pols4503 international organizations
DESCRIPTION
POLS4503 International Organizations. Gregory C. Dixon [email protected] www.westga.edu/~gdixon. Who am I?. Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions Conflict Management Globalization and Global Governance. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Slide 1
© 2006 By Default!
POLS4503International Organizations
Gregory C. [email protected]
www.westga.edu/~gdixon
Slide 2
© 2006 By Default!
Who am I?Dr. Gregory C. DixonSpecialty – International RelationsAreas of interest / research:
– International Institutions– Conflict Management– Globalization and Global Governance
Slide 3
© 2006 By Default!
Office Hours and ContactOffice: Pafford 125Office Hours:
– MW 11am – 12:30pm 1:45pm – 3:30pm– T 1 – 3pm– and by appointment
Email: [email protected]
Slide 4
© 2006 By Default!
Course Web PageCourseDen
Public site:http://www.westga.edu/~gdixonUnder “current courses” pick pols4503
Slide 5
© 2006 By Default!
Required Texts Weiss, et al. The United Nations and Changing
World Politics, 6th Edition Diehl & Frederking The Politics of Global
Governance: International Organizations in an Interdependent World, 4th edition
Braveboy-Wgner Institutions of the Global South Goldstone & Smith International Judicial Institutions Pease International Organizations, 4th Edition Kratochwil and Mansfield International Organization
and Global Governance: A Reader, 2nd Edition
Slide 6
© 2006 By Default!
Learning Outcomes Survey the history of the international state system
and trace the rising need for governance beyond national borders
Discuss the major problems of cooperation in international relations according to various theoretical approaches
Discuss how domestic and international political institutions affect cooperation
Examine governance structures in different issue areas
Compare and contrast governmental and non-governmental solutions to the problem of global governance
Slide 7
© 2006 By Default!
AssignmentsExams (3) 30% each
– The lowest exam score is dropped
Group Project:– Background Paper 5%– Final Project Paper 35%
Slide 8
© 2006 By Default!
ExamsTake-home essay exams
– A selection of five questions from which you will answer two
– Each answer should be 800-1200 words for a total of 1600 – 2400 words per exam
Slide 9
© 2006 By Default!
Group ProjectSolve a problem in contemporary global
governance– 5 – 7 page background paper– 25 – 35 page final project paper
Peer grades used to punish free riders
Slide 10
© 2006 By Default!
Group Project Topics Design a framework agreement on the
environment for the Durban Conference Design a reform plan for the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Regime Design a Global Financial Governance
Regime Design a social entrepreneurship
organization for poverty reduction in a country of your choice
Design a model system for international enforcement of disputed election results
Slide 11
© 2006 By Default!
Group Project Students may form their own groups
– Lists must be submitted by Jan 26 Final say on group assignments lies with
the professor Groups will be matched with
assignments on Jan 26 in class Groups may propose alternate
assignment
Slide 12
© 2006 By Default!
Assumption of Adulthood All students are assumed to be adults and will
be held to adult standards of accountability and decorum.
You are expected to familiarize yourself with the requirements of the course.
You are expected to meet the requirements of the course without having to be reminded of such clearly posted things as exam due dates.
It is expected that you will do the required reading for the course.
It is expected that you will complete all required assignments.
Slide 13
© 2006 By Default!
Class ParticipationIt is expected that students will participate
in classEducation is not simply a one-way process The subject matter in this course is
complex at times and may require clarification
Students are encouraged to ask questions
Slide 14
© 2006 By Default!
Late or Missed AssignmentsLate assignments will suffer a penalty of one
letter grade (10 points on 100 point scale) for each business day late
The exams are take-home, so extensions will be extremely rare
Absolutely no extensions will be given for the final exam due date
Slide 15
© 2006 By Default!
Special NeedsStudents with special needs as identified by
the University will be accommodated in accordance with University policy
Please inform the instructor no later than January 23, 2009 of any special needs that will require accommodation
Slide 16
© 2006 By Default!
