoicismu. M. Le Glejs uzskata, ka Paam sev apliecina pilngu piederbu stoiu

skolai, tau E. Birlejs turpret neuzskata, ka Marks Aurlijs prstvtu ortodokslo stoicismu, jo

Paam sev nevien viet Marks Aurlijs nedv sevi par stoii, un drzk dvjams par

eklektii, jo viu piesaistja mcbas no citm skolm7, k ar vi maz interesjs par prjm

1 Gill, C. Stoic Writers of the Imperial Era. In: Rowe, E., Schofield, M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Greek and

Roman Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. P. 612. 2 Viena no ermu ciltm, kas bija apmetuies uz ziemeiem no msdienu Vnes teritorijas 2.gs. p.m..

3 Romieu karaspka bze, kas atrads pris kilometrus no msdienu Vnes pie Donavas, uz ziemeiem no teritorijas,

kur tolaik bija apmetuies kvadi. 4 Gill, C. Stoic Writers of the Imperial Era. In: Rowe, E., Schofield, M. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Greek and

Roman Political Thought.... P. 612. 5 Morford, M. The Roman Philosophers: From the Time of Cato the Censor to the Death of Marcus Aurelius.

London; New York: Routledge, 2002. P. 230. 6 Ibid., P. 213

7 Birley, A. Marcus Aurelius: A Biography. New York: Routledge, 2000. P. 98.

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stoicisma dam fiziku un loiku8. M. Morfords uzskata, ka Marka Aurlija filozofija ir

stoicisms, par spti tam, ka vi biei vien atsaucs uz daudziem ne-stoiiem9.

Vstures avotos agrks atsauces uz Paam sev datjamas ar 4. gadsimtu10

, tau tad

pards liels iztrkums, un nkamais datjums ir tikai ar 10. gadsimtu11

. Kopum Paam sev

pirmo reizi tika publicts 1559. gad Crih. o publikciju veica Andreas Gesners, izmantojot

Ksilandera (Xylander) jeb Vilhelma Holcmana tulkojumu latu valod no sengrieu valodas12

.

Laika gait ir mainjies vsturnieku, tulkotju un ptnieku skatjums uz o darbu un t

ieceri, respektvi, mainjies priekstats par to, kdi varjui bt paa Marka Aurlija mri,

rakstot o darbu, un vai to bija iecerts publict. 17. gadsimta angu tulkotji Meriks Kasabons

un Tomass Gatakers o darbu uzskatja par hypomnemata (no latu val. piezmes, komentri),

kas sarakstti ikdienas notikumu iespaid paa autora persongajai izmantoanai13

. Franu

vsturnieks Ernsts Renns 1882. gad o darbu tika nosaucis par persongo Marka Aurlija

dienasgrmatu, kur tas atspoguo iekjos dvseles stvokus14

. Pjrs Hadots msdiens uzskata,

ka, t k is darbs nebija iecerts publikcijai, t liktenis btu bijis palikt tai vstures laikmet,

kur tas radies, un ldz mums tas ir noncis tikai pateicoties laimgai apstku sakritbai15

.

Katr zi skaidrs ir, ka Paam sev ir vairk vai mazk intma rakstura darbs, tdjdi