polyarchies poliarchie governments in · updated and employed by ieraci (2012). since then further...
TRANSCRIPT
Po
liarc
hie
/Po
lyar
chie
sSt
udi e
rice
rche
del
DiS
PeS
/ DiS
PeS
Stud
ies
and
Rese
arch
es
Governments in Europe (1945-2016).
A Data Set
Giuseppe IeraciFrancesco Poropat
1/2016Polyarchies is a collection of papers aimed at promoting the encounter of the social sciences and humanities, ranging from sociology and political science to history, law and philosophy. The analysis of political and social change can indeed be investigated from different perspectives and with the help of a variety of methodological tools. Polyarchies embraces a range of contemporary issues: processes of supranational integration and democratization in the world; the transformation of contemporary societies under the pressure of immigration and environmental challenges; the crises of “electoral democracy” in Europe and the development of a deliberative model of democracy; the potential “clash of civilizations” and socio-religious conflict; the resurgence of nationalisms and micro-regionalism in Europe and in the world; the integration of policy processes into networks and of communities into new frameworks and governance systems. The journal has an anonymous referee system and two issues per year are expected. Although contributions from multiple authors and collections of papers will be considered, Polyarchies privileges the publication of single author short monographs.
Poliarchie è una rivista che mira a favorire l’incontro delle discipline delle scienze sociali e umane, che vanno dalla sociologia alla scienza politica, alla storia, al diritto e alla filosofia. L’analisi del cambiamento politico e sociale può essere infatti indagato sotto diversi punti di vista e con l’aiuto di una varietà di strumenti metodologici. Poliarchie volge la sua attenzione ai processi d’integrazione sopranazionale del mondo attuale, alla democratizzazione nel mondo, alla trasformazione delle società contemporanee sotto la pressione dell’immigrazione e delle sfide ambientali, alle crisi della “democrazia elettorale” in Europa e allo sviluppo dei modelli deliberativi di democrazia, allo “scontro di civiltà” potenziale e al conflitto socio-religioso, alla rinascita dei nazionalismi e dei regionalismi in Europa e nel mondo, all’integrazione dei processi politici in reti e delle comunità in nuove strutture e sistemi di governance. La rivista ha un sistema di valutazione anonimo e prevede due numeri all’anno. Anche se saranno considerati per pubblicazione contributi di diversi autori e raccolte di articoli, Poliarchie privilegia la pubblicazione di monografie brevi di singoli autori.
Poliarchie/Polyarchies.Studi e ricerche del DiSPeS/DiSPeS Studies and Researches.
1/2016
impaginazioneGabriella Clabot
ISBN 978-88-8303-731-3 (online)
EUT – Edizioni Università di TriesteVia Weiss, 21 – 34128 Triestehttp://eut.units.ithttps://www.facebook.com/EUTEdizioniUniversitaTrieste
POOL.ORG.AU/POOLINGIDEASPOOL I I ED ASNG
Attributing Creative Commons materials
To comply with these guidelines, you should include the following attribution for CharlieHipHop in the credits of your film.
Of course, if you’re using content available under a licence that includes the Share Alike element you must release your new work under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike licence too. For more information on complying with the full terms of the CC Licences, see our fact sheet at http://creativecommons.org.au/materials/licences.
For example
Attributing in different mediumsWhere possible, the same information should be included regardless of how you are reusing the work. However, sometimes this is impractical or impossible. The CC licences let you change the exact placement, the language or level of detail from medium to medium, as long as your attribution is ‘reasonable to the medium’.
For example, when you are using CC material in a book, it is easy to provide a long, written attribution with all the information next to the work. However, where you use a CC song in a podcast, it is trickier to provide the same amount of information so immediately.
The rap used in this film was based on Lets get moving by CharlieHipHop available at http://charliehiphop.com
http://creativecommons.org.au/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
DIREZIONE EDITORIALE / EDITORGiuseppe Ieraci
REDAZIONE / EDITORIAL BOARDDiego Abenante, Daniele Andreozzi, Serena Baldin, Gabriele Blasutig, Giovanni Delli Zotti, Daniela Frigo, Igor Jelen, Elizabeth Swain
COMITATO SCIENTIFICO / SCIENTIFIC BOARDMatthijs Bogaards (Jacobs University Bremen)Bernardo Cardinale (Università di Teramo)Pietro Grilli di Cortona (Università Roma 3)Luca Lanzalaco (Università di Macerata)Liborio Mattina (Università di Trieste)Leonardo Morlino (Luiss Guido Carli Roma)Lucio Pegoraro (Università di Bologna)Guido Samarani (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia) Michelguglielmo Torri (Università di Torino) Luca Verzichelli (Università di Siena)
Gli articoli presentati in questa serie sono sottoposti a due referees esterni al Comitato scientifico
Governments in Europe (1945-2016). A Data Set
Giuseppe IeraciFrancesco PoropatDipartimento di Scienze Politiche e Sociali dell’Università degli Studi di Trieste
EUT EDIZIONI UNIVERSITÀ DI TRIESTE
4
Governments in Europe (1945-2016). A Data Set
Abstract The paper presents a data set based on 708 governments in 31 European contemporary democracies from the end of World War II to the present time. The data are organized in synthetic country data sheets, each of one offering basic information on the composition of the governments, their duration and the cause for their termination. Moreover, each data sheet includes the calculation of a Government Turnover Index (GTI).
Keywords Governments, Europe, Government Turnover
I governi in Europa (1945-2016). Una banca dati
Sintesi Il paper presenta un data set su 708 governi in 31 democrazie europee contemporanee, dalla fine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale ai giorni nostri. I dati sono organizzati in schede paese sintetiche, ciascuna del-le quali offre informazioni di base sulla composizione dei governi, la loro durata e la causa della loro terminazione. Inoltre, ciascuna scheda paese include il calcolo di un Indice di Alternanza Governativa (GTI).
Parole chiave Governi, Europa, Alternanza Governativa
5Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
1. Introduction
The data collection here presented was started in the late ’80s and it was employed by Ieraci (1996a; 1996b). Subsequent updating has been part of various research projects fulfilled through the years at the Dipartimento di Science Politiche e Sociali in connection with CASIP (Centro Interdipartimentale di Analisi dei Simboli e delle Istituzioni Politiche), University of Trieste. The original data set was firstly updated and employed by Ieraci (2012). Since then further updating has been done regularly by Francesco Poropat. The present edition of the data set is an expantion and updating of Ieraci and Poropat (2013). With regard to 2013 edition, in this data set the goverments of Moldova, Latvia, Lithania and Estonia were added, summing to 708 recorded governments in 31 European countries since 1945 to 2016.
The data are based on a variety of cross-checked sources ranging from Keesing’s Contemporary Archives Record of World events to the websites of central governments and parliaments, available through Inter-parliamentary Union (www.ipu/org) and Worldwide Government on the WWW (www.gksoft.com), and other secondary sources.
The information provided in each country report is synthesized in a table or data sheet, and organized as follows:
Column 1: Name of the Prime Minster and party affiliation;
Column 2: Term in office;
Column 3: Party composition of the government;
Column 4: GTI related value;
Column 5: GTI related value as percentage of the party composition of the government;
Column 6: Duration in days;
Column 7: Duration of the inter-government crises in days;
Column 8: Reason for the termination of the government.
In column 1, after the name of the Prime Minister, the roman figures count the sequence of governments lead by him\her, followed in parenthesis by the acronym of his\her party. For example, ‘Beel I (kvp)’ should be read as: ‘This is the first government led by Mr Beel of Kvp’. In column 3, after the acronym of each party in the coalition government, the figures in parenthesis provide the percentage of the parliamentary seats (lower house) held by each party. The figures in square brackets are the total percentage of MPs (lower house) supporting the government. The figures in brace refer to those parties that are offering parliamentary support to the incumbent government without holding
6
any portfolio. Similarly, the final figures in brace offer the total percentage of MPs (lower house) supporting the government including the percentage of the supporting parties with no portfolio in the government.1
2. Methodological note
Columns 4 and 5 in each country data sheet report the series of the Government Turnover Index (GTI) calculated respectively on the party composition of the coalition governments and on the percentage of the same party composition:
GTI
1, 2 = (
n
∑G=2
p/P)/G-1
Given a temporal series of governments G1,..n
, for each G in the series, p and P
are respectively the number of new parties in government and the total number of parties in government (GTI
1),
while they are respectively the percentage of
parliamentary seats controlled by the new parties in government and the total percentage of parliamentary seats controlled by the government (GTI
2). Finally, G
is the total number of governments in each temporal series. Hence GTI1, 2
ranges from 0 (with regard to G
n-1, G
n exhibits no party changes at all, that is that neither
«perfect government alternation» nor «limited turnover» has occurred) to 1 (with regard to G
n-1, G
n is a totally renewed government, that is that «perfect
government alternation» has occurred), while for any of its intermediate values GTI
1, 2 signals «limited turnovers» in power. Starting from G
2,2 GTI
1, 2 can be
disaggregated for each government in each given series, but here I will only present and discuss the aggregated average results.
The 708 governments in the universal set drawn from 31 European contemporary democracies3 after World War II have at least one institutional feature in common, which is that they need to receive an investiture vote from the legislature, although in some cases the investiture is directed exclusively to the prime ministers. In other words, the governments of these 31 democracies must enjoy some level of parliamentary support if their survival has to be guaranteed, regardless of other specific institutional properties. Concerning the party composition of the governments and the relative party distribution of
1 Although rare, these cases did occur specially in Italy.
2 Obviously the first government assumed in the series (G1) has no term of comparison. This
is why in the formula the summary is calculated starting from G=2, and why GTI is a ratio of the party change over the total number of governments in the series with the exclusion of the very first (G-1).
3 The total number of governments in this data set amounts to 708, but the calculation of GTI could not be applied to 27 caretaker governments with no clear majority support in parliament.
7Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
seats, this study refers exclusively to the situation in the Lower Houses.4 A new government is recorded when one of the following events occurs:5
1. Change of Prime Minister;
3. Formal resignation of the government after the election and the appointment of a new Head of State, or after legislative elections and before the inaugura-tion of a new legislature;
4. Changes in the party composition of the coalition government followed by formal resignation of the government.
The comparison here advanced concerns 31 European contemporary democracies where, regardless of other institutional features, the government takes office after a collegial investiture vote or after an investiture vote for its leader (i.e., Prime Minister, Bundeskanzler, Presidente del Consiglio, Taoiseach, etc.) by the parliament. The data referring to France have been arranged separately between IV Republic (1947-1958) and V Republic (1959-2016). The historical series of governments refer to the period 1945-2016, but in some cases the data collection starts more recently and according to the country’s last democratization.6
In the Appendix, Tables 1-3 provide some descriptive statistical information, which could be referred to in any comparative analysis. The tables are drawn from Ieraci (2012) and Ieraci and Poropat (2013) but they are here integrated with the data derived from the 4 new country cases added to the original sample by F. Poropat:
Tab. 1: Government Turnovers in 31 European Contemporary Democracies (1945-2016);
Tab. 2: Government Turnovers in 31 European Contemporary Democracies (1945-2016), Ideological Swings;
Tab. 3: Government Turnover Index (GTI) in 31 European Contemporary De-mocracies (1945-2016).
Finally, in the Appendix the list of all the party acronyms for each country is provided.
4 In some cases, notably Italy, the investiture vote of confidence must be delivered by both the Parliamentary Houses, Camera dei Deputati and Senato.
5 The survey criteria adopted here are similar to those employed by the authors of Political Data 1945-1990 (EJPR 1993: 5) and by Müller-Rommel, Fettelschoss and Harfst (2004).
6 Spain from 1977; Portugal from 1976; Greece from 1974; Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Slo-venia from 1993; Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania, Estonia and Poland from 1991; Romania from 1992; Hungary, Croatia, Moldova, Lithuania and Latvia from 1990; Serbia from 1994.
8
Index of the tables
Albania pag. 12
Austria ” 14
Belgium ” 17
Bulgaria ” 21
Croatia ” 23
Czech Republic ” 25
Denmark ” 27
Estonia ” 30
Finland ” 32
France IV Rep. ” 36
France V Rep. ” 38
Germany ” 42
Greece ” 44
Hungary ” 47
Ireland ” 49
Italy ” 52
Latvia ” 57
Lithuania ” 59
Moldova ” 61
Montenegro ” 63
Netherlands ” 64
Norway ” 67
Poland ” 70
Portugal ” 72
Romania ” 74
Serbia ” 77
Slovakia ” 79
Slovenia ” 81
Spain ” 83
Sweden ” 85
United Kingdom ” 88
9Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Appendix
– Table 1, Government Turnovers in 31 European Contemporary Democracies (1945-2016) pag. 92
– Table 2, Government Turnovers in 31 European Contemporary Democracies (1945-2016), Ideological Swings ” 93
– Table 3, Government Turnover Index (GTI) in 31 European Contemporary Democracies (1945-2016) ” 94
– List of political parties ” 95
10
BIBLIOGRAPHY EJPR [1993], Political Data 1945-1990. Party Government in 20 Democracies, special issue, 24.
Ieraci, G. [1996a], ‘Events and Causes in Cabinet Termination and Survival: Is Explanation Still Possible?’, in West European Politics, 19, pp. 51-68.
——— [1996b], ‘Perché cadono i governi? La stabilità di governo nelle democrazie parlamentari dell’Europa Occidentale (1945-1996)’, in Quaderni di Scienza Politica, III, 1, pp. 43-82.
——— [2012], ‘Government Alternation and Patterns
of Competition in Europe: Comparative Data in Search of Explanations’, in West European Politics, 35, 3, pp. 530-550.
Ieraci, G. and F. Poropat [2013], Governments in Europe (1945-2013). A Data Set, DiSPeS Working Paper, 4, Trieste, EUT.
Müller-Rommel, F., K. Fettelschoss and P. Harfst [2004], ‘Party Government in Central Eastern European Democracies: A Data Collection’, in European Journal of Political Research, 43, pp. 869-893.
Tables
12
ALB
AN
IA
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Nan
o I
22.0
2.91
– 0
5.06
.91
Sp [5
6.1]
0.00
00.
000
101.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e G
ener
al S
trik
e or
gan
ized
by
the
inde
pen
den
t un
ion
s fo
rced
Bu
fi05
.06.
91 –
10.
12.9
1Sp
[56.
1]0.
000
0.00
018
5.0
0.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Ah
met
i10
.12.
91 –
13.
04.9
2C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t-
-13
1.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
22.
03.9
2 el
ecti
ons
Mek
si13
.04.
92 –
11.
03.9
7D
p(6
5.7)
sdp
(5.0
)rp
(0.7
)[71
.4]
1.00
01.
000
1793
.00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
bec
ause
of t
he
pol
itic
al
scan
dal
ove
r m
assi
ve c
orru
pti
on
Fin
o11
.03.
97 –
24.
07.9
7C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t-
-13
3.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
29.
06.9
7 el
ecti
ons
Nan
o II
24.0
7.97
– 0
2.10
.98
Sp(5
2.5)
sdp
(2.4
9)u
hrp
(2.8
4)da
p(2
.72)
ap(0
.8)[
61.3
5]0.
800
0.95
843
3.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r fo
r h
ealt
h
Maj
coI
02.1
0.98
– 2
9.10
.99
Sp(5
2.5)
sdp
(2.4
9)u
hrp
(2.8
4)da
p(2
.72)
ap(0
.8)[
61.3
5]0.
000
0.00
039
2.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r fo
r K
osov
o cr
isis
Met
a29
.10.
99 –
22.
02.0
2Sp
(52.
5)sd
p(2
.49)
uh
rp(2
.84)
dap
(2.7
2)ap
(0.8
)[61
.35]
0.00
00.
000
843.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er 2
4.06
.01
elec
tion
s
Maj
co I
I22
.02.
02 –
31.
07.0
2Sp
(41.
43)s
dp(3
.65)
uh
rp(2
.60)
dap
(2.5
5)ap
(2.5
5)[5
0.23
]0.
000
0.00
015
9.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r in
fa
vor
of N
ano
Nan
o II
I31
.07.
02 –
11.