AttendanceAttendance will not be taken and is not
required as part of the course grade Attendance is vital to success in this
course Students are forewarned that missing
lectures may significantly reduce their chances of passing the course
It is the responsibility of the student to get the notes from that day of class from another student in the class
Slide 17
© 2006 By Default!
Acts of the GodsOn very rare occasions truly terrible things
happenIf such an event happens, don't wait until
the last day of the semester to deal with itWhile the professor is strict, he's not
inhuman
Slide 18
© 2006 By Default!
Privacy and FERPAFERPA is vague regarding emailNothing related to grades, exams, or any
other course information specific to a student will be discussed via email - period
Grades and related information will only be discussed in person during office hours or after class
Slide 19
© 2006 By Default!
Classroom Decorum Please arrive on time Please turn off any device that makes noise Please do not read the newspaper, sleep, send
text messages, or work on material for other courses during the class time
Mutual respect and politeness is required in the classroom at all times
Violations of appropriate classroom decorum will result in penalties in accordance with the syllabus
Slide 20
© 2006 By Default!
Academic Honesty All students should be aware of the University rules
regarding academic honesty. Cheating, fabrication, and/or plagiarism of any kind will
not be tolerated. Any student caught committing any violation of the
Honor Code on any assignment will receive an F in the course and will be reported to the University for further action as per University policy
The professor reserves the right to seek the harshest possible penalty for any and all violations of the University of West Georgia Honor Code regardless of the value of the individual assignment
Slide 21
© 2006 By Default!
Academic Honesty If you are unsure as to what constitutes
academic dishonesty, please consult the University of West Georgia Student Handbook
Ignorance of the Code will not be accepted as an excuse for violations of it
Many things which are perfectly acceptable in high school are considered cheating in college
If you have a question about cheating, ask, don’t just assume that you are ok
Slide 22
© 2006 By Default!
POLS 4503International Relations
History of the international systemThe Good Parts Version
Slide 23
© 2006 By Default!
Globalization in HistoryGlobalization is as old as humanityGlobal governance is not
Slide 24
© 2006 By Default!
Global Interconnectedness• Mongol conquests create a system of trade
in central Asia that links east and west by land
• Chinese and Arab traders have extensive sea trade routes that link Africa, the Middle East, and Asia
• By 1400, there is a trade system that links Eurasia and Africa
Slide 25
© 2006 By Default!
The Age of Discovery• Europeans explore the world in desperation:
find allies against a powerful enemy• In the process they accidentally find the
Americas• They also establish a global trade system
• Americas integrated into pre-existing trade system on European terms
• Europeans displace local traders throughout the world
Slide 26
© 2006 By Default!
Colonialism• Global governance takes off in the age of
colonization• Colonies form the first real attempt at global
governance• Global governance had been a dream for many,
but had never been possible• Colonialism will make it possible, but at a terrible
price to local groups
Slide 27
© 2006 By Default!
The Emergence of Sovereignty• 1648 – Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty
Years’ War• Religion was the excuse for war, but “reasons of
state” quickly took over• The legal principle of sovereignty emerges
by accident• The result was a legal principle of non-
intervention• This becomes the foundation of international law
Slide 28
© 2006 By Default!
The Colonial System• By 1870 the world is as integrated as the
world of 2000• Globalization has come at the point of the gun in
many places• European cultural practice assumed a
hierarchy of peoples• Colonialism depended on force
• Leaves bad memories of global governance
Slide 29
© 2006 By Default!
Impact of Colonialism• Local economy and society is reorganized on
European lines• Local production is displaced by European
production• Local social structures are altered at best,
crushed at worst• A very painful transition in many areas under
colonialism• Spreads nation-state system and European
political norms to whole world
Slide 30
© 2006 By Default!
Colonial Empires – 1754
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Colonisation_1754.png
Slide 31
© 2006 By Default!
Colonial Empires – 1800
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Colonisation_1800.png
Slide 32
© 2006 By Default!
Colonial Empires – 1885
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Colonisation_1885.png
Slide 33
© 2006 By Default!
