pollen og biers sundhed - aarhus universitet · pollen og pesticider • stor andel af pollen fra...

Pollen og biers sundhedPer KrygerInspektørdagen 2019

Bier samler pollen

• Honningbier der flyver oplades med statisk elektricitet

• Når de lander på en blomst opfanges pollen

• Det hjælper planterne med befrugtning

• Bierne æder pollen for protein og fedtsyre

• Pollen indeholder en del “sekundære metaboliter”

Pollen og pesticider

• Stor andel af pollen fra landbrugsarealer

• Pollen er også en kilde til pesticider

• Pollen kan mindske effekten af pesticid på bier

• Hamidreza Ardalani arbejder på dette

• Nanna Vidkjær ser på sammenhænge mellem sekundære metaboliter i pollen og bisundhed

INFORME DE ENSAYO

SolicitanteRef. LAB

01/03/2019 18:00

DEPT. AGROECOLOGY

Fecha/Hora de recepción:Fecha emisión informe: 09/03/2019

AARUS UNIVERSITY

SLACELSE

00000

04/03/2019

Fecha finalización ensayo: 09/03/2019

PAN DE ABEJATipo de muestra:Ref. Cliente:

No aplicaProcedimiento de toma de muestra:N.A.

DK-AU19-016

12925/19

ExternaToma de muestra:Fecha inicio ensayo:

Fecha/Hora toma de muestra:

Temperatura ambienteModo de conservación en transporte:ApropiadoEstado de la muestra:

Resultados DetectadosParámetro TécnicaResultado LMR (mg/kg) LI (mg/kg) LC (mg/kg)

0,05Prosulfocarb UPLC- MS/MS0,011 mg/ kg 0,01 0,01

Parámetro Resultado(mg/kg) Parámetro Resultado(mg/kg)LMR (mg/kg) LMR (mg/kg)LI(mg/kg) LC(mg/kg) LI(mg/kg) LC(mg/kg)

MR GC-MS/MS. LAB 1-01-80Aclonifen Fonofos <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Acrinatrina Formotion <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Alacloro Fosalon <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Azoxistrobina Fosmet <0,01 <0,01 0,05 ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Benalaxil (incl.Benalaxil- M)

Fumetralina <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

Benfluralina Furalaxilo <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Benfuresato Furatiocarb <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bifenox Heptacloro suma <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bifenilo Heptacloro <0,01 <0,01 0,01 ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bifentrina

Heptacloro- epóxidoendo

<0,01 <0,01 0,05 ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

Boscalida Heptacloro- epóxidoexo

<0,01 <0,01 0,05 ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

Bromacilo Heptenofos <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bromociclen Hexaclorociclohexan

o (HCH) suma <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

Bromofos HCH- alfa <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bromofos- etilo HCH- beta <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bromopropilato HCH- delta <0,01 <0,01 0,01 ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bupirimato Hexaconazol <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Buprofecina Hexazinone <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Butafenacilo Iprodiona <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Butralina Isocarbophos <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Cadusafos Isodrin <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Carbofenotion Isofenfos <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Cicloato Isofenphos- methyl <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Ciflufenamida Isopropaline <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Ciflutrin Isoprothiolane <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Cinidon- etilo Lambda- Cihalotrina <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Cipermetrina Leptophos <0,01 <0,01 0,05 No legislado0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Ciproconazol Lindano <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clodinafop- propargyl Malation <0,01 <0,01 No legislado ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clordano Metalaxilo (incl.