09.0
5Sp
(41.
43)s
dp(3
.65)
uh
rp(2
.60)
dap
(2.5
5)ap
(2.5
5)[5
0.23
]0.
000
0.00
011
36.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
03.
07.0
5 el
ecti
ons
13Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Ber
ish
a I
11.0
9.05
– 2
8.06
.09
Dp
(44.
1)p
r(3.
9)[4
8.0]
1.00
01.
000
n.a
.0.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er 2
8.06
.09
elec
tion
s
Ber
ish
a II
29.0
6.09
-15.
09.1
3A
llia
nce
for
chan
ges
(46.
92)
1.00
01.
000
n.a
.0.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er 2
3.06
.13
elec
tion
Ram
a15
.09.
13-
Ash
e(57
.63)
[57.
63]
1.00
01.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.40
00.
413
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.99
14
AU
STR
IA
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Figl
I (o
vp)
18.1
2.45
-08.
11.4
9ov
p(5
1.5)
spo(
46)k
po(
2.5)
[100
]0.
000
0.00
014
20.0
30.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
09.1
0.49
el
ecti
ons
Figl
II
08.1
1.49
-18.
10.5
2ov
p(4
6.7)
spo(
40.6
)[87
.3]
0.00
00.
000
1074
.010
.0C
oali
tion
cri
sis
Figl
III
28.1
0.52
-25.
02.5
3ov
p(4
6.7)
spo(
40.6
)[87
.3]
0.00
00.
000
120.
036
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n b
efor
e th
e 22
.02.
53
elec
tion
s
Raa
b I
(ovp
)02
.04.
53-1
4.03
.56
ovp
(44.
8)sp
o(44
.3)[
89.1
]0.
000
0.00
011
37.0
39.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
13.0
5.56
el
ecti
ons
Raa
b II
22.0
6.56
-14.
07.5
9ov
p(4
9.7)
spo(
44.8
)[94
.5]
0.00
00.
000
1117
.02.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n b
efor
e th
e 10
.05.
59
elec
tion
s
Raa
b II
I16
.07.
59-0
3.11
.60
ovp
(47.
9)sp
o(47
.3)[
95.2
]0.
000
0.00
047
5.0
0.0
Coa
liti
on c
risi
s
Raa
b IV
03.1
1.60
-11.
04.6
1ov
p(4
7.9)
spo(
47.3
)[95
.2]
0.00
00.
000
159.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
of t
he
Prim
e M
inis
ter
for
hea
lth
rea
son
s
Gor
bach
I (o
vp)
11.0
4.61
-18.
11.6
2ov
p(4
7.9)
spo(
47.2
)[95
.2]
0.00
00.
000
586.
012
9.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
18.1
1.62
el
ecti
ons
Gor
bach
II
27.0
3.63
-02.
04.6
4ov
p(5
1.6)
spo(
44.8
)[96
.4]
0.00
00.
000
371.
00.
0O
vp in
tern
al c
risi
s
Kla
us
I (o
vp)
02.0
4.64
-25.
10.6
5ov
p(5
1.6)
spo(
44.8
)[96
.4]
0.00
00.
000
571.
017
5.0
Coa
liti
on c
risi
s fo
llow
ed b
y th
e 06
.03.
66
elec
tion
s
15Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Kla
us
II19
.04.
66-0
3.03
.70
ovp
(51.
5)[5
1.5]
0.00
00.
000
1413
.049
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n b
efor
e th
e 13
.03.
70
elec
tion
s
Kre
isky
I (s
po)
21.0
4.70
-19.
10.7
1sp
o(49
.1)[
49.1
]1.
000
1.00
054
6.0
16.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
earl
y el
ecti
ons
on
10.1
0.71
Kre
isky
II
04.1
1.71
-07.
10.7
5sp
o(50
.8)[
50.8
]0.
000
0.00
014
32.0
21.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
05.1
0.75
el
ecti
ons
Kre
isky
III
28.1
0.75
-06.
05.7
9sp
o(50
.8)[
50.8
]0.
000
0.00
012
85.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
06.0
5.79
el
ecti
on
Kre
isky
IV
06.0
5.79
-24.
04.8
3sp
o(51
.9)[
51.9
]0.
000
0.00
014
48.0
30.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
24.0
4.83
el
ecti
ons
Sin
owat
z (s
po)
24.0
5.83
-09.
06.8
6sp
o(49
.2)f
po(
6.5)
[55.
7]0.
500
0.11
611
11.0
7.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
elec
tion
s of
th
e Pr
esid
ent o
f Rep
ubl
ic. (
08.0
6.86
)
Vra
nit
zky
I (s
po)
16.0
6.86
-25.
11.8
6sp
o(49
.2)f
po(
6.5)
[55.
7]0.
000
0.00
016
2.0
57.0
Intr
a-co
alit
ion
cri
sis
afte
r th
e 23
.11.
86
elec
tion
s
Vra
nit
zky
II21
.01.
87- 0
9.10
.90
spo(
43.7
)ovp
(42)
[85.
7]0.
500
0.49
013
57.0
68.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
07.1
0.90
el
ecti
ons
Vra
nit
zky
III
17.1
2.90
-11.
10.9
4sp
o(43
.7)o
vp(3
2.8)
[76.
5]0.
000
0.00
013
94.0
49.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
09.1
0.94
ele
ctio
ns
Vra
nit
zky
IV29
.11.
94-1
7.12
.95
spo(
39)o
vp(2
8)[6
7.0]
0.00
00.
000
383.
085
.0C
oali
tion
cri
sis
brou
ght a
bou
t by
dis
agre
emen
ts o
ver
the
budg
etar
y p
olic
y.
Earl
y el
ecti
ons
hel
d on
17.
12.9
5
Vra
nit
zky
V12
.03.
96-1
8.01
.97
spo(
39)o
vp(2
8)[6
7.0]
0.00
00.
000
293.
010
.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n o
n 1
8.01
.97,
aft
er
the
def
eat o
f th
e co
alit
ion
in th
e el
ecti
ons
for
the
Euro
pea
n P
arli
amen
t an
d in
V
ien
na
mu
nic
ipal
ele
ctio
ns
Kli
ma
28.0
1.97
-03.
10.9
9sp
o(39
)ovp
(28)
[67.
0]0.
000
0.00
097
4.0
95.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 03
.10.
99
elec
tion
s
Sch
ues
sel I
04.0
2.00
-08.
09.0
2ov
p(2
8.4)
fpo(
28.4
)[56
.8]
0.50
00.
500
948.
020
.0C
oali
tion
cri
sis.
Th
e fp
o br
oke
the
alli
ance
be
cau
se o
f th
e al
lege
d li
nks
of t
he
ovp
w
ith
Hai
der.
Ear
ly e
lect
ion
s on
24.
11.0
2
16
Sch
ues
sel I
I28
.02.
03-0
1.10
.06
ovp
(43)
fpo(
9.8)
[52.
8]0.
000
0.00
013
09.0
102.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
bec
ause
of p
olit
ical
cr
isis
an
d p
arli
amen
tary
def
eat
Gu
sen
bau
er11
.01.
07-0
2.12
.08
spo(
35.5
)ovp
(34.
5)[7
0.0]
0.50
00.
492
712.
00.
0Th
e ov
p b
roke
the
coal
itio
n. E
arly
el
ecti
ons
hel
d in
28.
09.0
8
Faym
ann
I02
.12.
08-1
6.12
.13
spo(
32)o
vp(2
8)[6
0.0]
0.00
00.
000
1839
.00.
0C
oali
tion
cri
sis
and
subs
equ
ent r
esh
uffl
e
Faym
ann
II
16.1
2.13
-sp
o(32
)ovp
(28)
[60.
0]0.
000
0.00
0
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.12
00.
100
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.52
0
17Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
BEL
GIU
M
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Van
Ack
er I
II (b
sp)
31.0
3.46
-09.
07.4
6bs
p(3
4.9)
pvv
(8.4
)cp
b(11
.4)
[54]
0.00
00.
000
100.
025
.0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
Hu
ysm
ans
(bsp
)03
.08.
46-1
2.03
.47
bsp
(34.
2)p
vv(8
.4)c
pb(
11.4
)[5
4]0.
000
0.00
022
1.0
8.0
Coa
liti
on b
reak
dow
n
Spaa
k II
(bsp
)20
.03.
47-1
9.11
.48
bsp
(34.
2)cv
p(4
5.5)
[79.
7]0.
500
0.57
060
9.0
7.0
Coa
liti
on b
reak
dow
n
Spaa
k II
I26
.11.
48-2
7.06
.49
bsp
(34.
2)cv
p(4
5.5)
[79.
7]0.
000
0.00
021
3.0
45.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 26
.06.
49
elec
tion
s
Eysk
ens
I (c
vp)
11.0
8.49
-19.
03.5
0cv
p(4
9.5)
pvv
(13.
7)[6
3.2]
0.50
00.
216
220.
081
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n b
efor
e th
e 04
.06.
50
elec
tion
Du
vieu
sart
(cvp
)08
.06.
50-1
1.08
.50
cvp
(50.
9)[5
0.9]
0.00
00.
000
64.0
5.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e el
ecti
on o
f th
e K
ing
Phol
ien
(cvp
)16
.08.
50-0
9.01
.51
cvp
(50.
9)[5
0.9]
0.00
00.
000
146.
06.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
cvp
inte
rnal
cri
sis
Van
Hou
tte
(cvp
)15
.01.
51-1
2.04
.54
cvp
(50.
9)[5
0.9]
0.00
00.
000
1182
.011
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
11.0
4.54
el
ecti
ons
Van
Ack
er I
II23
.04.
54-0
2.06
.58
bsp
(40.
6)p
vv(1
1.8)
[52.
4]1.
000
1.00
015
00.0
24.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 01
.06.
58
elec
tion
s
Eysk
ens
II26
.06.
58-0
4.11
.58
cvp
(49.
1)[4
9.1]
1.00
01.
000
131.
02.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
coal
itio
n e
nla
rgem
ent
18
Eysk
ens
III
06.1
1.58
-30.
08.6
0cv
p(4
9.1)
pvv
(9.9
)[59
.0]
0.50
00.
167
662.
03.
0C
oali
tion
bre
akdo
wn
Eysk
ens
IV02
.09.
60-2
7.03
.61
cvp
(49.
1)p
vv(9
.9)[
59.0
]0.
000
0.00
020
6.0
29.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 26
.03.
61
elec
tion
s
Lefe
vre
(cvp
)25
.04.
61-2
4.05
.65
cvp
(45.
3)bp
s(39
.6)[
84.9
]0.
500
0.46
614
89.0
65.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 23
.05.
65
elec
tion
s
Har
mel
(cvp
)28
.07.
65-1
0.02
.66
cvp
(36.
3)bp
s(30
.2)[
66.5
]0.
000
0.00
019
7.0
37.0
Coa
liti
on b
reak
dow
n
Van
den
boey
nan
ts
(cvp
)19
.03.
66-0
7.02
.68
cvp
(36.
3)p
vv(2
2.7)
[59]
0.50
00.
384
690.
012
0.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
bef
ore
elec
tion
on
31
.03.
68
Eysk
ens
V07
.06.
68-0
8.11
.71
cvp
(32.
6)bp
s(27
.8)[
60.4
]0.
500
0.46
012
49.0
74.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
bef
ore
the
07.1
1.71
el
ecti
ons
Eysk
ens
VI
21.0
1.72
-22.
11.7
2cv
p(3
1.6)
bsp
(28.
8)[6
0.4]
0.00
00.
000
315.
065
.0C
oali
tion
bre
akdo
wn
Lebu
rton
(bsp
)26
.01.
73-1
9.01
.74
cvp
(31.
6)bp
s(28
.8)p
vv(1
6.0)
[76.
4]0.
333
0.20
935
8.0
96.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
bef
ore
the
10.0
3.74
el
ecti
ons
Tin
dem
ans
I (c
vp)
25.0
4.74
-11.
06.7
4cv
p(3
1.6)
pvv
(16)
[47.
6]0.
000
0.00
047
.00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
coal
itio
n’s
en
larg
emen
t
Tin
dem
ans
II11
.06.
74-0
3.03
.77
cvp
(34)
pvv
(14.
1)rw
(6.1
)[54
.2]
0.33
30.
112
995.
03.
0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n. R
w q
uit
ted
the
coal
itio
n.
Tin
dem
ans
III
06.0
3.77
-18.
04.7
7cv
p(3
4)p
vv(1
4.1)
[48.
1]0.
000
0.00
043
.046
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
17.0
4.77
el
ecti
ons
Tin
dem
ans
IV03
.06.
77-1
1.10
.78
cvp
(37.
7)bs
p(2
9.2)
fdf(
4.7)
vu(9
.4)[
81]
0.75
00.
534
495.
09.
0In
tra-
coal
itio
n c
risi
s (E
gmon
t Pac
t)
Van
den
boey
nan
ts
II20
.10.
78-1
8.12
.78
cvp
(37.
7)bs
p(2
9.2)
fdf(
4.7)
vu(9
.4)[
81]
0.00
00.
000
59.0
106.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
17.1
2.78
el
ecti
ons
Mar
ten
s I
(cvp
)03
.04.
79-1
6.01
.80
cvp
(38.
7)bs
p(2
7.3)
fdf(
5.2)
[71.
2]0.
000
0.00
028
8.0
7.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
. Fd
f qu
itte
d th
e co
alit
ion
19Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Mar
ten
s II
23.0
1.80
-09.
04.8
0cv
p(3
8.7)
bsp
(27.
3)[6
6.0]
0.00
00.
000
76.0
39.0
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r Se
nat
e de
feat
Mar
ten
s II
I18
.05.
80-0
4.10
.80
cvp
(38.
7)bs
p(2
7.3)
pvv
(17.
4)[8
3.4]
0.33
30.
208
139.
018
.0In
tra-
coal
itio
n b
reak
dow
n. P
vy q
uit
ted
the
coal
itio
n
Mar
ten
s IV
22.1
0.80
-31.
03.8
1cv
p(3
8.7)
bsp
(27.
3)[6
6.0]
0.00
00.
000
160.
06.
0C
oali
tion
bre
akdo
wn
Eysk
ens
06.0
4.81
-21.
09.8
1cv
p(3
8.7)
bsp
(27.
3)[6
6.0]
0.00
00.
000
168.
087
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n a
nd
earl
y el
ecti
ons
in 0
8.11
.81
Mar
ten
s V
17.1
2.81
-14.
10.8
5cv
p(2
8.8)
pvv
(24.
5)[5
3.3]
0.50
00.
459
1396
.045
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
13.1
0.85
el
ecti
ons
Mar
ten
s V
I28
.11.
85-1
9.10
.87
cvp
(32.
5)p
vv(2
1.7)
[54.
2]0.
000
0.00
074
6.0
202.
0C
oali
tion
cri
sis.
Etn
o-li
ngu
isti
c co
nfl
ict.
El
ecti
ons
in 1
3.12
.87
Mar
ten
s V
II09
.05.
88-2
5.11
.91
cvp
/psc
(29.
2)bp
s/p
sb(3
4)vu
(7.5
)[70
.7]
0.66
60.
586
1295
.010
4.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 24
.11.
91
elec
tion
s
Deh
aen
e I
(cvp
)09
.03.
92-2
2.05
.95
cvp
/psc
(26.
9)p
s/sp
(29.
7)[5
6.6]
0.50
00.
524
1170
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
21.
05.9
5 el
ecti
ons
Deh
aen
e II
(cvp
)??
.??.
95-?
?.??
.99
cvp
/psc
()p
s/sp
()[]
0.00
00.
000
n.a
.n
.a.
Elec
tion
in 1
3.05
.99
Ver
hof
stad
t I
(op
en v
ld)
12.0
7.99
-12.
07.0
3vl
d(15
.3)p
rl(1
2)sp
/ps(
12.7
)ag
alev
(6)e
colo
(7.3
)[53
.3]
0.66
60.
761
1460
.00.
0C
oali
tion
“re
d an
d gr
een
”. R
esig
nat
ion
be
fore
ele
ctio
n in
18.
05.0
3. G
reen
def
eat.