Colonial Empires – 1914
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Colonisation_1914.png
Slide 34
© 2006 By Default!
Informal Governance• The colonial governance architecture was
informal• There were no treaties• There were no agreed upon rules• The system depended on perceptions of
common interest and shared norms
Slide 35
© 2006 By Default!
Great Power Governance• Council of Europe
• Post-Napoleonic era• League of Nations
• Post WWI• United Nations
• Post WWII
Slide 36
© 2006 By Default!
Council of Europe• A century of relative peace follows the
Napoleonic wars• Great power conflict is rare and low-scale• The Council of Europe keeps the system
working• Informal meetings of Great Powers• Colonial system kept conflict out of Europe
• But peace is fragile
Slide 37
© 2006 By Default!
The World of 1913• 100 Years of Peace• Positive vision of the world was accepted by
most people in Europe and the US• Colonial system seemed strong• The vision of the future was bright
Slide 38
© 2006 By Default!
WWI• WWI changes the world• Tears apart social, economic, political, and
military assumptions about the world• Creates massive uncertainty in its wake• Kills people at a rate not even imagined in
past wars• The entire system of global governance is
torn to shreds
Slide 39
© 2006 By Default!
Wilson’s Moment• Woodrow Wilson wants to save the world
from itself• He will do this through a radical new concept:
• Institutionalized Global Governance• A formal organization to coordinate the actions of
states• The League of Nations
Slide 40
© 2006 By Default!
Wilson’s VisionWilson was a political scientistHe wanted to do for the world what the
Founding Fathers had done for the US– Create new institutions to make the world better
If you can institutionalize governance, you can prevent conflict
Slide 41
© 2006 By Default!
The League of NationsCollective Security
– Make war unthinkable– All nations will punish aggressors– The strong will protect the weak
The League becomes the core of Wilson’s vision for the Versailles Treaty Talks– This weakens his diplomatic position– This weakens his standing at home
Slide 42
© 2006 By Default!
Seeds of FailureWilson’s idealism meets harsh reality
– France and UK wanted to punish Germany– Had to place blame for war on the losers– Wilson excludes the US Senate from the Treaty
talks– Wilson underestimates isolationist sentiment in
USEuropean leaders take advantage of WilsonThe US refuses to ratify the Versailles Treaty
Slide 43
© 2006 By Default!
The Interwar YearsGlobalization collapses in WWIThe 1920’s see some recovery, but it is
precariousThe Great Powers do not work together to
coordinate policyThe 1929 Crash wrecks the system
– Very bad policies pursued by all– Lack of coordination dooms everyone to the
Depression– Failure of collective security leads to WWII
Slide 44
© 2006 By Default!
WWIIWWII opens a doorUnconditional surrender means the outcome
is known long before the war actually ends:– In 1943 it is clear that the Allies will win– This leaves nearly two years to plan for “after the
war”
Slide 45
© 2006 By Default!
An Open DoorThe US decides in 1943 to rebuild the worldA group at the State Department gets the job
of remaking the world orderThis group will design a new governance
architecture– Bad peace = more war– Lack of cooperation = collapse– US Isolation doomed the interwar years
Slide 46
© 2006 By Default!
Post-War GovernanceThe Bretton Woods Organizations for
cooperation in economics– IMF– World Bank– GATT will join this in 1947
A new collective security organization– The United Nations
• A Security Council to provide teeth
Slide 47
© 2006 By Default!
Collective Security ReduxThe UN System
– General Assembly• One state, one vote
– Security Council• Rotating membership for all members• Permanent membership for the “Big 5”• Enshrines the 1945 world order
Slide 48
© 2006 By Default!
Economic CoordinationKeynesian management of the international
economy“Embedded Liberalism”Global Economic Governance
– Prevent collapse of economic system
Slide 49
© 2006 By Default!
Impact of the Cold WarSystem fails to work as designedSecond Wave of globalization is divided
along Cold War lines– 1st World: The West– 2nd World: The East– 3rd World: The Rest
1973: economic changes1989: political changes
Slide 50
© 2006 By Default!