Metalaxilo- M) <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

Clorfenapir Metamidofos <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clorfenvinfos Metidation <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,020,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clorobenside Metoxicloro <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clormefos Mevinfos <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clorobencilato Miclobutanil <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clorotalonil Mirex <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clorofenson Nitrofeno <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Chloroneb Nitrothal isopropil <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

N. Ref.:12925/19

F.REG-15/06 rev.5

Página 1 de 7Informe emitido por: Laboratorio Analítico Bioclínico, S.L.U.PITA, C/Albert Einstein, nº 7 Autovía del Mediterráneo (A- 7) Salida 460 - 04131. Almería

Teléfono +34 950 25 90 57 - info@lab- sl.com - www.lab- sl.com

INFORME DE ENSAYO

SolicitanteRef. LAB

01/03/2019 18:00

DEPT. AGROECOLOGY

Fecha/Hora de recepción:Fecha emisión informe: 09/03/2019

AARUS UNIVERSITY SLACELSE00000

04/03/2019

Fecha finalización ensayo: 09/03/2019

POLENTipo de muestra:Ref. Cliente:

No aplicaProcedimiento de toma de muestra:N.A.

DK-AU19-001

12910/19

ExternaToma de muestra:Fecha inicio ensayo:

Fecha/Hora toma de muestra:

Temperatura ambienteModo de conservación en transporte:ApropiadoEstado de la muestra:

Resultados DetectadosParámetro TécnicaResultado LMR (mg/kg) LI (mg/kg) LC (mg/kg)

0,20Tiacloprid UPLC- MS/MS0,011 mg/ kg 0,01 0,01

Parámetro Resultado(mg/kg) Parámetro Resultado(mg/kg)LMR (mg/kg) LMR (mg/kg)LI(mg/kg) LC(mg/kg) LI(mg/kg) LC(mg/kg)

MR GC-MS/MS. LAB 1-01-80Aclonifen Fonofos <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Acrinatrina Formotion <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Alacloro Fosalon <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Azoxistrobina Fosmet <0,01 <0,01 0,05 ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Benalaxil (incl.Benalaxil- M)

Fumetralina <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

Benfluralina Furalaxilo <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Benfuresato Furatiocarb <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bifenox Heptacloro suma <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bifenilo Heptacloro <0,01 <0,01 0,01 ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bifentrina

Heptacloro- epóxidoendo

<0,01 <0,01 0,05 ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

Boscalida Heptacloro- epóxidoexo

<0,01 <0,01 0,05 ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

Bromacilo Heptenofos <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bromociclen Hexaclorociclohexan

o (HCH) suma <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

Bromofos HCH- alfa <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bromofos- etilo HCH- beta <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bromopropilato HCH- delta <0,01 <0,01 0,01 ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Bupirimato Hexaconazol <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Buprofecina Hexazinone <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Butafenacilo Iprodiona <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Butralina Isocarbophos <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Cadusafos Isodrin <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Carbofenotion Isofenfos <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Cicloato Isofenphos- methyl <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Ciflufenamida Isopropaline <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Ciflutrin Isoprothiolane <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Cinidon- etilo Lambda- Cihalotrina <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Cipermetrina Leptophos <0,01 <0,01 0,05 No legislado0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Ciproconazol Lindano <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clodinafop- propargyl Malation <0,01 <0,01 No legislado ver suma0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clordano Metalaxilo (incl.

Metalaxilo- M) <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

Clorfenapir Metamidofos <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clorfenvinfos Metidation <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,020,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clorobenside Metoxicloro <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clormefos Mevinfos <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clorobencilato Miclobutanil <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,050,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clorotalonil Mirex <0,01 <0,01 0,05 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Clorofenson Nitrofeno <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01Chloroneb Nitrothal isopropil <0,01 <0,01 0,01 0,010,01 0,01 0,01 0,01

N. Ref.:12910/19

F.REG-15/06 rev.5

Página 1 de 7Informe emitido por: Laboratorio Analítico Bioclínico, S.L.U.PITA, C/ Albert Einstein, nº 7 Autovía del Mediterráneo (A- 7) Salida 460 - 04131. Almería

Teléfono +34 950 25 90 57 - info@lab- sl.com - www.lab- sl.com

Pollen prøver undersøgt

Tre af fire prøver er positive, to lige over detektionsgrænse en noget over og med 7 rester

EcotoxicologyDOI 10.1007/s10646-017-1868-2

Mitigating effects of pollen during paraquat exposure on geneexpression and pathogen prevalence in Apis mellifera L