Ver
hof
stad
t II
(op
en v
ld)
12.0
7.03
-11.
06.0
7vl
d(16
.7)p
rl m
r (1
6)sp
/p
s(15
.3)[
48]
0.00
00.
000
1428
.019
3.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 10
.06.
07
elec
tion
s
Ver
hof
stad
t III
(o
pen
vld
)21
.12.
07-2
3.03
.08
open
vld
(12)
cd&
v(20
)ps(
13.3
)m
r(15
.3)c
dh(6
.7)[
67.3
]0.
600
0.39
692
.00.
0In
teri
m g
over
nm
ent
Lete
rme
I (c
d&v)
23.0
3.08
-22.
12.0
8cd
&v(
20)o
pen
vld
(12)
ps(
13.3
)m
r(15
.3)c
dh(6
.7)[
67.3
]0.
000
0.00
026
2.0
8.0
Res
ign
atio
n b
rou
ght a
bou
t by
pol
itic
al
scan
dal
Van
Rom
pu
y (c
d&v)
30.1
2.08
-15.
11.0
9cd
&v(
20)o
pen
vld
(12)
ps(
13.3
)m
r(15
.3)c
dh(6
.7)[
67.3
]0.
000
0.00
032
0.0
10.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e V
an
Rom
pu
y’s
elec
tion
of H
ead
of E
uro
pea
n
Cou
nci
l
20
Lete
rme
II (c
d&v)
25.1
1.09
-22.
04.1
0cd
&v(
20)o
pen
vld
(12)
ps(
13.3
)m
r(15
.3)c
dh(6
.7)[
67.3
]0.
000
0.00
014
7.0
389.
0O
pen
vld
qu
itte
d th
e co
alit
ion
. New
el
ecti
ons
on Ju
ne
2010
Di R
up
o (p
s)16
.05.
11-1
1.10
.14
cd&
v(11
.3)o
pen
vld
(8.7
)p
s(17
.3)m
r(12
)cdh
(6)[
55.3
]0.
000
0.00
012
41.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 25
.05.
14
elec
tion
s
Mic
hel
(mr)
11.1
0.14
-O
pen
vld
(9.7
8)m
r(9.
64)
n-v
a(20
.26)
cd&
v(11
.61)
[51.
29]
0.25
00.
395
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.24
80.
209
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.47
0
21Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
BU
LGA
RIA
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Dim
istr
ov (s
ds)
08.1
1.91
-29.
12.9
2sd
s(45
.8)
0.00
00.
000
416.
01.
0R
esig
nat
ion
bec
ause
of l
ack
of
par
liam
enta
ry s
up
por
t
Ber
ov (i
nd
.)30
.12.
92-1
7.10
.94
care
take
r go
vern
men
t0.
000
0.00
065
5.0
1.0
Min
orit
y ca
bin
et. V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
of
the
Prim
e M
inis
ter
Ind
jova
(in
d18
.10.
94-2
4.01
.95
care
take
r go
vern
men
t0.
000
0.00
098
.01.
0M
inor
ity
cabi
net
. Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n
befo
re th
e el
ecti
ons
Vid
enov
(bsp
)25
.01.
95-1
1.02
.97
bsp
(52.
1)1.
000
1.00
073
7.0
0.0
Bsp
= c
arte
l par
ty (b
sp, p
ke, b
zns-
as).
Dis
mis
sed
by in
terv
enti
on o
f Pre
side
nt.
Sofi
ansk
i (sd
s)12
.02.
97-2
0.05
.97
sds(
28.8
)1.
000
1.00
098
.01.
0R
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
elec
tion
s
Kos
tov
(sds
)21
.05.
97-2
3.07
.01
ods
(57.
1)1.
000
1.00
015
22.0
1.0
Od
s =
cart
el p
arty
(sds
, dp,
bzn
s-n
s, b
sdp,
vm
ro).
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r el
ecti
ons
Saks
kobu
rggo
tski
(S
imeo
ne
II) (
nds
)24
.07.
01-1
6.08
.05
nds
v(50
)dp
s(8.
8)[5
8.8]
1.00
01.
000
1482
.01.
0N
dsv
(Mov
emen
t for
Sim
eon
e II
). R
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
elec
tion
s
Stan
ish
ev (b
sp)
17.0
8-05
-26.
07.0
9kz
b(34
.2)n
dsv(
22.1
)dp
s(14
.2)
[70.
5]0.
333
0.68
611
16.0
1.0
Kzb
(car
tel p
arty
led
by b
sp).
Dp
s (R
igh
t an
d L
iber
ty M
ovem
ent)
. Res
ign
atio
n
befo
re th
e el
ecti
ons
Bor
isov
I (g
erb)
27.0
7.09
-20.
02.1
3ge
rb(4
8.3)
1.00
01.
000
1453
.021
.0G
erb
(Cit
izen
s fo
r th
e Eu
rop
ean
d
evel
opm
ent o
f Bu
lgar
ia).
Vol
un
tary
re
sign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r
22
Ray
kov
13.0
3.13
-29.
05.1
3C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t0.
000
0.00
076
.00.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
12
.05.
13
Ore
shar
ski
29.0
5.13
-06.
08.1
4C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t0.
000
0.00
043
3.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
Bu
lgar
ia’s
fo
urt
h b
igge
st b
ank
KTB
ban
kru
pt
Bli
snas
hki
06.0
8.14
-07.
11.1
4C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t0.
000
0.00
092
.00.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
05
.10.
14
Bor
isov
II
07.1
1.14
-G
erb(
32.6
7)1.
000
1.00
0
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.52
70.
407
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.70
0
23Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
CR
OA
TIA
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Mes
ic30
.05.
90 –
24.
08.9
0H
dz(4
1.61
)0.
000
0.00
086
.00.
0n
.a.
Man
olic
24.0
8.90
– 1
7.07
.91
Hdz
(44.
7)0.
000
0.00
032
7.0
0.0
n.a
.
Gre
guri
c17
.07.
91 –
12.
08.9
2ca
reta
ker
gove
rnm
ent
0.00
00.
000
390.
00.
0n
.a.
Sari
nic
12
.08.
92 –
03.
04.9
3ca
reta
ker
gove
rnm
ent
0.00
00.
000
236.
00.
0n
.a.
Val
enti
c03
.04.
93 –
07.
11.9
5ca
reta
ker
gove
rnm
ent
0.00
00.
000
955.
00.
0.R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er 2
9.10
.95
elec
tion
s
Mat
esa
07.1
1.95
– 2
7.01
.00
Hdz
(45.
23)
0.00
00.
000
1540
.00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er 0
3.01
.00
elec
tion
s
Rac
an27
.01.
00 –
23.
12.0
3H
sls,
sdp
(38.
7)1.
000
1.00
014
26.0
0.0
Coa
liti
on c
risi
s. E
arly
ele
ctio
ns
in 2
3.11
.03
San
ader
I23
.12.
03 –
25.
11.0
7H
dz(3
3.9)
1.00
01.
000
1432
.00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er 2
5.11
.07
elec
tion
s
San
ader
II
25.1
1.07
- 01.
07.0
9H
dz(3
6.6)
0.00
00.
000
586.
02.
0R
esig
nat
ion
of t
he
Prim
e M
inis
ter
for
corr
up
tion
Kos
or03
.07.
09 –
23.
12.1
1H
dz(3
6.6)
0.00
00.
000
900.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er 0
4.12
.11
elec
tion
s
24
Mil
anov
ic
23.1
2.11
-08.
11.1
5K
uku
riku
(40.
0)1.
000
1.00
01.
415
75.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
08.
11.1
5 el
ecti
ons
Ore
skov
ic22
.01.
16-
Ku
kuri
ku r
enam
ed C
roat
ia is
G
row
ing
(37.
1)0.
000
0.00
0
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.30
0.30
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.1
25Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
CZE
CH
REP
UB
LIC
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Kla
us
I (o
ds)
01.0
1.93
-04.
07.9
6od
s(38
)kdu
/csl
(7.5
)oda
(7)
0.00
00.
000
1278
.01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
elec
tion
s
Kla
us
II (o
ds)
05.0
7.96
-01.
01.9
8od
s(34
)kdu
/csl
(9)o
da(6
.5)
0.00
00.
000
549.
01.
0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n
Toso
vsky
(kdu
/csl
)02
.01.
98-1
6.07
.98
ods(
34)k
du/c
sl(9
)oda
(6.5
)0.
000
0.00
019
4.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e el
ecti
ons
Zem
an (c
ssd)
17.0
7.98
-14.
07.0
2cs
sd(3
7)1.
000
1.00
014
57.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
the
afte
r el
ecti
ons
Spid
la (c
ssd)
15.0
7.02
-26.
07.0
4cs
sd(3
5)kd
u/c
sl(1
1)u
s(4.
5)0.
666
0.30
674
1.0
8.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
Soc
iali
st’s
Eu
rop
ean
ele
ctio
ns
defe
at in
200
4
Gro
ss (c
ssd)
04.0
8.04
-25.
04.0
5cs
sd(3
5)kd
u/c
sl(1
1)u
s(4.
5)0.
000
0.00
026
6.0
1.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
Soc
iali
st’s
re
gion
al e
lect
ion
s de
feat
in 2
005
Paro
ube
k (c
ssd)
26.0
4.05
-15.
08.0
6cs
sd(3
5)kd
u/c
sl(1
1)u
s(4.
5)0.
000
0.00
047
4.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e el
ecti
ons
Top
olan
ek I
(lis
ta
civ)
16.0
8-06
-09.
01.0
7li
sta
civ(
40.5
)1.
000
1.00
019
2.0
1.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Top
olan
ek I
I (l
ista
ci
v)10
.01.
07-0
8.05
.09
list
a ci
v(40
.5)k
du/c
sl(6
.5)
verd
i(3)
0.66
60.
190
848.
01.
0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
Fish
er (i
nd
.)09
.05.
09-2
9.05
.10
care
take
r go
vern
men
t0.
000
0.00
037
5.0
30.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er 2
010
elec
tion
s
26
Nec
as28
.06.
10-1
0.07
.13
cssd
(22.
08)o
ds(2
0.22
)top
09
(16.
70)[
59.0
]1.
000
1.00
010
93.0
0.0
He
resi
gned
on
17.
06.1
3 in
the
afte
rmat
h
of a
pol
ice
inve
stig
atio
n in
wh
ich
his
ch
ief
of s
taff
an
d al
lege
d m
istr
ess
Jan
a N
agyo
vá
was
arr
este
d
Ru
snok
10.0
7.13
-29.
01.1
4C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t0.
000
0.00
020
3.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n
Sobo
tka
29.0
1.14
-C
ssd(
20.4
6)an
o-20
11(1
8.66
)kd
u-c
sl(6
.78)
[46]
1.00
01.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.44
40.
374
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.75
27Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
DEN
MA
RK
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Kri
sten
sen
(V)
07.1
1.45
-04.
10.4
7v(
25.7
)[25
.7]
0.00
00.
000
696.
040
.0G
over
nm
ent n
o co
nfi
den
ce a
nd
Parl
iam
ent d
isso
luti
on. E
arly
ele
ctio
ns
in
27.1
0.47
Hed
toft
I (s
d)13
.11.
47-0
5.09
.50
sd(3
8.5)
[38.
5]1.
000
1.00
010
26.0
8.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 05
.09.
50
elec
tion
s
Hed
toft
II
13.0
9.50
-26.
10.5
0sd
(39.
6)[3
9.6]
0.00
00.
000
43.0
1.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Erik
sen
I (v
)27
.10.
50-2
1.04
.53
v(21
.5)d
kf(1
8.1)
[39.
6]1.
000
1.00
090
6.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
for
earl
y el
ecti
ons
in
21.0
4.53
Erik
sen
II
21.0
4.53
-27.
09.5
3v(
22.3
)dkf
(17.
6)[3
9.9]
0.00
00.
000
159.
03.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
22.0
9.53
el
ecti
ons
Hed
toft
III
30.0
9.53
-29.
01.5
5sd
(42.
3)[4
2.3]
1.00
01.
000
486.
03.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
deat
h o
f Pri
me
Min
iste
r
Han
sen
I (s
d)01
.02.
55-1
5.05
.57
sd(4
2.3)
[42.
3]0.
000
0.00
083
3.0
12.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 14
.05.
57
elec
tion
s
Han
sen
II
27.0
5.57
-19.
02.6
0sd
(40)
rad(
8)jp
(5.1
)[53
.1]
0.66
60.
246
997.
041
.0R
esig
nat
ion
for
deat
h o
f Pri
me
Min
iste
r
Kam
pm
ann
I (s
d)
01.0
4.60
-16.
11.6
0sd
(40)
rad(
14)j
p(5
.1)[
53.1
]0.
000
0.00
022
9.0
2.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 15
.11.
60
elec
tion
s
Kam
pm
ann
II
18.1
1.60
-03.
09.6
2sd
(43.
4)ra
d(6.
3)[4
9.7]
0.00
00.
000
654.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
of t
he
Prim
e M
inis
ter
for
hea
lth
rea
son
s
28
Kra
g I
(sd)
03.0
9.62
-23.
09.6
4sd
(43.
4)ra
d(6.
3)[4
9.7]
0.00
00.
000
750.
03.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
22.0
9.64
el
ecti
ons
Kra
g II
26.0
9.64
-22.
11.6
6sd
(43.
4)[4
3.4]
0.00
00.
000
787.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
22.1
1.66
el
ecti
ons
Kra
g II
I22
.11.
66-2
4.01
.68
sd(3
9.4)
[39.
4]0.
000
0.00
042
8.0
8.0
Def
eate
d in
Par
liam
ent.
New
ele
ctio
ns
in
23.0
1.68
Bau
nsg
aard
01.0
2.68
-27.
09.7
1dk
f(21
.1)v
(19.
4)ra
d(15
.4)[
56]
1.00
01.
000
1333
.012
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n fo
r ea
rly
elec
tion
s in
21
.09.
71
Kra
g IV
09.1
0.71
-03.
10.7
2sd
(40)
[40]
1.00
01.
000
359.
02.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
refe
ren
dum
on
Cee
en
larg
emen
t
Jorg
ense
n I
(sd)
05.1
0.72
-05.
12.7
3sd
(40)
[40]
0.00
00.
000
426.
014
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
04.1
2.73
el
ecti
ons
Har
tlin
g (v
)19
.12.
73-2
9.01
.75
v(12
.6)[
12.6
]1.
000
1.00
040
6.0
15.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 09
.01.
75
elec
tion
s
Jorg
ense
n I
I13
.02.
75-1
5.02
.77
sd(3
0.3)
[30.
3]1.
000
1.00
072
8.0
10.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
for
earl
y el
ecti
ons
in
15.0
2.77
Jorg
ense
n I
II25
.02.
77-2
8.08
.78
sd(3
7.1)
[37.
1]0.
000
0.00
054
9.0
2.0
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r co
alit
ion
en
larg
emen
t
Jorg
ense
n I
V30
.08.
78-2
8.09
.79
sd(3
7.1)
v(12
)[49
.1]
0.00
00.
000
394.
028
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n a
nd
Parl
iam
ent
dis
solu
tion
. Ear
ly e
lect
ion
s in
23.
10.7
9
Jorg
ense
n V
26.1
0.79
-09.
12.8
1sd
(38.
8)[3
8.8]
0.00
00.
000
774.
021
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
08.1
2.81
el
ecti
ons
Jorg
ense
n V
I30
.12.
81-0
3.09
.82
sd(3
3.7)
[33.
7]0.
000
0.00
058
4.0
7.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Sch
luet
er I
(dkf
)10
.09.
82-1
5.12
.83
dkf(
14.8
)v(1
1.4)
cd(8
.6)k
f(2.
3)[3
7.1]
1.00
01.
000
461.
040
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n fo
r ea
rly
elec
tion
s in
10
.01.
84
Sch
luet
er I
I24
.01.
84-0
9.09
.87
dkf(
24)v
(12.
6)cd
(4.6
)kf(
2.8)
[44]
0.00
00.
000
1324
.01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
08.0
9.87
el
ecti
ons
Sch
luet
er I
II10
.09.