The Post Cold War WorldThe world changes radicallyThere is no hegemon to rebuild the systemThe West wins, so the West’s organizations
survive
The system we have today is basically the 1945 system
50 years of ideological conflict have shifted how the system works
Slide 51
© 2006 By Default!
POLS 4503International Relations
The Architecture of Global Governance
Slide 52
© 2006 By Default!
What is Architecture in GG?Global Governance Architecture
– The institutions that provide global governance– Multiple types of institutions
• Formal• Informal• Governmental• Non-governmental
– Focus depends on theoretical approach
Slide 53
© 2006 By Default!
Why Have Architecture?The international system is not ordered like
domestic political systemsAnarchy rules the international system
– No legitimate world government– All states are technically equal in status– No means of enforcing agreements– There are no rules inherent in the system– This devolves into “self-help”
This is a form of collective action problem
Slide 54
© 2006 By Default!
Collective Action ProblemsWe are in a group
– There is some thing that will make us all better off
– No one of us can create it alone, it requires a group to create it
– If we act together, we can get it doneBut in these cases, we almost never act
together
Slide 55
© 2006 By Default!
Collective GoodsIf the good gets created, then we all benefit
from it regardless of our contribution to creating it
Everyone in the group benefitsThink of clean air
– We are all better off without air pollution– But we cannot control who breathes our air– Say clean solar power costs twice what coal
power costs– You can’t deny the coal purchaser cleaner air
Slide 56
© 2006 By Default!
The Free Rider ProblemCreating a collective good is costly
– If we don’t pay the cost, but everyone else does, the good is created and we benefit
– But we don’t have to pay– This is the “free rider problem”
Slide 57
© 2006 By Default!
International ProblemsIR is full of collective action problems
– Collective security– International trade– Environmental treaties– Fisheries protection– Human rights treaties– The Laws of War– Etc.
Slide 58
© 2006 By Default!
Global Governance of CAP’sGlobal governance is about solving collective
action problems– There are lots of ways– They all have their trade offs– There is no perfect system
The governance mechanisms varyThat’s what the course is about
Slide 59
© 2006 By Default!
Thinking TheoreticallySocial scientific approach to global
governanceWe create theoretical models to explain the
worldThese models include assumptions about
many aspects of IRThey also include their own vocabularyThe theoretical assumptions impact how you
see the problems and the solutions
Slide 60
© 2006 By Default!
Theory in IRThe world is complex, too complexWe simplify it by creating theoretical modelsThese models are based on assumptions
about what is importantDifferent models lead to different conclusionsThis matters a great deal in global
governance
Slide 61
© 2006 By Default!
The Major Theoretical ApproachesRealism / NeorealismLiberalism / NeoliberalismSocial ConstructivismMarxism / StructuralismCritical Theory
– Post-modernism– Post-structuralism– Identity Theory– And more
Slide 62
© 2006 By Default!
Why do we care about this?The authors you are reading come from
these schoolsThe assumptions they make are part of their
arguments about global governanceTheory colors how we think about these
issuesTheory leaks into policy in many waysTheory and practice are in constant tension
Slide 63
© 2006 By Default!
A Rogues GalleryWho are the major players in governance?
The usual suspects– Nation States– Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO’s)– Multinational Corporations– Non-Governmental Organizations– Transnational Civil Society / Epistemic
Communities / Individuals
Slide 64
© 2006 By Default!
Actors In International RelationsNation StatesIntergovernmental Organizations (IGO’s)Multinational CorporationsNon-Governmental OrganizationsTransnational Civil Society / Epistemic
Communities / Individuals
Slide 65
© 2006 By Default!
Nation StatesThe major players in IR
– Sovereign entities– Fixed geography– Monopoly on legitimate use of force– Wide range of domestic political systems affect
behavior
The focus of most mainstream IR theory before the end of the Cold War
Slide 66
© 2006 By Default!
IGO’sOrganizations formed by formal treaties
between national governments– Have a formal structure detailed by treaty– Regular meetings– Bureaucracy (wide range in sizes)– Come in many different forms
Mechanisms of governance created by states
Slide 67
© 2006 By Default!