Igor Medici de Mattos1 ● Ademilson E. E. Soares1 ● David R. Tarpy2

Accepted: 9 October 2017© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017

Abstract Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations havebeen experiencing notable mortality in Europe and NorthAmerica. No single cause has been identified for thesedramatic losses, but rather multiple interacting factors arelikely responsible (such as pesticides, malnutrition, habitatloss, and pathogens). Paraquat is one of the most widelyused non-selective herbicides, especially in developingcountries. This herbicide is considered slightly toxic tohoney bees, despite being reported as a highly effectiveinducer of oxidative stress in a wide range of living systems.Here, we test the effects of paraquat on the expression ofdetoxification and antioxidant-related genes, as well as onthe dynamics of pathogen titers. Moreover, we tested theeffects of pollen as mitigating factor to paraquat exposure.Our results show significant changes in the expression ofseveral antioxidant-related and detoxification-related genesin the presence of paraquat, as well as an increase ofpathogens titers. Finally, we demonstrate a mitigating effectof pollen through the up-regulation of specific genes andimprovement of survival of bees exposed to paraquat. Thepresence of pollen in the diet was also correlated with areduced prevalence of Nosema and viral pathogens. We

discuss the importance of honey bees’ nutrition, especiallythe availability of pollen, on colony losses chronicallyreported in the USA and Europe.

Keywords Apis mellifera ● Oxidative stress ● Paraquat ●

Pollen ● Bee bread ● Virus

Introduction

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are essential to the func-tioning of natural and agricultural ecosystems, as theyensure the proper reproduction of many plants through theirpollination services (e.g., Delaplane and Mayer 2000; Gallaiet al. 2009; Klein et al. 2007). In turn, honey bees benefitfrom pollination by acquiring the necessary nutrients fortheir growth and health, found in nectar and pollen (e.g., DiPasquale et al. 2013; Winston 1991). The main source ofprotein for honey bees, known as “bee bread,” consists offermented pollen (the male gametophyte of flowers) mixedwith nectar and bee secretions. Bee bread (BB) is also theprimary source of important nutrients such as lipids, vita-mins, minerals (Zn, Cu, and Fe), flavonoids, carotenoids,and terpenes for developing bees (Almaraz-Abarca et al.2007; Campos et al. 2010; Omnia et al. 2014).

Recent increased mortality in bee populations, mostnotably in both Europe and North America, have promptedconcern among beekeepers and scientists alike (Ellis et al.2010; Potts et al. 2010; vanEngelsdorp and Meixner 2010).No single cause has been identified for the dramatic losses,but it is generally held that multiple interacting factors areresponsible. Numerous pathogens (viruses, microsporidium,trypanosomatid species, and bacteria) and ectoparasites

* Igor Medici de [email protected]

1 Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School,University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14.049-900, Brazil

2 Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, College ofAgriculture and Life Science, North Carolina State University,Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article(https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-017-1868-2) contains supplementarymaterial, which is available to authorized users.

DIETARY QUERCETIN IMPACTS THE CONCENTRATION OF IMIDACLOPRID AND TAU-FLUVALINATE IN HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA)

Hamidreza Ardalani, Nanna Hjort Vidkjær, Per Kryger, Inge S. FomsgaardDepartment of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark

:

[email protected]

70 crop species are

pollinated by bees

Contribute 450 million €

of the economy

1/3 of food is pollination dependent

RelevanceHoney bees are ideal pollinators and subject to numerous stressors such as reduced flower diversity, new parasites, and chronical exposure to agrochemicals such as neonicotinoids which are extremely toxic to bees1. Imidacloprid as one of the most frequently used

Acaricide tau-fluvalinate is used to control Varroa mites which is the most devastating parasite in the honey bee colonies3.Tebuconazole is also a fungicide which is widely used for control pathogenic fungi in agricultural settings.In this study we investigated the impact of flavonoid quercetin dietin the concentration of these pesticides in honey bees (Apis mellifera).

neonicotinoid insecticide is discussed in thecontext of honey bee declines2.