87-1
1.05
.88
dkf(
21.2
)v(1
0.6)
cd(5
)cp
p(2
.2)
[39]
0.25
00.
055
244.
023
.0C
oali
tion
cri
sis
brou
ght a
bou
t by
dis
agre
emen
ts o
ver
the
NA
TO a
rms
deb
ate
29Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Sch
luet
er I
V03
.06.
88-1
6.12
.90
dkf(
19.6
)v(1
2.3)
rad(
5.6)
[37.
5]0.
333
0.14
992
7.0
1.0
Rad
ical
s qu
itte
d th
e co
alit
ion
aft
er e
arly
el
ecti
ons
on 1
2.12
.90
Sch
luet
er V
17.1
2.90
-14.
01.9
3dk
f(16
.7)v
(16.
2)[3
2.9]
0.00
00.
000
759.
010
.0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
P.N
. Ras
mu
ssen
I
(sd)
25.0
1.93
-22.
09.9
4sd
(39.
4)rv
(4)c
d(5.
1)kr
f(2.
3)[5
0.8]
1.00
01.
000
606.
04.
0In
tra-
coal
itio
n c
risi
s; e
arly
ele
ctio
ns
21.0
9.94
. New
Ras
mu
ssen
P.N
. Ras
mu
ssen
II
(sd)
27.0
9.94
-30.
12.9
6sd
(34.
6 )r
v(4.
5 )c
d(3.
8)[4
2.9]
0.00
00.
000
823.
00.
0C
oali
tion
bre
akdo
wn
P.N
. Ras
mu
ssen
II
I (s
d)
30.1
2.96
-23.
03.9
8sd
(34.
6)rv
(4.5
)[39
.1]
0.00
00.
000
1176
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
11.0
3.98
el
ecti
ons
P.N
. Ras
mu
ssen
IV
(sd
)23
.03.
98-2
7.11
.01
sd(3
5.2)
rv(3
.9)[
39.1
]0.
000
0.00
097
4.0
0.0
Elec
tion
s in
20.
11.0
1
A.F
. Ras
mu
ssen
I
(v)
27.1
1.01
-18.
02.0
5v(
31.3
)dkf
(12.
5)[4
3.8]
1.00
01.
000
1176
.00.
0El
ecti
ons
in 0
8.02
.05
A.F
. Ras
mu
ssen
II
(v)
18.0
2.05
-23.
11.0
7v(
29.1
)dkf
(10.
2)[3
9.3]
0.00
00.
000
1005
.00.
0Ex
tern
al s
up
por
t by
ds (1
3.5)
. Ear
ly
elec
tion
s on
13.
11.0
7
A.F
. Ras
mu
ssen
II
I (v
)23
.11.
07-0
5.04
.09
v(25
.8)d
kf(1
0)[3
5.8]
0.00
00.
000
502.
00.
0Ex
tern
al s
up
por
t by
ds
L.L.
Ras
mu
ssen
I
(v)
05.0
4.09
-03.
10.1
1v(
25.8
)dkf
(10)
[35.
8]0.
000
0.00
070
2.0
0.0
Elec
tion
in 1
5.09
.11
Thor
nin
g-Sc
hm
idt
I03
.10.
11-0
3.02
.14
Sd(2
4.9)
sf(9
.2)r
v(9.
5)[4
3.6]
1.00
01.
000
850.
00.
0C
oali
tion
bre
akdo
wn
Thor
nin
g-Sc
hm
idt
II03
.02.
14-2
8.06
.15
sf(9
.2)r
v(9.
5)[1
8.7]
( Ex
tern
al
sup
por
t by
ds.)
0.00
00.
000
510.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
18.0
6.15
el
ecti
ons
L.L.
Ras
mu
ssen
II
28.0
6.15
-V
enst
re(1
9.5)
1.00
01.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.35
80.
371
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.83
30
ESTO
NIA
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Savi
saar
(act
ing)
20.0
8.91
-29.
01.9
2Pf
e(10
0.0)
[100
.0]
0.00
00.
000
129.
00.
0V
olu
nta
ry P
rim
e M
inis
ter’
s re
sign
atio
n
afte
r s
up
ple
men
tary
pro
blem
s an
d a
con
tin
uin
g de
clin
e in
eco
nom
y
Vah
i I (a
ctin
g)30
.01.
92-2
1.10
.92
Pfe(
100.
0)[1
00.0
]0.
000
0.00
026
1.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
firs
t ele
ctio
n o
n 2
0.09
.92
Laar
I21
.10.
92-0
8.11
.94
I(22
.0)E
rsp
(8.8
)Rm
(9.7
)[40
.5]
1.00
01.
000
712.
00.
0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce. L
ost a
vo
te o
f con
fide
nce
Tara
nd
08.1
1.94
-17.
04.9
5I(
22.0
)Ers
p(8
.8)R
m(9
.7)[
40.5
]0.
000
0.00
017
1.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
ele
ctio
n o
n 0
5.03
.95
Vah
i II
17.0
4.95
-06.
11.9
5Es
ton
ian
coa
liti
on p
arty
(3
2.2)
Coa
liti
on I
/Ers
p(7
.9)
Rm
(6.0
)[46
,1]
0.33
30.
699
199.
00.
0C
oali
tion
cri
sis
and
subs
equ
ent r
esh
uffl
e
Vah
i III
06.1
1.95
-25.
02.9
7Es
ton
ian
coa
liti
on p
arty
(3
2.2)
Coa
liti
on I
/Ers
p(7
.9)
Rm
(6.0
)Re(
16.2
)[62
.3]
0.25
00.
260
474.
02.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
Siim
ann
27.0
2.97
-25.
03.9
9Es
ton
ian
coa
liti
on p
arty
(3
2.2)
Coa
liti
on I
/Ers
p(7
.9)
Rm
(6.0
)Re(
16.2
)[62
.3]
0.00
00.
000
758.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
07.
03.9
9
Laar
II
25.0
3.99
-28.
01.0
2I(
16.1
)Re(
15.9
)Rm
(15.
2)[4
7.2]
0.00
00.
000
1033
.00.
0C
oali
tion
cri
sis
and
subs
equ
ent r
esh
uffl
e
Kal
las
28.0
1.02
-10.
04.0
3R
e(15
.9)K
(23.
4)[3
9.3]
0.50
00.
595
468.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
02.
03.0
3
31Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Part
s10
.04.
03-1
2.04
.05
Erp
(24.
6)R
e(17
.7)E
r(13
.0)
[55.
3]0.
666
0.68
073
2.0
15.0
On
24.
03.0
5 Pa
rts
step
ped
dow
n a
s Pr
ime
Min
iste
r af
ter
a vo
te o
f no
con
fide
nce
ag
ain
st M
inis
ter
of Ju
stic
e K
en-M
arti
V
aher
had
pas
sed
the
Rii
giko
gu
An
sip
I12
.04.
05-0
5.05
.07
K((
25.4
)Re(
17.7
)Er(
13.0
)[56
.1]
0.33
30.
452
753.
00.
0n
.a.
An
sip
II
05.0
5.07
-04.
04.1
1R
e(17
.7)I
rl(1
7.9)
Sde(
Un
til
2009
;10.
6)[4
6.2]
0.66
60.
616
1428
.02.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
06.
03.1
1
An
sip
III
06.0
4.11
-26.
03.1
4R
e(28
.6) I
rl(2
0.5)
[49.
1]0.
000
0.00
010
84.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
ras
egn
atio
n.
On
04.
03.1
4,
An
sip
an
nou
nce
d h
is r
esig
nat
ion
to
enab
le a
su
cces
sor
to le
ad h
is p
arty
(Re)
in
to 2
015
elec
tion
s
Roi
vas
I26
.03.
14-3
0.03
.15
Re(
28.6
)Sde
(17.
1)[4
5.7]
0.50
00.
374
368.
09.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
01.
03.1
5
Roi
vas
II09
.04.
15-
Re(
27.7
) Sde
(15.
2) I
rl(1
3.7)
[56.
6]0.
333
0.24
2
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.32
70.
328
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.51
32
FIN
LAN
D
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Paas
ikiv
i III
17.0
4.45
-09.
03.4
6sd
p(2
5)sk
dl(2
3.5)
kp(2
4.5)
sfp
(7)l
kp(4
.5)[
84.5
]0.
000
0.00
032
6.0
17.0
Prim
e M
inis
ter
Paas
ikiv
i was
ele
cted
as
Hea
d o
f Sta
te
Pekk
ala
(skd
l)26
.03.
46-2
2.07
.48
sdp
(25)
skdl
(23.
5)kp
(24.
5)sf
p(7
)[80
]0.
000
0.00
084
8.0
7.0
Elec
tora
l def
eat
Fage
rhol
m I
(Sdp
)29
.07.
48-0
1.03
.50
sdp
(27)
[27]
0.00
00.
000
580.
016
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
elec
tion
of
the
Hea
d of
Sta
te
Kek
kon
en I
(Kp
)17
.03.
50-1
7.01
.51
kp(2
8)sf
p(7
)lkp
(2.5
)[37
.5]
1.00
01.
000
305.
00.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
an
d su
bseq
uen
t co
alit
ion
res
hu
ffle
Kek
kon
en I
I17
.01.
51-2
0.09
.51
kp(2
8)sd
p(2
7)sf
p(7
)lkp
(2.5
)[6
4.5]
0.25
00.
108
245.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
1951
el
ecti
ons
Kek
kon
en I
II20
.09.
51-2
7.06
.53
kp(2
5.5)
sdp
(26.
5)sf
p(7
.5)
[59.
5]0.
000
0.00
064
5.0
12.0
Coa
liti
on b
reak
dow
n
Kek
kon
en I
V09
.07.
53-0
4.11
.53
kp(2
5.5)
sfp
(7.5
)[33
]0.
000
0.00
011
8.0
12.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
.
Tuom
ioja
(in
d.)
16.1
1.53
-09.
03.5
4kp
(25.
5)sf
p(7
.5)l
kp(5
)kok
(14)
[52]
0.50
00.
365
113.
057
.0C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t wit
h n
o p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort.
For
mal
re
sign
atio
n a
fter
the
07.0
3.54
ele
ctio
ns
Toer
ngr
en (S
fp)
5.5.
54-1
4.10
.54
sfp
(6.5
)sdp
(27)
kp(2
6.5)
kok(
12)[
72]
0.25
00.
375
162.
06.
0C
oali
tion
bre
akdo
wn
Kek
kon
en V
20.1
0.54
-15.
02.5
6kp
(26.
5)sd
p(2
7)[5
3.5]
0.00
00.
000
483.
016
.0Pr
ime
Min
iste
r K
ekko
nen
was
ele
cted
as
Hea
d o
f Sta
te
33Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Fage
rhol
m I
I03
.03.
56-2
2.05
.57
sdp
(27)
kp(2
6.5)
sfp
(6.5
)lk
p(6
.5)[
66.5
]0.
500
0.19
544
5.0
5.0
Coa
liti
on b
reak
dow
n
Suks
elai
nen
I (K
p)
27.0
5.57
-18.
10.5
7kp
(26.
5)sf
p(6
.5)l
kp(6
.5)[
39.5
]0.
000
0.00
014
4.0
41.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Von
Fie
and
t (in
d.)
29.1
1.57
-18.
04.5
8ca
reta
ker
gove
rnm
ent
0.00
00.
000
140.
08.
0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
Ku
usk
oski
(in
d.)
26.0
4.58
-22.
08.5
8kp
(26.
5)sd
p(2
7)lk
p(6
.5)[
60]
0.33
30.
450
118.
07.
0C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t wit
h n
o p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort.
For
mal
re
sign
atio
n a
fter
the
06.0
7.58
ele
ctio
ns
Fage
rhol
m I
II29
.08.
58-0
4.12
.58
sdp
(24)
kp(2
4)ko
k(14
.5)s
fp(7
)lk
p(4
)[73
.5]
0.40
00.
292
97.0
40.0
Coa
liti
on b
reak
dow
n
Suks
elai
nen
II
13.0
1.59
-28.
06.6
1kp
(24)
[24]
0.00
00.
000
896.
016
.0Pr
ime
Min
iste
r’s
resi
gnat
ion
du
e to
p
olit
ical
an
d fi
nan
cial
sca
nda
l
Mie
ttu
nen
I (K
p)
14.0
7.61
-01.
03.6
2kp
(24)
[24]
0.00
00.
000
230.
043
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
elec
tion
of
the
Hea
d of
Sta
te
Kar
jala
inen
I (K
p)
13.0
4.62
-17.
12.6
3kp
(26.
5)ko
k(16
)lkp
(6.5
)sfp
(7)
[56]
0.75
00.
526
613.
01.
0C
oali
tion
bre
akdo
wn
Leh
to (i
nd.
)18
.12.
63-1
1.09
.64
care
take
r go
vern
men
t0.
000
0.00
026
7.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
app
oin
tmen
t of a
par
liam
enta
ry
gove
rnm
ent
Vir
olai
nen
(Kp
)12
.09.
64-2
7.05
.66
kp(2
6.5)
kok(
16)l
kp(6
.5)s
fp(7
)[5
6]0.
000
0.00
062
2.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 20
.03.
66
elec
tion
s
Paas
io I
(Sdp
)27
.05.
66-0
1.03
.68
sdp
(27.
5)kp
(24.
5)sk
dl(2
0.5)
stp
(3.5
)[76
]0.
750
0.67
764
3.0
21.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e el
ecti
on o
f th
e H
ead
of S
tate
Koi
vist
o I
(Sd
p)
22.0
3.68
-13.
05.7
0sd
p(2
7.5)
kp(2
4.5)
skdl
(20.
5)sf
p(6
)stp
(3.5
)[82
]0.
200
0.07
378
2.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 15
.03.
70
elec
tion
s
Au
ra I
(in
d.)
14.0
5.70
-14.
07.7
0sd
p(2
6)kp
(18)
sfp
(6)l
kp(4
)[54
]0.
250
0.07
461
.01.
0C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t wit
h n
o p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort.
Vol
un
tary
re
sign
atio
n
Kar
jala
inen
II
15.0
7.70
-29.
10.7
1kp
(18)
sdp
(26)
skdl
(18)
sfp
(6)
lkp
(4)[
72]
0.20
00.
250
471.
00.
0C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t wit
h n
o p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort
34
Au
ra I
I29
.10.
71-2
3.02
.72
care
take
r go
vern
men
t0.
000
0.00
011
7.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 02
.01.
72
elec
tion
s
Paas
io I
I23
.02.
72-1
9.07
.72
sdp
(27.
5)[2
7.5]
0.00
00.
000
146.
047
.0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
an
d su
bseq
uen
t co
alit
ion
res
hu
ffle
Sors
a I
(Sd
p)
04.0
9.72
-04.
06.7
5sd
p(2
7.5)
kp(1
7.5)
sfp
(5)
lkp
(3.5
)[53
.5]
0.75
00.
485
1003
.09.
0C
oali
tion
bre
akdo
wn
Liin
amaa
(in
d.)
13.0
6.75
-22.
11.7
5sd
p(2
7.5)
kp(1
7.5)
sfp
(5)
lkp
(3.5
)kok
(17)
[70.
5]0.
200
0.24
116
2.0
8.0
Car
etak
er g
over
nm
ent w
ith
no
par
liam
enta
ry s
up
por
t. F
orm
al
resi
gnat
ion
aft
er th
e 21
.09.
75 e
lect
ion
s
Mie
ttu
nen
II
30.1
1.75
-17.
09.7
6kp
(19.
5)sd
p(2
7)sk
dl(2
0)sf
p(5
)lk
p(4
.5)[
76]
0.20
00.
263
291.
012
.0C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t wit
h n
o p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort
Mie
ttu
nen
III
29.0
9.76
-11.
05.7
7kp
(19.
5)sf
p(5
)lkp
(4.5
)[29
]0.
000
0.00
022
4.0
4.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
coal
itio
n r
esh
uffl
e
Sors
a II
15.0
5.77
-17.
02.7
8sd
p(2
7)kp
(19.
5)sk
dl(2
0)sf
p(5
)lk
p(4
.5)[
76]
0.40
00.