Traditional IGO TypologyMembership
Function: Universal Limited
General
•United Nations •Organization of American States•Arab League•African Union•Commonwealth of Nations
Specific
•World Trade Organization•World Bank•Universal Postal Union•Intl Telecoms Union
•NATO•OECD•ASEAN (originally)•SADC
Slide 68
© 2006 By Default!
NGO’sMembers are individuals, NGO’s, and/or,
MNC’s– Are member driven– Typically are focused on narrow range of issues– Have wide range of relationships to states– Incredibly diverse
• Issue areas
• Organizational forms
– Funded by many different sources
Slide 69
© 2006 By Default!
Multinational CorporationsLegal “persons” created to do businessDepend on legal systems of nation statesMay operate in many nation statesAre responsible to shareholders
– Are motivated by profit– Most nation states require “maximizing of
shareholder value”The largest MNC’s have sales that exceed
the GNP of most nations
Slide 70
© 2006 By Default!
Transnational Civil SocietyUs!
– People who actively participate in global politics– Can do so in many ways
Often most recognized when working through NGO’s
Provides a latent potential for organizing politically
Relatively new as the subject of study in IR
Slide 71
© 2006 By Default!
POLS4503International Organizations
Norms and Governance
Slide 72
© 2006 By Default!
NormsNorms are shared valuesNorms can impact governance
– Shared norms simplify– Different norms can complicate
Values affect a wide range of calculations by political leaders
Slide 73
© 2006 By Default!
Norms and InstitutionsNorms can be embodied in institutions
– Human rights norms– Norm of non-conquest– Economic norms
Norms and institutions reinforce one another– World Bank promotes neo-liberal economic
norms– EU supports European concepts of human rights
Slide 74
© 2006 By Default!
Norm TransmissionThis is poorly understoodThis is contested territory2 basic models:
– Diffusion– Punctuated Equilibrium
Slide 75
© 2006 By Default!
Norm DiffusionNorms are transmitted through a complex
process of diffusionNorms may lurk for years before becoming
powerful– Norms spread through adoption by more and
more groups– Gradual, tentative, and reliant on individuals
This process is poorly understood
Slide 76
© 2006 By Default!
Punctuated EquilibriumDominant norms tend to hold on
– Gradual change takes decadesShock events change norms
– Norms may change radically overnightThis process is hard to see coming due to
nature of shock events
Slide 77
© 2006 By Default!
Shared NormsShared norms have several benefits
– Lower cost of communication– Reinforce global governance implementing them– Provide common framework for action
Shared norms can have costs– Blind spots when dealing with others– Institutions may hold to old norms– Can frame non-sharers as threats
Slide 78
© 2006 By Default!
Conflicting NormsCosts
– Raise cost of communication– Increase risk of misunderstanding– Raise chance of conflict– Create competing factions– Creates tension in governance
Benefits– Innovation in governance– Interchange of ideas
Slide 79
© 2006 By Default!
Norm of Non-ConquestSince WWII wars for conquest are
exceedingly rare– China and Tibet– Israel/Arab conflicts
Conquest is not accepted under UN CharterConquest is seen as illegitimate
Imperfect fit in institutions of governance
Slide 80
© 2006 By Default!
Human Rights NormsGeneral acceptance by most states
– UN Universal Declaration on Human RightsVaried applicationRise of NGO’s
– Amnesty International– Human Rights Watch
Have evolved since 1948 and the UDHRImperfect fit in institutions of governance
Slide 81
© 2006 By Default!
Norms are problematicNot everyone agreesCan be a source of tensionRhetoric may not match actionNorms ebb and flow in powerNorm diffusion is poorly understood
Slide 82
© 2006 By Default!
Norms in PracticeMixed impact
– Definite rhetorical commitment– Often set aside for “reasons of state”
Norms are hard to measure– Norm of non-conquest– Bounded competition
Norms can be negative– Radical groups have strong norms– Nationalism is a norm
Slide 83
© 2006 By Default!