Results The results of this study demonstrated that intake of quercetin leads to reduction in the concentration of imidacloprid (P = 0.00) and tau-fluvalinate (P = 0.03), significantly. However, quercetin dietary did not show significant difference in the concentration of tebuconazole (P = 0.42) in honey bees.

ExperimentalHoney bees feed with either quercetin+candy or candy for 72 h then exposed to pesticides in two manners; contact and oral exposure, individually. A modified QuEChERS method was used for pesticide extraction with recovery percentage of 83.1 ±3.2, 86.3 ±3.3 and 100.3 ±1.5 for imidacloprid, fluvalinate and tebuconazole, respectivelly.Then samples were analyzed with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer coupled to a HPLC system.

References1- Oldroyd, Benjamin P. What's killing American honey bees?. PLoS biol 5.6 (2007): e168.2- European Commission. Bee health: EU-wide restrictions on pesticide use to enter into force. Brussels (2013). 3- Francis, Roy M., Steen L. Nielsen, and Per Kryger. Varroa-virus interaction in collapsing honey bee colonies. PloS One 8.3 (2013): e57540.

AcknowledgmentBente Birgitte Laursen is acknowledged for technical assistance.

Oral exposure

Contact exposure

Feed with quercetin and candy

Anesthetize by CO2 after 1h and freeze Anesthetize by CO2 after 24 h and freeze

Extraction by QuEChERS

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[email protected]

70 crop species are

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of the economy









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70 crop species are

pollinated by bees


of the economy









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Brug af “quantum dots” til at mærke pollen og følge individuelle pollenkorn

Hvor kan det bruges?

• Birte Boelt har et projekt om rødkløverbestøvning

• Rødkløver skal bestøves af pollen fra en anden plante

• Shuxuan Jing studere rødkløverbestøvning

• Ringe frøproduktion, diploide og tetraploide sorter

• Med mærket pollen, kan biernes færden afsløres

- et sidespor

• Quantum dots små lysende punkter

• Kan de bruges til at spore varroamider?

• Kan quantum dots indsprøjtes i biers hæmolymfe

• Optages af varroamider

• Videregives til næste bi?

Landbrug, nåleskov og saltvand er negative faktorer i forhold til proteinindhold i bibrød. Løvskov, haver, freskvand, kløvergræs, søbredder og græsland er positive faktorer i forhold til proteinindhold i bibrød. Det afhænger af afstanden til bigården. Næppe overraskende, men veldokumenteret!

Mangel på pollen rammer bierne sundhed

Mindsket adgang til pollen hæmmer udvikling af biernes fodersaftkirtler

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Variations in the Availability of PollenResources Affect Honey Bee HealthGarance Di Pasquale1,2*, Cédric Alaux1,3, Yves Le Conte1,3, Jean-François Odoux4,Maryline Pioz1,3, Bernard E. Vaissière1,3, Luc P. Belzunces1,3, Axel Decourtye1,2,5

1 UMT PrADE, Avignon, France, 2 ACTA, Avignon, France, 3 INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement,Avignon, France, 4 INRA, Unité expérimentale d’entomologie, Le Magneraud, France, 5 ITSAP-Institut del’abeille, Avignon, France

* [email protected]

AbstractIntensive agricultural systems often expose honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to large temporalvariations in the availability (quantity, quality and diversity) of nutritional resources. Suchnutritional irregularity is expected to affect honey bee health. We therefore tested under lab-oratory conditions the effect of such variation in pollen availability on honey bee health (sur-vival and nursing physiology—hypopharyngeal gland development and vitellogeninexpression). We fed honey bees with different diets composed of pollen pellets collected byhoney bees in an agricultural landscape of western France. Slight drops (5–10%) in theavailability of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) pollen resulted in significant reductions of alltested variables. Despite some variations in taxonomic diversity and nutritional quality, thepollen mixes harvested over the season had a similar positive influence on honey beehealth, except for the one collected in late July that induced poor survival and nursing physi-ology. This period coincided with the mass-flowering of maize (Zea mays L.), an anemophi-lous crop which produces poor-quality pollen. Therefore, changes in bee health were notconnected to variations in pollen diversity but rather to variations in pollen depletion andquality, such as can be encountered in an intensive agricultural system of western France.Finally, even though pollen can be available ad libitum during the mass-flowering of somecrops (e.g. maize), it can fail to provide bees with diet adequate for their development.