388
278.
012
.0C
oali
tion
bre
akdo
wn
. Sfp
qu
itte
d th
e co
alit
ion
Sors
a II
I01
.03.
78-1
9.03
.79
sdp
(27)
kp(1
9.5)
skdl
(20)
lkp
(4.5
)[71
]0.
000
0.00
038
3.0
68.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 18
.03.
79
elec
tion
s
Koi
vist
o II
26.0
5.79
-27.
01.8
2sd
p(2
6)sk
dl(1
7.5)
kp(2
0)sf
p(5
)[6
8.5]
0.25
00.
072
976.
021
.0Pr
ime
Min
iste
r K
oivi
sto
was
ele
cted
as
Hea
d o
f Sta
te
Sors
a IV
17.0
2.82
-29.
12.8
2sd
p(2
6)sk
dl(1
7.5)
kp(2
0)sf
p(5
)[6
8.5]
0.00
00.
000
315.
02.
0C
oali
tion
bre
akdo
wn
. Skd
l qu
itte
d th
e co
alit
ion
Sors
a V
31.1
2.82
-11.
04.8
3sd
p(2
6)kp
(20)
sfp
(5)[
51]
0.00
00.
000
101.
025
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
20.0
3.83
el
ecti
ons
Sors
a V
I06
.05.
83-0
3.04
.87
sdp
(28.
5)kp
(19)
sfp
(5)
smp
(8.5
)[61
]0.
250
0.22
114
27.0
27.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 15
.03.
87
elec
tion
s
Hol
keri
(kp
)30
.04.
87-1
8.03
.91
kp(2
6.5)
sdp
(28)
sfp
(6)[
60.5
]0.
000
0.00
014
18.0
39.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e el
ecto
ral
def
eat o
n 1
7.03
.91
Ah
o (k
p)
26.0
4.91
-20.
03.9
5ko
k(27
.5)k
p(2
0)sf
p(6
)[53
.5]
0.33
30.
514
1424
.023
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
elec
tora
l d
efea
t on
19.
03.9
5
Lip
pon
en I
(sdp
)13
.04.
95-1
5.04
.99
sdp
(31.
5)ko
k(19
.5)s
fp(5
.5)
verd
i(4.
5)[6
1]0.
500
0.59
014
61.0
30.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 21
.03.
99
elec
tion
s
35Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Lip
pon
en I
I (s
dp)
15.0
5.99
-17.
04.0
3sd
p(2
5.5)
kok(
23)s
fp(5
.5)a
ll
sn(1
0)ve
rdi(
5.5)
[69.
5]0.
200
0.14
314
28.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 16
.03.
03
elec
tion
s
Jäät
teen
mäk
i I (k
p)
17.0
4.03
-24.
06.0
3kp
(27.
5)sd
p(2
6.5)
sfp
(4)[
58]
0.33
30.
474
67.0
0.0
Coa
liti
on b
reak
dow
n b
ecau
se o
f th
e Ir
akga
te s
can
dal
Van
han
en I
(kp
)24
.06.
03-1
9.04
.07
kp(2
7.5)
sdp
(26.
5)sf
p(4
)[58
]0.
000
0.00
013
95.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 18
.03.
07
elec
tion
s
Van
han
en I
I (k
p)
19.0
4.07
-17.
06.1
1kp
(25.
5)ko
k(25
)sfp
(4.5
)ve
rdi(
7.5)
[62.
5]0.
500
0.52
015
18.0
5.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 17
.04.
11
elec
tion
s
Kat
ain
en22
.06.
11-2
4.06
.14
Kok
(20.
4)sd
p(1
9.1)
v(8.
1)ve
rdi(
7.2)
sfp
(4.3
)kd(
4.0)
[63.
01]
0.50
00.
363
1097
.00.
0In
Jun
e 20
14, K
atai
nen
ste
pp
ed d
own
as
Pri
me
Min
iste
r of
Fin
lan
d fo
r a
new
p
osit
ion
in th
e Eu
rop
ean
Un
ion
Stu
bb24
.06.
14-2
9.05
.15
Kok
(20.
4)sd
p(1
9.1)
v(8.
1)ve
rdi(
7.2)
sfp
(4.3
)kd(
4.0)
[63.
01]
0.00
00.
000
339.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
19.0
4.15
el
ecti
ons
Sip
ils
29.0
5.15
-K
esk(
21.1
0)p
s(17
.65)
kok(
18.2
0)[5
6.95
]0.
666
0.68
0
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.23
10.
207
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.37
3
36
FRA
NC
IA, I
V R
EPU
BLI
C
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Ram
adie
r (s
fio)
21.0
1.47
-05.
05.4
7p
cf(2
9.4)
mrp
(27.
8)sfi
o(16
.3)
ri(4
.5)u
dsr(
4.2)
rad(
6.9)
[89.
1]0.
000
0.00
010
4.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n b
ecau
se o
f lac
k of
p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort b
y p
cf
Ram
adie
r II
05.0
5.47
-19.
11.4
7m
rp(2
7.8)
sfio(
16.3
)ri(
4.5)
uds
r(4.
2)ra
d(6.
9)[5
9.7]
0.00
00.
000
198.
05.
0C
oali
tion
en
larg
emen
t
Sch
um
an I
(mrp
)24
.11.
47-1
9.07
.48
mrp
(27.
8)sfi
o(16
.3)r
i(4.
5)u
dsr(
4.2)
rad(
6.9)
[59.
7]0.
000
0.00
023
7.0
7.0
Res
ign
atio
n b
ecau
se o
f lac
k of
p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort b
y sfi
o an
d p
arli
amen
tary
def
eat
Mar
ie (r
ad)
26.0
7.48
-28.
08.4
8m
rp(2
7.8)
sfio(
16.3
)rad
(6.9
)p
rl(6
.1)r
i(4.
5)u
dsr(
4.2)
[65.
8]0.
166
0.09
233
.08.
0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n
Sch
um
an I
I05
.09.
48-0
7.09
.48
mrp
(27.
8)sfi
o(16
.3)r
ad(6
.9)
ri(4
.5)[
55.5
]0.
000
0.00
02.
04.
0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
Qu
euil
le I
(rad
)11
.09.
48-0
6.10
.49
mrp
(27.
8)sfi
o(16
.3)r
ad(6
.9)
prl
(6.1
)ri(
4.5)
uds
r(4.
2)[6
5.8]
0.33
30.
156
390.
022
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n
Bid
ault
(mrp
)28
.10.
49-2
4.06
.50
mrp
(27.
8)sfi
o(16
.3)r
ad(6
.9)
uds
r(4.
2)[5
5.2]
0.00
00.
000
239.
07.
0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
Qu
euil
le I
I02
.07.
50-0
4.07
.50
mrp
(27.
8)ra
d(6.
9)ri
(4.5
)u
dsr(
4.2)
prl
(6.1
)[49
.5]
0.40
00.
214
2.0
8.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Plev
en I
(ud
sr)
12.0
7.50
-28.
02.5
1m
rp(2
7.8)
sfio(
16.3
)rad
(6.9
)ri
(4.5
)uds
r(4.
2)[5
9.7]
0.20
00.
273
231.
010
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n
Qu
euil
le I
II10
.03.
51-1
0.07
.51
mrp
(27.
8)sfi
o(16
.3)r
ad(6
.9)
ri(4
.5)u
dsr(
4.2)
[59.
7]0.
000
0.00
012
2.0
31.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 17
.06.
51
elec
tion
s
37Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Plev
en I
I10
.08.
51-0
7.01
.52
mrp
(15.
1)ra
d(11
.8)r
i(8.
4)cr
aps(
6.8)
uds
r(2.
6)[4
4.7]
0.20
00.
152
150.
013
.0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
Fau
re I
(rad
)20
.01.
52-2
9.02
.52
mrp
(15.
1)ra
d(11
.8)r
i(8.
4)cr
aps(
6.8)
uds
r(2.
6)[4
4.7]
0.00
00.
000
40.0
8.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Pin
ay (r
i)08
.03.
52-2
3.12
.52
mrp
(15.
1)ra
d(11
.8)r
i(8.
4)cr
aps(
6.8)
uds
r(2.
6)[4
4.7]
0.00
00.
000
290.
016
.0R
esig
nat
ion
bec
ause
of l
ack
of
par
liam
enta
ry s
up
por
t by
mrp
May
er (r
ad)
08.0
1.53
-21.
05.5
3m
rp(1
5.1)
rad(
11.8
)ri(
8.4)
crap
s(6.
8)u
dsr(
2.6)
ars(
4.3)
[49]
0.16
60.
087
133.
037
.0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
Lam
el (r
i)27
.06.
53-1
2.06
.54
mrp
(15.
1)u
ras(
15)r
ad(1
1.8)
ri(8
.4)c
rap
s(6.
8)ar
s(4.
1)u
dsr(
2.6)
[63.
8]0.
142
0.23
535
0.0
7.0
Res
ign
atio
n b
ecau
se o
f lac
k of
p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort
by r
ad a
nd
ura
s
Men
des
Fran
ce
(rad
)19
.06.
54-0
5.02
.55
rs(1
4.8)
rad(
11.8
)ri(
8.4)
uds
r(2.
6)[3
7.6]
0.25
00.
393
231.
018
.0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
Fau
re I
I23
.02.
55-2
4.01
.56
mrp
(15.
1)rs
(14.
8)ra
d(11
.8)
ri(8
.4)a
rs(4
.3)u
dsr(
2.6)
p(7
)[6
4]0.
428
0.41
233
5.0
8.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 02
.01.
56
elec
tion
s
Mol
let (
sfio)
01.0
2.56
-21.
05.5
7sfi
o(15
.8)r
ad(9
.7)u
dsr(
3.2)
[28.
7]0.
333
0.55
047
4.0
22.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Bou
rgès
M
aun
oury
(rad
)12
.06.
57-3
0.09
.57
sfio(
15.8
)rad
(9.7
)uds
r(3.
2)rg
r(2.
3)[3
1]0.
000
0.00
011
0.0
5.0
Res
ign
atio
n b
ecau
se o
f lac
k of
p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort b
y rg
r, r
ad, u
dsr
Gai
llar
d (r
ad)
05.1
1.57
-15.
04.5
8ip
as(1
5.9)
sfio(
15.8
)mrp
(13.
9)ra
d(9.
7)rs
(3.5
)uds
r(3.
2)rg
r(2.
3)[6
4.3]
0.42
80.
517
161.
029
.0R
esig
nat
ion
bec
ause
of l
ack
of
par
liam
enta
ry s
up
por
t by
rad,
uds
r, r
s,
rgr,
ipas
Pflim
in (m
rp)
14.0
5.58
-28.
05.5
8m
rp(1
3.9)
rad(
9.7)
uds
r(3.
2)rg
r(2.
3)[2
9.1]
0.00
00.
000
14.0
4.0
Poli
tica
l cri
sis,
De
Gau
lle
spee
ch
De
Gau
lle
(in
d.)
01.0
6.58
-08.
01.5
9ip
as(1
5.9)
sfio(
15.8
)mrp
(13.
9)ra
d(9.
7)rs
(3.5
)uds
r(3.
2)rg
r(2.
3)[6
4.3]
0.42
80.
547
222.
00.
0In
stit
uti
onal
ref
orm
. De
Gau
lle
beco
me
Hea
d o
f Sta
te o
f V
Rep
ubb
lic
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.16
50.
173
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.30
2
38
FRA
NC
E, V
REP
UB
LIC
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Deb
ré (g
aull
/un
r)08
.01.
59-1
4.04
.62
gau
ll(4
2.7)
rsp
(5)m
rp(1
2.3)
ind(
28.7
)[88
.7]
0.00
00.
000
1193
.01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
07.0
1.62
el
ecti
ons
Pom
pid
ou (s
.p.)
15.0
4.62
-15.
05.6
2u
nr(
48.9
)mrp
(7.9
)in
d(3.
8)[6
0.6]
0.00
00.
000
31.0
1.0
Parl
iam
enta
ry d
efea
t
Pom
pid
ou I
I16
.05.
62-0
6.10
.62
un
r(48
.9)i
nd(
3.8)
[52.
7]0.
000
0.00
014
4.0
60.0
Parl
iam
enta
ry d
efea
ted
on c
onst
itu
tion
al
refo
rm
Pom
pid
ou I
II06
.12.
62-0
8.01
.66
un
r(48
.9)i
nd(
3.8)
[52.
7]0.
000
0.00
011
30.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e el
ecti
on o
f th
e H
ead
of S
tate
Pom
pid
ou I
V09
.01.
66-0
1.04
.67
un
r(48
.9)i
nd(
3.8)
[52.
7]0.
000
0.00
044
7.0
7.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 19
67
elec
tion
s
Pom
pid
ou V
08.0
4.67
-30.
05.6
8u
nr(
40.6
)vre
p(8
.7)[
49.3
]0.
500
0.17
641
9.0
1.0
Parl
iam
ent d
isso
luti
on b
y H
ead
of S
tate
Pom
pid
ou V
I31
.05.
68-1
0.07
.68
vrep
(8.7
)[8.
7]0.
000
0.00
041
.02.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
earl
y el
ecti
ons
in 1
968
Cou
ve d
e M
uev
ille
(u
dr)
12.0
7.68
-20.
06.6
9u
dr(6
0)in
d(13
.6)[
73.6
]1.
000
1.00
034
4.0
2.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
elec
tion
of
the
Hea
d of
Sta
te
Ch
aban
-Del
mas
(u
dr)
22.0
6.69
-05.
07.7
2u
dr(6
0)p
dm(5
.6)i
nd(
13.6
)[7
9.2]
0.33
30.
070
1110
.01.
0In
tern
al c
risi
s of
De
Gau
lle’
s p
arty
Mes
smer
(udr
)06
.07.
72-2
8.03
.73
n.c
.0.
000
0.00
026
6.0
8.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 19
73
elec
tion
s
39Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Mes
smer
II
05.0
4.73
-27.
02.7
4u
dr(3
7.9)
cdp
(4.4
)in
d(11
.5)
[53.
8]0.
333
0.08
132
9.0
2.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
resh
uffl
e
Mes
smer
III
01.0
3.74
-27.
05.7
4u
dr(3
7.9)
cdp
(4.4
)in
d(11
.5)
[53.
8]0.
000
0.00
088
.01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
elec
tion
of
the
Hea
d of
Sta
te
Ch
irac
(udr
)28
.05.
74-2
5.08
.76
udr
(37.
9)cd
p(4
.4)i
nd(
11.5
)re
f(6.
4)[6
0.2]
0.25
00.
106
821.
02.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
pre
side
nti
al c
onfl
ict
Bar
re (s
.p.)
27.0
8.76
-28.
03.7
7u
dr(3
7.9)
cds(
4.4)
ind(
11.5
)ra
d(2.
3)[5
6.1]
0.50
00.
040
214.
02.
0C
oali
tion
bre
akdo
wn
Bar
re I
I30
.03.
77-3
1.03
.78
udr
(37.
9)cd
s(4.
4)in
d(11
.5)
rad(
2.3)
[56.
1]0.
000
0.00
036
6.0
4.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 19
78
elec
tion
s
Bar
re (u
df) I
II05
.04.
78-1
3.05
.81
udf
(25.
3)rp
r(28
.9)[
54.2
]1.
000
1.00
011
36.0
9.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
elec
tion
of
the
Hea
d of
Sta
te
Mau
roy
(psf
)22
.05.
81-2
2.06
.81
psf
[23.
4]1.
000
1.00
032
.01.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
1981
ele
ctio
ns
Mau
roy
II23
.06.
81-2
2.03
.83
psf
(54.
6)p
cf(8
.8)[
63.4
]0.
500
0.13
863
6.0
1.0
Inte
rven
tion
by
Hea
d of
Sta
te
Mau
roy
III
23.0
3.83
-17.
07.8
4p
sf(5
4.6)
pcf
(8.8
)[63
.4]
0.00
00.
000
481.
02.
0C
oali
tion
cri
sis
brou
ght a
bou
t by
the
Com
mu
nis
ts w
ith
draw
al
Fabi
us
(psf
)19
.07.