POLS4503International Organizations
Traditional Collective Security
Slide 84
© 2006 By Default!
Collective SecurityCollective Security is the idea that states will
form groups in order to deter aggressorsIdeally all states will join togetherIn practice, this never happensMost collective security takes the form of
traditional alliances– Triple Entente– The Axis– NATO– Warsaw Pact
Slide 85
© 2006 By Default!
The Security DilemmaStates cannot provide absolute securityNo single state has the power to overwhelm
all other statesIn seeking security, states make others feel
insecure– If I arm myself, my neighbors get nervous– My neighbors increase military readiness and I
get nervous– All states in the region get nervous as military
spending risesThe result is a dilemma for all states
– Seeking our own security makes all states less secure
Slide 86
© 2006 By Default!
Balance of PowerOne way around the Security Dilemma is to
balance powerStates form alliances as a counterweight to
other states– UK in 19th century European conflicts
The idea is that groups will promote security by seeking to keep power in a rough balance
No state or group can be confident of victoryProblem is this can be unstable
– States with an advantage have an incentive to fight
Slide 87
© 2006 By Default!
Balance of ThreatStates can also balance threatsIf there is a threat to the state, they can seek
alliances to deter the threatWhile similar to balance of power, this tends
to be less enduringThere is a threat today so threatened states
band togetherAlliances only form when there is a clear
perception of a threat
Slide 88
© 2006 By Default!
Alliance TypesDefense Pacts
– Mutual assistance in the face of aggression from outside powers
– May include a wide range of cooperation within the structure
– NATONon-Aggression / Neutrality Pacts
– Agreements to remain neutral in conflicts involving another state
– Much rarerMilitary Cooperation Agreements
– Diverse forms– Can be aimed at aggression as well as defense
Slide 89
© 2006 By Default!
NATONorth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationFormed to deter Soviet Aggression in EuropeWas the West’s security system for the Cold
War– US was largest state– Western European states made significant
contributionsLed to the formation of the Warsaw Pact on
the part of the USSR
Slide 90
© 2006 By Default!
ECOWASEconomic Community of West African StatesFormed as an economic organization for
West AfricaIt became clear that economic development
was not possible without securityFormed a Security CouncilFormed a Peacekeeping Command
– Deployed troops to civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast
Nigeria is the largest member state
Slide 91
© 2006 By Default!
Changing Collective SecurityChallenges to traditional alliances
– Reduced threat environment among great powers post Cold War
– Rise of non-state actor threats– Shift in norms regarding “security”– Increase in pressure for humanitarian
intervention
The norms of collective security are changing
Slide 92
© 2006 By Default!
Reduced Threat EnvironmentNation states are less likely to fight warsGreat powers do not see immediate threats
from each other– Longer-term threats still matter– Common short-term desire for stability
Reduced role for older types of security alliance– NATO reinvented as nation-building force
Great power wars are highly unlikely in the foreseeable future
Slide 93
© 2006 By Default!
Rise of Non-State ActorsImmediate threats are from non-traditional
threats– Stateless terrorist organizations– Failed states– Contagion effects of civil violence
These cannot be deterred through traditional alliances
Fighting them mixes several elements– Law enforcement– Military action– Nation building
Slide 94
© 2006 By Default!
Changing NormsA debate is raging over what “security”
means– Traditional security:
• national survival through military means via self-help– Traditional collective security:
• collective action to deter aggressors– Expansive collective security:
• Duty of strong states to police the world to maintain stability
– Human security:• Holistic security for all persons in the global
community
Slide 95
© 2006 By Default!
Humanitarian InterventionShifting norms include a drive to increase the
frequency of humanitarian interventionGoal is to stop gross violations of human
rightsGenerally assumes that a collective
response can reduce negative impact– Regional: ECOWAS in Sierra Leonean civil war– Global: UN in Haiti
Intervention in two types of disasters:– Human Caused Disasters– Natural Disasters
Slide 96
© 2006 By Default!