IntroductionBee species can be classified into two broad categories regarding their pollen diet: specialists, thatfeed on a few or even a single plant species, and generalists, that forage on a large array of phylo-genetically unrelated plant species [1]. Compared to specialists, generalists usually have a betterresilience to environmental changes [2]. Honey bees (A.mellifera L.), which are extreme general-ist, are thus expected to be able to adapt to anthropogenic landscapes, notably in intensive agri-cultural ones. However, beekeepers have frequently cited starvation and poor foragingconditions as a significant driver of colony losses [3,4]. In addition, Naug [5] suggested that anutritional stress due to habitat loss plays an important role in honey bee colony losses. The

PLOSONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0162818 September 15, 2016 1 / 15

a11111

OPEN ACCESS

Citation: Di Pasquale G, Alaux C, Le Conte Y, OdouxJ-F, Pioz M, Vaissière BE, et al. (2016) Variations inthe Availability of Pollen Resources Affect Honey BeeHealth. PLoS ONE 11(9): e0162818. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162818

Editor:Wolfgang Blenau, University of Cologne,GERMANY

Received: December 8, 2015

Accepted: August 29, 2016

Published: September 15, 2016

Copyright: © 2016 Di Pasquale et al. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution License, which permitsunrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in anymedium, provided the original author and source arecredited.

Data Availability Statement: All relevant data arewithin the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This work was funded by a grant from theEuropean Agricultural Guarantee Fund (797/2004)and GDP was supported by a fellowship from theConventions Industrielles de Formation par laRecherche (ANRT).

Competing Interests: The authors have declaredthat no competing interests exist.

the workers fed with the “late July”mix (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 31.35, p< 0.001, Fig 6A andF = 5.01; df = 6, 62; p< 0.001, Fig 6B, respectively). “Early June”, “late August” and “late Sep-tember”mixes gave the largest acini, but there was no difference in vitellogenin expressionbetween the different mixes besides the one of “late July”.

DiscussionDespite the extreme flexibility of their pollen-foraging behavior and the considerable breadthof their pollen diet, honeybee colonies are often reported as under stress in intensive

Fig 3. Effects of oilseed rape pollen depletion on (A) the diameter of hypopharyngeal gland acini and (B) vitellogenin expression levels, inhoney bees. Box plots are shown for 30 workers (acini) and 10 pools of 3 bees (vitellogenin) for each diet treatment. Different letters indicate significantdifferences between pollen quantities (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon tests with Bonferroni correction for HPGs and Tukey post-hoc tests for vitellogenin expressionlevels, respectively). Boxes show 25th and 75th percentiles range with the line denoting the median. Whiskers encompass 90% of the individuals, beyondwhich outliers are represented by dots.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162818.g003

Table 1. Pesticide residues in the seasonal pollen mixes.

Pollen sample Pesticides Class Quantity (mg/kg)

Early May Aclonifen herbicide 0.032

Cyprodinil fungicide 0.012

Flusilazole fungicide 0.013

Metolachlor herbicide 0.014

Late May Flusilazole fungicide 0.015

Early June Flusilazole fungicide < 0.01

Pyrimethanil fungicide < 0.01

Late July / / /

Late August Trifluraline herbicide 0.06

Late September Trifluraline herbicide < 0.01

The presence of pesticide residues in the different pollen mixes was assessed with a limit of quantification of 0.01 mg/kg and a limit of detection of 0.005 mg/kg.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162818.t001

Pollen Availability and Honey Bee Health

PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0162818 September 15, 2016 7 / 15

Pollen attraktivitet varierer i løbet af sæson, i top sidst i august, i bund sidst i juliagricultural landscape [37]. However, the extent to which the modifications of the floral

resources affect workers is not easy to analyse. Indeed, there are many other sources of variabil-ity beyond resource availability and quality, that can affect workers in the field, such as climate,pests and diseases, and pollutants in general and pesticides in particular [55–59]. Here, by feed-ing workers under controlled conditions with field-collected pollen pellets diets using a stan-dard protocol, we were able to assess the effects of some components of the nutritional stressassociated with an agrosystem on honey bee health.