84-1
7.03
.86
psf
(54.
6)[5
4.6]
0.00
00.
000
606.
01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
1986
ele
ctio
ns.
Th
e So
cial
ists
lose
p
arli
amen
tary
maj
orit
y
Ch
irac
(rp
r) I
I20
.03.
86-1
0.05
.88
rpr(
28.9
)udf
(22.
7)[5
1.6]
1.00
01.
000
416.
02.
0Pr
esid
enti
al e
lect
ion
s. M
itte
ran
d co
nfi
rmed
Roc
ard
(psf
)12
.05.
88-1
4.06
.88
psf
(46.
7)[4
6.7]
1.00
01.
000
34.0
15.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 19
88
elec
tion
s
Roc
ard
II28
.06.
88-1
5.05
.91
psf
(45)
mrg
(1.6
)rad
(1.2
)[47
.8]
0.66
60.
058
1052
.01.
0M
anda
te r
esig
nat
ion
by
Mit
tera
nd
Cre
sson
(psf
)16
.05.
91-0
1.04
.92
psf
(45)
[45]
0.00
00.
000
321.
01.
0n
.a.
40
Bér
égov
oy (p
sf)
02.0
4.92
-28.
03.9
3p
sf(4
5)[4
5]0.
000
0.00
036
0.0
2.0
n.a
.
Bal
ladu
r (r
pr)
30.0
3.93
-10.
05.9
5rp
r(42
.8)u
df-c
dsp
r(36
.9)[
79.7
]1.
000
1.00
077
1.0
8.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e el
ecti
on o
f th
e H
ead
of S
tate
Jup
pé
(rp
r)18
.05.
95-0
7.10
.95
rpr(
42.8
)udf
-cds
pr(
36.9
)[79
.7]
0.00
00.
000
143.
00.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
an
d su
bseq
uen
t re
shu
ffle
for
intr
a-co
alit
ion
con
flic
t. Ju
pp
é II
’s g
over
nm
ent
Jup
pé
IIot
t.95
-26.
05.9
7 r
pr(
42.8
)udf
-cds
pr(
36.9
)[79
.7]
0.00
00.
000
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
s de
feat
at
the
firs
t vot
e in
25.
05.9
7
Josp
in (p
s)04
.06.
97-0
6.05
.02
pcf
(6.6
)ps(
47.5
)ver
di(1
.2)
[55.
3]1.
000
1.00
017
97.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
Hea
d of
Sat
e’s
elec
tion
s d
efea
t. C
hir
ac c
onfi
rmed
. El
ecti
ons
in
09-1
6. 0
6. 0
2
Raf
fari
n I
(rp
r)06
.05.
02-1
7.06
.02
um
p(6
1.9)
udf
(5)a
ltri
(2.4
)[6
9.3]
1.00
01.
000
41.0
0.0
n.a
.
Raf
fari
n I
I (r
pr)
17.0
6.02
-30.
03.0
4u
mp
(61.
9)u
df(5
)alt
ri(2
.4)
[69.
3]0.
000
0.00
065
3.0
1.0
n.a
.
Raf
fari
n I
II (r
pr)
um
p31
.03.
04-3
0.05
.05
um
p(6
1.9)
udf
(5)a
ltri
(2.4
)[6
9.3]
0.00
00.
000
424.
01.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er r
efer
endu
m d
efea
t on
Eu
rop
ean
Con
stit
uti
on
De
Vil
lep
in (r
pr)
um
p31
.05.
05-1
5.05
.07
um
p(6
1.9)
udf
(5)a
ltri
(2.4
)[6
9.3]
0.00
00.
000
714.
03.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
pre
side
nti
al e
lect
ion
s in
20
07. E
lect
ion
s in
10-
17.0
6.07
Fill
on I
(rp
r)u
mp
18.0
5.07
-18.
06.0
7u
mp
(54.
2)n
c n
ouve
au
cen
tre(
3.8)
mp
f mou
vem
ent
pou
r la
fran
ce(0
.1)[
58.1
]0.
666
0.06
730
.01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
2007
el
ecti
ons
Fill
on I
I19
.06.
07-1
3.11
.10
um
p(4
6.36
)nc
nou
veau
ce
ntr
e(2.
12)o
ther
s(1.
17)
[49.
65]
0.00
00.
023
1239
.00.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
an
d su
bseq
uen
t re
shu
ffle
for
intr
a-co
alit
ion
con
flic
t
Fill
on I
II13
.11.
10-1
5.05
.12
um
p(4
6.36
)nc
nou
veau
ce
ntr
e(2.
12)o
ther
s(1.
17)
[49.
65]
0.00
00.
000
577.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
pre
side
nti
al e
lect
ion
s in
20
12
Ayr
ault
I15
.05.
12-1
8.06
.12
ps(
40.9
1)ee
lv(3
.60)
prg
(2.3
4)fg
(1.0
8)ot
her
s(3.
08)[
50.9
9]1.
000
1.00
033
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
2012
el
ecti
ons
41Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Ayr
ault
II
18.0
6.12
-31.
03.1
4p
s(40
.91)
eelv
(3.6
0)p
rg(2
.34)
fg(1
.08)
oth
ers(
3.08
)[50
.99]
0.00
00.
000
651.
00.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e de
feat
of
the
left
in lo
cal e
lect
ion
s in
201
4
Val
ls01
.04.
14-
ps(
40.9
1) p
rg(2
.34)
[43.
25]
0.00
00.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.34
40.
256
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.54
2
42
GER
MA
NY
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Ad
enau
er I
(cdu
)20
.09.
49-0
9.10
.53
cdu
/csu
(34.
6)dp
(4.2
)fdp
(12.
9)[5
1.7]
0.00
00.
000
1479
.011
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
06.0
9.53
el
ecti
ons
Ad
enau
er I
I20
.10.
53-2
2.10
.57
cdu
/csu
(49.
9)dp
(3.1
)bh
e(5.
5)fd
p(9
.9)[
68.4
]0.
250
0.22
514
61.0
2.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 15
.09.
57
elec
tion
s
Ad
enau
er I
II24
.10.
57-0
6.11
.61
cdu
/csu
(57.
7)dp
(3.4
)[61
.1]
0.00
00.
000
1473
.08.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
17.0
9.61
el
ecti
ons
Ad
enau
er I
V14
.11.
61-1
1.10
.63
cdu
/csu
(48.
5)fd
p(1
3.4)
[61.
9]0.
500
0.21
669
6.0
6.0
Res
ign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r fo
r h
ealt
h
Erh
ard
I (c
du)
17.1
0.63
-20.
10.6
5cd
u/c
su(4
8.5)
fdp
(13.
4)[6
1.9]
0.00
00.
000
733.
06.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
19.0
9.65
el
ecti
ons
Erh
ard
II
26.1
0.65
-01.
12.6
6cd
u/c
su(4
9.4)
fdp
(9.9
)[59
.3]
0.00
00.
000
401.
00.
0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n
Kle
sin
ger
(cdu
)01
.12.
66-2
0.10
.69
cdu
/csu
(49.
4)sp
d(40
.7)[
90.1
]0.
500
0.45
110
53.0
19.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 28
.09.
69
elec
tion
s
Bra
nd
t I (s
pd)
21.1
0.69
-13.
12.7
2sp
d(45
.2)f
dp(6
)[51
.2]
0.50
00.
117
1148
.019
.0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce.
Bra
nd
t II
14.1
2.72
-06.
05.7
4sp
d(46
.4)f
dp(8
.2)[
54.6
]0.
000
0.00
050
8.0
10.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
s a
con
sequ
ence
of t
he
pol
itic
al s
can
dals
Sch
mid
t I (s
pd)
16.0
5.74
-14.
12.7
6sp
d(46
.4)f
dp(8
.2)[
54.6
]0.
000
0.00
094
2.0
2.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 08
.10.
76
elec
tion
s
43Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Sch
mid
t II
16.1
2.76
-05.
10.8
0sp
d(43
.1)f
dp(7
.9)[
51]
0.00
00.
000
1388
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
05.1
0.80
el
ecti
ons
Sch
mid
t III
05.1
0.80
-17.
09.8
2sp
d(49
.9)f
dp(1
0.6)
[60.
5]0.
000
0.00
071
2.0
17.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
. No
con
fide
nce
vo
te
Koh
l I (c
du)
04.1
0.82
-10.
03.8
3cd
u/c
su(4
5.5)
fdp
(10.
6)[5
6.1]
0.50
00.
811
157.
01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
06.0
3.83
el
ecti
ons
Koh
l II
11.0
3.83
-10.
03.8
7cd
u/c
su(4
9)fd
p(6
.8)[
55.8
]0.
000
0.00
014
62.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 25
.01.
87
elec
tion
s
Koh
l III
11.0
3.87
-16.
01.9
0cd
u/c
su(4
4.9)
fdp
(9.2
)[54
.1]
0.00
00.
000
1406
.01.
0G
erm
an r
eun
ifica
tion
Oct
ober
199
0. N
ew
elec
tion
s in
02.
12.9
0
Koh
l IV
17.0
1.90
-15.
11.9
4cs
u/c
du(4
8.2)
fdp
(11.
9)[6
0.1]
0.00
00.
000
1763
.01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
16.1
0.94
el
ecti
ons
Koh
l V16
.10.
94-2
7.09
.98
csu
/cdu
(44.
4)fd
p(6
.9)[
51.3
]0.
000
0.00
014
41.0
1.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
pol
itic
al d
efea
t in
27
.09.
98
Shro
eder
I (s
pd)
28.1
0.98
-22.
10.0
2sp
d(44
.5)v
(7)[
51.5
]1.
000
1.00
014
54.0
0.0
“Red
-Gre
en”
coal
itio
n. F
orm
al r
esig
nat
ion
af
ter
the
27.0
9.02
ele
ctio
ns
Shro
eder
II
(sp
d)22
.10.
02-1
8.10
.05
spd(
41.6
)v(9
.1)[
50.7
]0.
000
0.00
010
91.0
34.0
Res
ign
atio
n b
ecau
se o
f lac
k of
p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort.
Ear
ly e
lect
ion
in
18.0
9.05
Mer
kl I
22.1
1.05
-28.
10.0
9cd
u(3
6.8)
spd(
36.2
)[73
]0.
500
0.50
414
36.0
0.0
Big
coa
liti
on. E
lect
ion
s in
27.
09.0
9
Mer
kl I
I28
.10.
09-1
7.12
.13
cdu
(38.
4)fp
d(15
)[53
.4]
0.50
00.
280
1145
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
22.0
9.13
el
ecti
ons
Mer
kl I
II17
.12.
13-
Cdu
(40.
5)cs
u(8
.9)s
pd(
30.5
)[7
9.9]
0.66
60.
493
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.23
40.
195
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.45
5
44
GR
EEC
E
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Kos
tan
tin
os
Kar
aman
lis
(nd)
21.1
1.74
-27.
11.7
7n
d(73
.3)[
73.3
]0.
000
0.00
011
01.0
1.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
ear
ly e
lect
ion
s in
20.
11.7
7
Kos
tan
tin
os
Kar
aman
lis
II28
.11.
77-0
6.05
.80
nd(
57.3
)[57
.3]
0.00
00.
000
890.
03.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er P
rim
e M
inis
ter’
s el
ecti
ons
for
Hea
d of
Sta
te
Ral
lis
(nd)
09.0
5.80
-19.
10.8
1n
d(58
.3)[
58.3
]0.
000
0.00
052
8.0
2.0
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r el
ecto
ral d
efea
t. E
lect
ion
s in
18.
10.8
1
A. P
apan
dreo
u I
(p
asok
)21
.10.
81-0
4.06
.85
pas
ok(5
7.3)
[57.
3]1.
000
1.00
013
21.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 02
.06.
85
elec
tion
s
A. P
apan
dreo
u I
I (p
asok
)05
.06.
85-1
9.06
.89
pas
ok(5
3.7)
[53.
7]0.
000
0.00
014
73.0
14.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
ele
ctor
al d
efea
t in
18
.06.
89 a
nd
pol
itic
al s
can
dals
Tzan
net
akis
(nd)
02.0
7.89
-07.
10.8
9n
d(48
.3)k
ke(9
.3)[
57.6
]1.
000
1.00
097
.047
.0R
esig
nat
ion
for
earl
y el
ecti
ons
in 0
5.11
.89
Zolo
tas
(nd)
23.1
1.89
-12.
02.9
0n
d(49
.3)p
asok
(42.
7)kk
e(7)
[99]
0.33
30.
431
82.0
1.0
Intr
a-co
alit
ion
con
flic
t; r
esig
nat
ion
of a
ll
com
pon
ents
Zolo
tas
II13
.02.
90-1
0.04
.90
care
take
r go
vern
men
t so
sten
uto
dag
li s
tess
i tre
p
arti
ti0.
000
0.00
056
.01.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
earl
y el
ecti
ons
in 0
8.04
.90
Mit
sota
kis
(nd)
11.0
4.90
-02.
12.9
2n
d(50
.1)[
50.1
]0.
000
0.00
096
5.0
1.0
Inte
rnal
con
flic
t bro
ugh
t by
nd
abou
t by
dis
agre
emen
ts o
ver
the
Poli
tica
l Eco
nom
y
45Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Mit
sota
kis
II03
.12.
92-1
1.10
.93
idem
0.00
00.
000
312.
02.
0In
tern
al c
onfl
ict i
n n
d. E
arly
ele
ctio
ns
in
10.1
0.93
, won
by
Paso
k. P
apan
dreo
u I
II
13.1
1.93
A. P
apan
dreo
u I
II
(pas
ok)
13.1
0.93
-16.
01.9
6p
asok
(56.
7)[5
6.7]
1.00
01.
000
824.
02.
0R
esig
nat
ion
of t
he
Prim
e M
inis
ter
for
hea
lth
. He
dies
in 2
3.06
.199
6
Sim
its
I (p
asok
)18
.01.
96-2
2.09
.96
pas
ok (5
6.7)
[56.
7]0.
000
0.00
024
4.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 22
.09.
96
elec
tion
s
Sim
itis
II
(pas
ok)
23.0
9.96
-09.
04.0
0p
asok
(54)
[54]
0.00
00.
000
1296
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
09.0
4.00
el
ecti
ons
Sim
its
III
(pas
ok)
09.0
4.00
-10.
03.0
4p
asok
(52.
7)[5
2.7]
0.00
00.
000
1431
.00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er t
he
07.0
3.04
ele
ctio
ns
Kos
tas
Kar
aman
lis
I (n
d)10
.03.
04-1
6.09
.07
nd(
55)[
55]
1.00
01.
000
1281
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
16.0
9.07
el
ecti
ons,
nd
won
152
sea
ts
Kos
tas
Kar
aman
lis
II (n
d)16
.09.
07-0
6.10
.09
nd(
51)[
51]
0.00
00.
000
750.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 04
.10.
09 e
lect
ion
s.
Elec
tora
l def
eat
G. P
apan
dreo
u I
(p
asok
)06
.10.
09-1
0.11
.11
pas
ok (5
3.3)
[53.
3]1.
000
1.00
077
01.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e de
bit c
risi
s
L. P
apad
emos
11.1
1.11
-16.
05.1
2G
over
nm
ent o
f nat
ion
al
un
ity
--
185.
00.
0G
over
nm
ent o
f nat
ion
al u
nit
y in
res
pon
se
to th
e de
bt c
risi
s
P. P
ikra
mm
enos
16.0
5.12
-20.
06.1
2n
one
--
34.0
0.0
Tran
siti
onal
gov
ern
men
t
A.S
amar
as20
.06.
12-2
6.01
.15
Nd(
29.6
6)sy
riza
(26.
89)
pas
ok(1
2.28
)[68
.83]
0.66
61.
000
879.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 25
.01.
15 e
lect
ion
s
Tsip
ras
I26
.01.
15-2
7.08
.15
Syri
za(3
6.34
)an
el(4
.75)
[41.
15]
0.50
00.
115
177.
00.
0
Elec
ted
on a
nti
-au
ster
ity
pla
tfor
m.