Humanitarian InterventionAny intervention faces potential problems
Legal Can the international community intervene under
international law? Logistical
Does the international community have the capacity to intervene?
Moral Should the international community intervene?
Political If it is legal, the capacity exists, and it should be done,
is there the political will to do it?
Slide 97
© 2006 By Default!
Rethinking Collective SecurityCollective security is being rethought in the
context of humanitarian crisesThere is a growing sense that a new model is
neededThis is the product of the history of the 20th
Century
Slide 98
© 2006 By Default!
The 20th Century ExperienceTwo phenomena shock the world
– Genocide• The systematic attempt to exterminate an entire
people– Democide
• The murder of mass number of people by their own government
The application of technology and organizational science to murder
This leads to a call for a move to break sovereignty and allow for intervention
Slide 99
© 2006 By Default!
The Scale200 million civilians killed by governments33 million combatants died in interstate war54 million non-combatants were killed in
interstate war
300 million people killed by the deliberate policy actions of government in the 20th century
Slide 100
© 2006 By Default!
ReevaluationScholars and activists rethink security in the
face of these numbers
Traditional security’s focus on military threats of one state towards another seem inadequate
This leads to a call for a new concept of security
Slide 101
© 2006 By Default!
GenocideThe Genocide Convention is the first attempt
to expand securityComes in the immediate aftermath of WWII
– The Holocaust changes how people see war crimes
– The shock is unprecedented– The crime is unprecedented
There is nothing that covers something like this
Slide 102
© 2006 By Default!
Holocaust13 million people killed
– Over a dozen groups singled out for extermination
Industrial process technology applied to mass murder– Efficiency evaluation of different methods– Cost/benefit analysis– “Just-in-time” delivery scheduling
This horrifies everyone
Slide 103
© 2006 By Default!
Global JusticeNuremburg Tribunal (1945/6)
– German officials tried for crimes against humanity
Tokyo Tribunal (1945/6)– Japanese officials tried for crimes against
humanityGenocide Convention (1948/1951)
– Creates first “obligation to intervene”Geneva Convention Updates (1949)UN Charter
– Sets clear limits on “legal” wars
Slide 104
© 2006 By Default!
Key Post-WWII ChangesThe creation of international standardsRules regarding security that are
internationally agreed and enforcedA recognition that threats to security
sometimes require force to remedyAn erosion of the sovereignty principle
Slide 105
© 2006 By Default!
Human SecurityA new concept of securityBased on the idea that the person should be
the focus– Security of person
• freedom from physical harm– Security of domicile
• refugee related issuesRejects state based models of security
Wide range of specific versions
Slide 106
© 2006 By Default!
International InterventionHuman security may require international
interventionIntervention is a necessary toolThis requires a shift in international norms
– Intervention no longer a last resort policyThis requires a shift in international law
– Sovereignty must be eroded
Slide 107
© 2006 By Default!
Right To ProtectA new doctrine of international securityCreates a “right” of intervention
– In cases of violations of human security, states have a right to intervene
– Does not currently existInternational law would allow violations of
sovereignty– Requires changes in international treaties
Explicit change of focus of international law– Focus is on protection of individuals
Slide 108
© 2006 By Default!
Problems in InterventionSovereignty
– Legal obstaclesCommunication
– Getting agreement on the need for interventionCoordination
– Implementing the intervention
Type of disaster matters:– Natural disasters– Human-caused disasters
Slide 109
© 2006 By Default!
Natural Disasters are Easy Natural disasters make things easier
– No one is to blame– “There but for the grace of the gods go I”– “Fellow feeling”– Most states readily accept aid
Main problem: Logistics– how to deliver the aid
NGO's often lead the effort
Pattern of resource allocation is uneven– Most aid comes in immediate aftermath of the event
Slide 110
© 2006 By Default!
Human Caused Disasters Government may have created the disaster
– Manufactured famine– Deliberate displacement of persons
Sovereignty used to block outside efforts The disaster may be part of deliberate government
policy The government can actively to prevent relief The government can abuse aid as part of this policy
– Food as a weapon in Ethiopia and Zimbabwe
Slide 111
© 2006 By Default!