Influence of pollen depletion on nurse physiology and survivalVariations in pollen availability are commonly observed in intensive agricultural landscapesbetween the flowering periods of mass-flowering crops such as oilseed rape and sunflower[37,60]. It is well-established that pollen intake is important for worker survival [10,13,30], but

Fig 4. Amounts of the different pollenmixes consumed per bees. Box plots are shown for 10 cages per treatment. Different letters indicatesignificant differences between the amounts of pollen consumed (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon test with Bonferroni correction). Boxes show 25th and 75thpercentiles range with line denoting the median. Whiskers encompass 90% of the individuals, beyond which outliers are represented by dots.




less is known about the impact of small variation in pollen abundance. We found here thatslight reductions in pollen availability significantly reduced worker survival under laboratoryconditions. As an example, a decrease of pollen consumption of 10% caused an averagedecrease of 2–3 days in bee longevity, indicating that worker longevity is highly dependent onthe amount of available pollen (Fig 2). Nursing physiology was also affected by a gradual reduc-tion in pollen availability. Our results indicate that the rearing capacities of nurse honey beesare impacted by pollen availability because the development of the HPGs is highly dependenton protein intake (Fig 3A) [7,16]. Thus, it might not be surprising to find that the more pollenworkers consumed, the more proteins were directed to the acini. Fernandes-da-silva and Zuco-loto [61] also tested the effect of pollen on the development of HPGs in the stingless bee Scapto-trigona depilis Moure (Hymenoptera, Apidae). By testing three amounts of pollens (0.25 g, 0.50g and 0.75 g for 8 days), they found that the two lowest amounts were not sufficient for a gooddevelopment of the glands. Based on these results, they calculated that at least 0.80 mg pollen/bee/day is necessary to provide sufficient gland development, which was equivalent to the 20%

Fig 5. Influence of different seasonal pollen mixes on bee survival.Data show the percentages of surviving workers over 90 days (n = 10repetitions per treatment). Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.001, Cox proportional hazards regression model).




Pollen fra sidst i juli, er denbierne overlever dårligst på

Pollen gavner bierne

• Pollen øger biers livslængde

• Sammenhæng mellem pollen og virus

• Sammenhæng mellem pollen og immunitet

• Pollen og nosema

• Pollen og varroa

Pollen reverses decreased lifespan, altered nutritional metabolism, and suppressed immunity in honey bees (Apis mellifera) treated with antibiotics Jianghong Li et al Journal Experimental Biology March 2019 in Print Fire grupper: 1 Pollen og sukkervand, 2 Pollen og sukkervand med antibiotika3 Sukkervand eller 4 Sukkervand med antibiotika

Fire grupper: 1 Pollen og sukkervand, 2 Pollen og sukkervand med antibiotika3 Sukkervand eller 4 Sukkervand med antibiotika

Uden pollen eller mikroflora i tarmen er bier mere udsat for Deform vingevirus infektion

Fire grupper: 1 Pollen og sukkervand, 2 Pollen og sukkervand med antibiotika3 Sukkervand eller 4 Sukkervand med antibiotika

Uden pollen og mikroflora i tarmen har bier nedsat immunforsvar

Pollen modvirker Nosemas livsforkortende effekt

Pollen styre bisundhed

• Sammenhæng mellem pollens ernærningsværdi og honningbiers sundhed

• Pollenmængden er afgørende for varroa population

• Pollen kan hele varroaskader i nogen grad

• Pollenmangel forværre situationen med virus og nosema

• Høst af pollen skal gennemtænkes

pollen og biers sundhed - aarhus universitet · pollen og pesticider • stor andel af pollen fra...

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