An
nou
nce
d th
e G
reek
bai
lou
t ref
eren
dum
, si
gned
the
Thir
d ba
ilou
t agr
eem
ent.
R
esig
ned
du
e to
reb
elli
on o
f SYR
IZA
MPs
op
pos
ing
the
agre
emen
t
Ch
rist
oph
ilou
27.0
8.15
-21.
09.1
5C
arat
eker
gov
ern
men
t0.
000
0.00
024
.00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
earl
y el
ecti
ons
in 2
0.09
.15
46
Tsip
ras
II21
.09.
15-
Syri
za(3
5.46
)an
el(3
.69)
[39.
15]
1.00
01.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.38
60.
342
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.83
8
47Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
HU
NG
AR
Y
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
An
tall
(mdf
)23
.05.
90-2
0.12
.93
mdf
(42.
5)fk
gp(1
1.4)
kdn
p(5
.4)
[59.
3]0.
000
0.00
013
02.0
1.0
Prim
e M
inis
ter’
s de
ath
Bor
oss
(mdf
)21
.12.
93-1
4.07
.94
mdf
(42.
5)fk
gp(1
1.4)
kdn
p(5
.4)
[59.
3]0.
000
0.00
020
8.0
1.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
elec
tion
s
Hrn
(msz
p)
15.0
7.94
-05.
07.9
8m
szp
(54.
1)sz
dsz(
17.9
)[72
]1.
000
1.00
014
50.0
2.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
elec
tion
s
Orb
an I
(fide
sz)
07.0
7.98
-26.
05.0
2fi
desz
(38.
3)fk
gp(1
2.4)
mdf
(4.4
)[55
.1]
1.00
01.
000
1419
.01.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e el
ecti
ons
Med
gyes
sy (m
szp
)27
.05.
02-2
5.08
.04
msz
p(4
6.1)
szds
z(5.
2)[5
1.3]
1.00
01.
000
878.
04.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er c
onfl
ict w
ith
sz
dsz
Gyu
rcsá
ny
I (m
szp
)29
.09.
04-2
3.04
.06
msz
p(4
6.1)
szds
z(5.
2)[5
1.3]
0.00
00.
000
583.
01.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er t
he
elec
tion
s
Gyu
rcsá
ny
II
(msz
p)
24.0
4.06
-14.
04.0
9m
szp
(42.
5)sz
dsz(
6.2)
[48.
7]0.
000
0.00
010
85.0
1.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
Par
liam
enta
ry
no
con
fide
nce
vot
e
Gor
don
Baj
nai
(m
szp
)15
.04.
09-2
8.05
.10
msz
p(4
2.5)
szds
z(6.
2)[4
8.7]
0.00
00.
000
408.
01.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e el
ecti
ons
Orb
an I
I (fi
desz
)29
.05.
10-0
6.06
.14
fide
sz(6
7.9)
[67.
9]1.
000
1.00
014
52.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
th
e el
ecti
ons
in 0
6.04
.14
48
Orb
an I
II (fi
des
z)06
.06.
14-
fide
sz(6
6.83
)[66
.83]
0.00
00.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.45
00.
450
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
1.00
0
49Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
IREL
AN
D
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Cos
tell
o (f
g)18
.02.
48-1
2.06
.51
fg(2
1)la
b(9.
5)cn
t(8.
8)cn
p(6
.8)
[46.
1]0.
000
0.00
012
11.0
1.0
Res
ign
atio
n b
ecau
se o
f lac
k of
p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort
Val
era
(ff)
13.0
6.51
-01.
06.5
4ff
(46.
9)[4
6.9]
1.00
01.
000
1084
.01.
0R
esig
nat
ion
bec
ause
of l
ack
of
par
liam
enta
ry s
up
por
t
Cos
tell
o II
02.0
6.54
-19.
03.5
7fg
(34)
lab(
12.9
)cn
t(3.
4)[5
0.3]
1.00
01.
000
1022
.01.
0R
esig
nat
ion
of t
he
Prim
e M
inis
ter
for
hea
lth
rea
son
s
Val
era
II20
.03.
57-1
7.06
.59
ff(5
3)[5
3]1.
000
1.00
082
0.0
5.0
Prim
e M
inis
ter
volu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
Lem
ass
(ff)
23.0
6.59
-10.
10.6
1ff
(53)
[53]
0.00
00.
000
842.
01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
04.1
0.61
el
ecti
ons
Lem
ass
II11
.10.
61-2
0.04
.65
ff(4
8.6)
[48.
6]0.
000
0.00
012
88.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 07
.04.
65
elec
tion
s
Lem
ass
III
21.0
4.65
-08.
11.6
6ff
(50)
[50]
0.00
00.
000
568.
02.
0R
esig
nat
ion
of t
he
Prim
e M
inis
ter
for
hea
lth
rea
son
s
Lyn
ch (f
f)10
.11.
66-0
1.07
.69
ff(5
0)[5
0]0.
000
0.00
096
5.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 18
.06.
69
elec
tion
s
Lyn
ch I
I02
.07.
69-1
3.03
.73
ff(5
2.1)
[52.
1]0.
000
0.00
013
51.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 28
.02.
73
elec
tion
s
Cos
grav
e (f
g)14
.03.
73-0
4.07
.77
fg(3
7.5)
lab(
12.2
)[50
.7]
1.00
01.
000
1570
.01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
16.0
6.77
el
ecti
ons
50
Lyn
ch I
II05
.07.
77-0
5.12
.79
fg(6
0.1)
[60.
1]0.
000
0.00
088
4.0
6.0
Prim
e M
inis
ter’
s vo
lun
tary
res
ign
atio
n
Hau
ghey
(ff)
11.1
2-79
-29.
06.8
1ff
(56.
8)[5
6.8]
1.00
01.
000
567.
01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
11.0
6.81
el
ecti
ons
Fitz
gera
ld (f
g)30
.06.
81-2
7.01
.82
fg(4
3.9)
lab(
10.1
)[54
]1.
000
1.00
021
2.0
40.0
Parl
iam
enta
ry d
efea
t. R
esig
nat
ion
be
cau
se o
f lac
k of
par
liam
enta
ry s
up
por
t
Hau
ghey
II
09.0
3.82
-13.
12.8
2ff
(54.
7)[5
4.7]
1.00
01.
000
279.
01.
0Pa
rlia
men
tary
def
eat.
Res
ign
atio
n
beca
use
of l
ack
of p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort.
Ea
rly
elec
tion
s in
Nov
embe
r 1
982
Fitz
gera
ld I
I14
.12.
82-2
0.01
.87
fg(4
7.3)
lab(
10.8
)[58
.1]
1.00
01.
000
1499
.048
.0In
tra-
coal
itio
n c
risi
s
Hau
ghey
III
10.0
3.87
-11.
07.8
9ff
(54.
7)[5
4.7]
1.00
01.
000
854.
01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
15.0
5.89
el
ecti
ons
Hau
ghey
IV
12.0
7.89
-06.
02.9
2ff
(52)
pd(
4)[5
6]0.
500
0.07
193
8.0
5.0
Prim
e M
inis
ter’
s vo
lun
tary
res
ign
atio
n
Rey
nol
ds I
(ff)
11.0
2.92
-05.
11.9
2ff
(52)
pd(
4)[5
6]0.
000
0.00
027
3.0
67.0
Parl
iam
enta
ry d
efea
t. E
lect
ion
s in
25.
11.9
2
Rey
nol
ds I
I (f
f)12
.01.
93-1
7.11
.94
ff(4
0.9)
lab(
19.8
)[60
.7]
0.50
00.
326
675.
028
.0In
tra-
coal
itio
n c
risi
s br
ough
t abo
ut b
y th
e la
b w
ith
draw
al
Bru
ton
(fg)
15.1
2.94
-15.
05.9
7la
b(19
.8)f
g(27
.1)p
d(6)
[52.
9]0.
666
0.62
513
05.0
41.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 06
.06.
97
elec
tion
s
Ah
ern
I (f
f)26
.06.
97-0
8.05
.02
ff(4
6.4)
pd(
2.4)
ind(
3.6)
[52.
4]0.
666
0.95
417
77.0
7.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 17
.05.
02
elec
tion
s
Ah
ern
II
(ff)
18.0
5.02
-24.
05.0
7ff
(48.
8)p
d(4.
8)[5
3.6]
0.00
00.
000
1831
.01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
24.0
5.07
el
ecti
ons
Ah
ern
III
(ff)
25.0
5.07
-06.
05.2
008
ff(4
6.6)
pd(
1.2)
verd
i(3.
6)in
d td
(3)[
54.4
]0.
500
0.12
134
6.0
1.0
“Rai
nbo
w c
oali
tion
”. V
olu
nta
ry
resi
gnat
ion
for
pre
ssu
res
for
alle
ged
scan
dals
Cow
en (f
f)07
.05.
08-0
9.03
.11
ff(4
6.6)
pd(
1.2)
verd
i(3.
6)in
d td
(3)[
54.4
]0.
000
0.00
010
32.0
0.0
Intr
a-co
alit
ion
cri
sis
51Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Ken
ny
I09
.03.
11-
fg(3
6.1)
lab(
19.4
)[55
.5]
1.00
01.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.53
40.
504
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.80
6
52
ITA
LY
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
De
Gas
per
i II
(dc)
14.0
7.46
-20.
01.4
7dc
(37.
2)p
ci(1
8.1)
psi
(20.
7)p
ri(4
.1)p
li(7
.4)[
88.1
]n
.a.
0.00
019
1.0
14.0
Con
stit
uti
onal
gov
ern
men
t. S
up
por
t re
sign
atio
n b
y th
e Ps
i
De
Gas
per
i III
02.0
2.47
-13.
05.4
7dc
(37.
2)p
ci(1
8.7)
psi
(13.
9)[6
9.5]
n.a
.0.
000
100.
019
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n b
rou
ght a
bou
t by
the
Pci a
nd
Psi w
ith
draw
al
De
Gas
per
i IV
-IV
bi
s31
.05.
47-2
3.05
.48
dc(3
7.2)
pli
(7.4
)[44
.6]d
c.p
li.
psd
i(7.
2)p
ri(4
.1)[
55.9
]bis
n.a
.0.
000
356.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
Hea
d of
Sta
te
elec
tion
s
De
Gas
per
i V23
.05.
48-1
2.01
.50
dc(5
3.0)
psd
i(5.
7)p
ri(1
.6)
pli
(3.4
)[63
.7]
0.00
00.
000
559.
015
.0C
olla
bora
tion
res
ign
atio
n b
y th
e Pl
i
De
Gas
per
i VI-
VI
bis
27.0
1.50
-16.
07.5
1dc
(53)
psd
i(5.
7)p
ri(1
.6)
[60.
3{63
.7p
li}]
dc.p
ri[5
5]bi
s0.
000
0.00
053
5.0
10.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
for
dc in
tern
al
cris
is
De
Gas
per
i VII
26.0
7.51
-29.
06.5
3dc
(53)
pri
(1.6
)[54
.6{6
3.7
psd
i.p
li}]
0.00
00.
000
704.
017
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
07.0
6.53
el
ecti
ons
De
Gas
per
i VII
I16
.07.
53-2
8.07
.53
dc(4
4.6)
[44.
6{45
.4p
ri.a
.psd
i.a.p
li}]
0.00
00.
000
12.0
20.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
.
Pell
a (d
c)17
.08.
53-0
5.01
.54
dc(4
4.6)
[44.
6{54
.4 p
ri.p
li.
pn
m.a
.msi
}]0.
000
0.00
014
1.0
13.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
for
dc in
tern
al
cris
is
Fan
fan
i I (d
c)18
.01.
54-3
0.01
.54
dc(4
4.6)
[44.
6{a.
psd
i.a.p
ri}]
0.00
00.
000
12.0
11.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
.
Scel
ba (d
c)10
.02.
54-2
2.06
.55
dc(4
4.6)
psd
i(3.
2)p
li(2
.2)
[50{
50.8
pri
}]0.
666
0.10
843
7.0
14.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
for
dc in
tern
al
cris
is
53Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Segn
i I (d
c)06
.07.
55-0
6.05
.57
dc(4
4.6)
psd
i(3.
3)p
li(2
.2)
[50{
50.8
pri
. a.p
nm
}]0.
000
0.00
067
0.0
13.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
bro
ugh
t abo
ut b
y th
e p
ri a
nd
psd
i wit
hdr
awal
Zoli
(dc)
20.0
5.57
-19.
06.5
8dc
(44.
6)[4
4.6{
56.3
msi
.pn
m.
pm
p.a.
pri
.a.p
li}]
0.00
00.
000
395.
012
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
1958
el
ecti
ons
Fan
fan
i II
01.0
7.58
-26.
01.5
9dc
(45.
8)p
sdi(
3.8)
[49.
6{50
.6p
ri}]
0.50
00.
076
209.
020
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n fo
r dc
inte
rnal
cr
isis
Segn
i II
15.0
2.59
-24.
02.6
0dc
(45.
8)[4
5.8{
57p
li.p
mp.
msi
}]0.
000
0.00
037
4.0
30.0
Part
ner
ship
res
ign
atio
n b
y th
e p
li
Tam
bron
i (dc
)25
.03.
60-1
9.07
.60
dc(4
5.8)
[45.
8{57
pli
.pn
m.
msi
}]0.
000
0.00
011
6.0
7.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
for
exte
nti
on
Fan
fan
i III
26.0
7.60
-02.
02.6
2dc
(45.
8)[4
5.8{
50.6
psd
i.p
ri.a
.psi
}]0.
000
0.00
055
5.0
19.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
for
exte
nti
on
Fan
fan
i IV
21.0
2.62
-16.
05.6
3dc
(45.
8)p
sdi(
3.8)
pri
(1)[
50.6
{a.
psi
}]0.
666
0.09
444
9.0
36.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 28
.04.
63
elec
tion
s
Leon
e I
(dc)
21.0
6.63
-05.
11.6
3dc
(41.
3)[4
1.3{
a.p
si.a
.psd
i.a.p
ri.a
.pdi
um
}]0.
000
0.00
013
7.0
29.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
for
exte
nti
on
Mor
o I
(dc)
04.1
2.63
-26.
06.6
4dc
(41.
3)p
si(1
3.9)
psd
i(5.
3)p
ri(1
)[61
.5]
0.75
00.
328
205.
026
.0Pa
rlia
men
tary
def
eat b
rou
ght a
bou
t by
dis
agre
emen
ts o
ver
the
Cat
hol
ic s
choo
l p
olic
y by
dc
par
tner
s
Mor
o II
22.0
7.64
-21.
01.6
6dc
(41.
3)p
si(1
0.3)
psd
i(5.
3)p
ri(1
)[57
.9]
0.00
00.
000
548.
033
.0
Parl
iam
enta
ry d
efea
t bro
ugh
t abo
ut
by d
isag
reem
ents
ove
r th
e p
ubl
ic
kin
der
gart
en p
olic
y. C
olla
bora
tion
re
sign
atio
n b
y th
e dc
Mor
o II
I23
.02.
66-0
5.06
.68
dc(4
1.3)
psi
(10.
3)p
sdi(
5.3)
pri
(1)[
57.9
]0.
000
0.00
083
3.0
19.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 19
.05.
68
elec
tion
s
Leon
e II
25.0
6.68
-19.
11.6
8dc
(42.
3)[4
2.3{
58.6
psu
.pri
}]0.
000
0.00
014
8.0
23.0
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r p
artn
ersh
ip e
nla
rgem
ent
Ru
mor
I (d
c)13
.12.
68-0
5.07
.69
dc(4
2.3)
psu
(14.
5)p
ri(1
.4)
[58.
6]0.
666
0.27
120
5.0
31.0
Part
ner
ship
res
ign
atio
n b
y th
e p
su;
Bre
acku
p p
si/p
sdi
Ru
mor
II
05.0
8.68
-07.
02.7
0dc
(42.
3)[4
2.3{
58.6
psi
.psd
i.p
ri}]
0.00
00.
000
186.
048
.0R
esig
nat
ion
for
par
tner
ship
en
larg
emen
t
54
Ru
mor
III
27.0
3.70
-06.
07.7
0dc
(42.