Questions and ProblemsDo we violate sovereignty to provide relief?
– more a problem for states and IGO's than for NGO’s
If we do provide relief– What are the risks to our personnel?
If we do not provide relief– Are we willing to accept the costs?
Complex cost of relief?– Do we make it worse?
NGO's offer a way around these problems– NGO's must have resources– NGO's must have infrastructure– NGO's must have access
Slide 112
© 2006 By Default!
POLS4503International Organizations
The security-development nexus
Slide 113
© 2006 By Default!
Development Needs SecurityBasic security is a necessary condition for
long-run economic development– Institutions must provide effective governance– Development requires long-run investment– Capital accumulation requires stability
Economic development is handicapped by the lack of security
Slide 114
© 2006 By Default!
Security Needs DevelopmentFat and happy people don’t fight
– As standards of living rise, people engage in fewer conflicts
– Scarcity breeds tension and conflicts over resources
– Plenty channels competition through institutionsIn the long run, development makes society
more secure
Slide 115
© 2006 By Default!
Governance ArchitectureThe UN System
– UN Development Program– UN Conference on Trade and Development– Lots of bureaucracy, but not much cash– Disagreement over how to promote development
The World Bank
The global system is weak– Most IGO’s work only through governments
Slide 116
© 2006 By Default!
Innovation in the Global South1970’s African IGO’s created to promote
tradeLeaders soon discovered that RTA’s will fail if
there is no securitySecurity components added to try and cope
with these issues
Slide 117
© 2006 By Default!
Why the South InnovatedSouthern problems are differentIssues are more complex
– Less economic resources– Less human capital– Less structural “weight” internationally– Legacy of colonial era
Needs are different– Economic development is vital– Institutions are weak– Must compete with much stronger states
Slide 118
© 2006 By Default!
A Potential AnswerIntegrate security and development in the
same organization– Saves resources– Treats the areas as related– Develops answers that fit the circumstances
Slide 119
© 2006 By Default!
ProblemsLack of resourcesLack of unity over implementationLack of clear modelsLack of effective governanceLack of commitment from national leadersResistance from other organizationsMeddling by other nations
Slide 120
© 2006 By Default!
ECOWASCreated in 1975 (Treaty of Lagos)Added non-aggression (1978) and mutual
defense pact (1981)– 1981 PMAD Protocol included external and
internal conflict provisionsRevised treaty (1993) formalized conflict
management systemJoined African Economic Community (1998)
Slide 121
© 2006 By Default!
ECOWAS MembersDeveloping states in west Africa
– Relatively poor– Little global influence– Nigeria is largest member
Includes members with significant civil conflict:– Sierra Leone– Liberia– Ivory Coast
Slide 122
© 2006 By Default!
Why Cooperate?Shared interest in development
– Larger market– Larger capital pool– Reduce destructive trade barriers
Shared interest in stability– Burden-sharing– Enforcement mechanisms
Safety in numbers
Slide 123
© 2006 By Default!
Layers and LayersAfrican Union has a long-term integration
plan with regional groups• CEN-SAD (Community of Sahel-Saharan States)• COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern
Africa)• EAC (East African Community)• ECCAS (Economic Community of Central African
States)• ECOWAS• IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority for Development)• SADC (Southern African Development Community)• UMA (Arab Maghreb Union)
Slide 124
© 2006 By Default!
Innovative Elements in AfricaDevelopment and Security linkageIntegration of NGO’s into IGO institutionsLayered system of IGO’s
– Sub-regional– Regional– Continental– Global
Democracy from the top– Regional organizations promote democracy
Slide 125
© 2006 By Default!
Has It Worked?Mixed bag of resultsSome successes
– Economic integration– Some peacekeeping successes– Some success at democratization in a few cases– Africa has grown more in the last decade
Some failures– Countries are still poor– Governance is mixed– Some peacekeeping failures
Slide 126
© 2006 By Default!