3)p
si(9
.8)p
sdi(
4.7)
pri
(1.4
)[58
.6]
0.75
00.
271
101.
031
.0C
oali
tion
bre
ak d
own
Col
ombo
(dc)
06.0
8.70
-15.
01.7
2dc
(42.
3)p
si(9
.8)p
sdi(
4.7)
pri
(1.4
)[58
.6]
0.00
00.
000
527.
033
.0Pa
rtn
ersh
ip r
esig
nat
ion
by
the
pri
An
dreo
tti I
(dc)
17.0
2.72
-26.
02.7
2dc
(42.
3)[4
2.3{
53.3
psd
i.pri
.p
li}]
0.00
00.
000
9.0
121.
0N
o-co
nfi
den
ce v
ote
defe
at a
t Sen
ate;
Ear
ly
elec
tion
s in
07.
05.7
2
An
dreo
tti I
I26
.06.
72-1
2.06
.73
dc(4
2.4)
psd
i(4.
7)p
li(3
.3)
[50.
7{52
.9p
ri)]
0.66
60.
157
351.
025
.0R
esig
nat
ion
for
par
tner
ship
en
larg
emen
t
Ru
mor
IV
07.0
7.73
-02.
03.7
4dc
(42.
4)p
si(9
.7)p
sdi(
4.7)
pri
(2.2
)[59
]0.
500
0.20
123
8.0
12.0
Part
ner
ship
res
ign
atio
n b
y p
ri
Ru
mor
V14
.03.
74-0
3.10
.74
dc(4
2.4)
psi
(9.7
)psd
i(4.
7)[5
6.8{
59p
ri}]
0.00
00.
000
203.
051
.0Pa
rtn
ersh
ip r
esig
nat
ion
by
psd
i
Mor
o IV
23.1
1.74
-07.
01.7
6dc
(42.
4)p
ri(2
.2)[
44.6
{59p
si.
psd
i.a.p
li}]
0.50
00.
049
410.
036
.0Pa
rtn
ersh
ip r
esig
nat
ion
by
psi
Mor
o V
12.0
2.76
-30.
04.7
6dc
(42.
4)[4
2.4{
49.3
psd
i.p
ri.a
.psi
.a.p
li}]
0.00
00.
000
78.0
90.0
Earl
y Pa
rlia
men
t dis
solu
tion
. Ele
ctio
ns
in
20.0
6.76
An
dreo
tti I
II29
.07.
76-1
6.01
.78
dc(4
1.8)
[41.
8{a.
pci
.a.p
si.a
.psd
i.a.p
ri.a
.pli
}]0.
000
0.00
053
6.0
54.0
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r ex
ten
tion
of t
he
pci
su
pp
ort
An
dreo
tti I
V11
.03.
78-3
1.01
.79
dc(4
1.8)
[41.
8{92
.8p
ci.p
si.p
sdi.
pri
.pli
}]0.
000
0.00
032
6.0
48.0
Part
ner
ship
res
ign
atio
n b
y th
e p
ci
An
dreo
tti V
20.0
3.79
-31.
03.7
9dc
(41.
8)p
sdi(
2.4)
pri
(2.2
)[4
6.4]
0.66
60.
099
10.0
126.
0N
o co
nfi
den
ce v
ote
defe
at a
t Sen
ate;
Ear
ly
elec
tion
s in
197
9
Cos
siga
I (d
c)04
.08.
79-1
9.03
.80
dc(4
1.6)
psd
i(3.
2)p
li(1
.4)
[46.
2{a.
pri
}]0.
333
0.03
022
8.0
16.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
resh
uffl
e
Cos
siga
II
04.0
4.80
-27.
09.8
0dc
(41.
6)p
si(9
.8)p
ri(2
.5)[
53.9
]0.
666
0.22
817
8.0
22.0
Parl
iam
enta
ry d
efea
t bro
ugh
t abo
ut b
y d
isag
reem
ents
ove
r th
e Po
liti
cal E
con
omy
pol
icy
Forl
ani (
dc)
18.1
0.80
-06.
05.8
1dc
(41.
6)p
si(9
.8)p
sdi(
3.2)
pri
(2.5
)[57
.1]
0.25
00.
056
220.
053
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n fo
r p
olit
ical
sca
nda
l
Spad
olin
i I (p
ri)
28.0
6.81
-07.
08.8
2p
ri(2
.5)d
c(41
.6)p
si(9
.8)
psd
i(3.
2)p
li(1
.4)[
58.5
]0.
200
0.02
340
3.0
16.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
ak d
own
55Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Spad
olin
i II
23.0
8.82
-13.
11.8
2p
ri(2
.5)d
c(41
.6)p
si(9
.8)
psd
i(3.
2)p
li(1
.4)[
58.5
]0.
000
0.00
082
.018
.0C
oali
tion
cri
sis
brou
ght a
bou
t by
dis
agre
emen
ts o
ver
the
budg
etar
y p
olic
y by
the
psi
Fan
fan
i V01
.12.
82-2
9.04
.83
dc(4
1.6)
psi
(9.8
)psd
i(3.
2)p
li(1
.4)[
56]
0.00
00.
000
150.
097
.0Po
liti
cal s
up
por
t res
ign
atio
n b
y th
e p
si.
Earl
y el
ecti
ons
in 2
6.06
.83
Cra
xi I
(psi
)-C
raxi
I
bis
04.0
8.83
-03.
03.8
7p
si(1
1.6)
dc(3
5.7)
psd
i(3.
7)p
ri(4
.6)p
li(2
.5)[
58.1
]0.
200
0.07
913
04.0
45.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
ak d
own
; Par
tner
ship
re
sign
atio
n b
y th
e dc
Fan
fan
i VI
17.0
4.87
-28.
04.8
7dc
(35.
7)[3
5.7{
41.3
psi
}]0.
000
0.00
011
.091
.0D
efea
t on
no
con
fide
nce
vot
e. E
lect
ion
s in
14
.06.
87
Gor
ia (d
c)28
.07.
87-1
1.03
.88
dc(3
7.1)
psi
(14.
9)p
ri(3
.3)
psd
i(2.
7)p
li(1
.8)[
59.8
]0.
800
0.37
922
8.0
32.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
De
Mit
a (d
c)13
.04.
88-1
9.04
.198
9dc
(37.
1)p
si(1
4.9)
pri
(3.3
)p
sdi(
2.7)
pli
(1.8
)[59
.8]
0.00
00.
000
371.
094
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n. P
artn
ersh
ip
resi
gnat
ion
by
the
psi
An
dreo
tti V
I-V
I bi
s23
.07.
89-2
9.03
.91
dc(3
7.1)
psi
(14.
9)p
ri(3
.3)
psd
i(2.
7)p
li(1
.8)[
59.8
]0.
000
0.00
073
7.0
15.0
Five
min
iste
rs (d
c le
ft w
ing)
res
ign
ed o
n
26.0
7.90
bec
ause
of d
isag
reem
ent o
n a
la
w r
efor
min
g th
e TV
lece
nse
pol
icy.
On
27
.90
cabi
net
An
dreo
tti V
I bi
s sw
orn
in.
Subs
equ
ent f
all o
f th
e ca
bin
et fo
r co
nfl
ict
wit
h th
e Pr
esid
ent o
f th
e R
epu
blic
An
dreo
tti V
II13
.04.
91-2
4.04
.92
dc(3
7.1)
psi
(14.
9)p
sdi(
2.7)
pli
(1.8
)[56
.5]
0.00
00.
000
376.
066
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
05.0
4.92
el
ecti
ons
Am
ato
I (p
si)
28.0
6.92
-22.
04.9
3p
si(1
4.6)
dc(3
2.7)
psd
i(2.
5)p
li(2
.7)[
52.5
]0.
000
0.00
030
5.0
64.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
ref
eren
dum
in
18-
19.0
4.93
Cia
mp
i (in
d.)
29.0
4.93
-13.
01.9
4dc
(32.
7)p
si(1
4.6)
psd
i(2.
5)p
li(2
.7)v
(in
c. in
pds
)pds
(17)
[69.
5]0.
333
0.24
426
5.0
7.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
su
pp
ort.
Ele
ctio
ns
in 2
7.03
.94
Ber
lusc
oni I
(fi)
11.0
5.94
-22.
12.9
4fi
(17.
9)an
(17.
3)cc
d(4.
3)ln
(18.
6)[5
8.1]
1.00
01.
000
226.
011
8.0
Intr
a-co
alit
ion
con
flic
t. L
n r
esig
nat
ion
Din
i (in
d.)
13.0
1.95
-11.
01.9
6ca
reta
ker
gove
rnm
ent [
60.5
]0.
000
0.00
036
3.0
22.0
Parl
iam
enta
ry n
o co
nfi
den
ce v
ote.
Ear
ly
elec
tion
s in
199
6
Prod
i I (p
pi)
18.0
5.96
-09.
10.9
8p
ds(2
6.5)
pp
i(12
.7)a
ltri
(6.5
)[4
5.7(
5.6p
rc)]
1.00
01.
000
874.
012
7.0
Parl
iam
enta
ry n
o co
nfi
den
ce v
ote.
Po
liti
cal s
up
por
t res
ign
atio
n b
y th
e p
rc
56
D'A
lem
a (d
s)21
.10.
98-2
6.04
.00
pds
()p
pi(
)alt
ri()
pdc
i()u
deu
r()
dem
()[4
5.7]
0.00
00.
000
550.
029
.0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er r
egio
nal
an
d ad
min
istr
ativ
e el
ecti
ons
defe
at
Am
ato
II (i
nd.
)25
.05.
00-1
1.06
.01
pds
()p
pi(
)ver
di()
din
i()s
di()
pdc
i()u
deu
r()d
em()
[45.
7]0.
000
0.00
038
2.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
s in
200
1
Ber
lusc
oni I
I (fi
)11
.06.
01-2
0.04
.05
fi(2
8.8)
an(1
5.7)
ln(4
.7)c
cd(6
.1)
[55.
3]1.
000
1.00
014
74.0
2.0
Inte
rnal
cri
sis
and
pol
itic
al r
esh
uffl
e af
ter
regi
onal
an
d ad
min
istr
ativ
e el
ecti
ons
def
eat
Ber
lusc
oni I
II (fi
)22
.04.
05-1
7.05
.06
fi()
an()
ln()
ccd(
)[55
.3]
0.00
00.
000
391.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
th
e 20
06
elec
tion
s
Prod
i II
(pp
i)17
.05.
06-0
8.05
.08
Uli
vo p
ds/p
pi(
34.9
)ver
di(2
.4)
prc
(6.5
)sdi
(2.9
)pdc
i(2.
5)u
deu
r(1.
6)id
v(2.
5)[5
3.3]
1.00
01.
000
721.
02.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er P
arli
amen
tary
def
eat.
Ea
rly
elec
tion
s
Ber
lusc
oni I
V (p
dl)
08.0
5.08
-12.
11.1
1p
dl(4
3.8)
ln(9
.5)m
ov a
ut(
1.3)
[54.
6]1.
000
1.00
012
79.0
4.0
No
con
fide
nce
vot
e
Mon
ti16
.11.
11-2
1.12
.12
Car
etak
er g
over
nm
ent
--
370.
013
2.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
s on
25
.02.
13
Lett
a03
.05.
13-2
2.02
.14
pd(
25.4
2)p
dl(2
1.56
)sc(
8.3)
[55.
28]
1.00
01.
000
70.0
0.0
Intr
a-co
alit
ion
con
flic
t
Ren
zi22
.02.
14-
pd(
25.4
2))s
c(8.
3)u
c(1.
78)
ncd
(n.n
.)[35
.5]
0.50
00.
050
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.25
90.
145
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.36
4
57Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
LATV
IA Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
God
man
is I
07.0
5.90
-03.
08.9
3Lt
f[68
.2]
0.00
00.
000
1136
.00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
06.
06.9
3
Bir
kavs
03.0
8.93
-15.
09.9
4Lc
(32.
4)Lz
s(10
.7) L
zp(1
.2)
[44.
3]1.
000
1.00
040
8.0
0.0
He
resi
gned
aft
er th
e Fa
rmer
's U
nio
n le
ft
the
gove
rnm
ent i
n th
e su
mm
er o
f 199
4
Gai
lis
15.0
9.94
-21.
12.9
5Lc
(32.
4) L
zs(1
0.7)
Lzp
(1.2
)Tp
a(0.
7)[4
5.0]
0.25
00.
015
462.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
01.
10.9
5
Skel
e I
(In
dep
ende
nt)
21.1
2.95
-13.
02.9
7D
ps(
15.2
)Tb(
12.0
)Lc(
14.7
)Ln
nk(
6.3)
Lzs(
1.4)
Lvp
(7.2
)[5
6.8]
0.66
60.
716
419.
00.
0R
esig
ned
aft
er h
e h
ad lo
st s
up
por
t fro
m
the
Parl
iam
ent
Skel
e II
13.0
2.97
-07.
08.9
7D
ps(
15.2
)Tb(
12.0
)Lc(
14.7
)Ln
nk(
6.3)
Lzs(
1.4)
[49.
6]0.
000
0.00
017
7.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
resh
uffl
e
Kra
sts
07.0
8.97
-26.
11.9
8D
ps(
15.2
)Tb(
12.0
)Lc(
14.7
)Ln
nk(
6.3)
Lzs(
1.4)
[49.
6]0.
000
0.00
047
6.0
0.0
Res
ign
ed a
fter
he
had
lost
su
pp
ort f
rom
th
e Pa
rlia
men
t. E
lect
ion
on
03.
10.9
8
Kri
stop
ans
26.1
1.98
-16.
07.9
9Lc
(18.
1)Tb
/Ln
nk(
14.7
)Jp
(7.3
)Ls
dp(1
2.9)
[53.
0]0.
500
0.38
123
2.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
resh
uffl
e
Skel
e II
I16
.07.
99-0
5.05
.00
Lc(1
8.1)
Tb/L
nn
k(14
.7)
Tp(2
1.3)
[54.
1]0.
333
0.39
329
4.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
resh
uffl
e
Ber
zin
s05
.05.
00-0
7.11
.02
Lc(1
8.1)
Tb/L
nn
k(14
.7)
Tp(2
1.3)
Jp(7
.3)[
61.4
]0.
250
0.11
291
6.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
ele
ctio
n o
n 0
5.10
.02
Rep
se07
.11.
02-0
9.03
.04
Jl(2
4.0)
Tb/L
nn
k(5.
4)Lz
s/Lz
p(9
.5)L
pp
(9.6
)[48
.5]
0.75
00.
505
488.
00.
0R
esig
ned
aft
er h
e h
ad lo
st s
up
por
t fro
m
the
Parl
iam
ent
58
Emsi
s09
.03.
04-0
2.12
.04
Tp(1
6.7)
Lzs
/Lzp
(9.5
)Lp
p(9
.6)
[35,
8]0.
333
0.46
626
8.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
gove
rnm
ent f
ell a
s th
e Sa
eim
a vo
ted
39–5
3 ag
ain
st th
e go
vern
men
t's b
udg
et
pro
pos
al fo
r th
e ye
ar 2
005
Kal
viti
s I
02.1
2.04
-07.
11.0
6Tp
(16.
7) L
zs/L
zp(9
.5)L
pp
(9.6
)Jl
(24.
0)[5
9.8]
0.25
00.
401
705.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
07.
10.0
6
Kal
viti
s II
07.1
1.06
-20.
12.0
7Tp
(19.
7)) L
zs/L
zp(1
6.8)
Lpp
/Lc
(8.6
)Tb/
Lnn
k(7.
0)[5
2.1]
0.25
00.
134
408.
00.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
God
man
is I
I20
.12.
07-1
2.03
.09
Tp(1
9.7)
) Lzs
/Lzp
(16.
8)Lp
p/
Lc(8
.6)T
b/Ln
nk(
7.0)
[52.
1]0.
000
0.00
044
8.0
0.0
In F
ebru
ary
2009
, God
man
is r
esig
ned
as
Pri
me
Min
iste
r al
ong
wit
h th
e re
st
of h
is g
over
nm
ent o
ver
con
cern
s ab
out
han
dli
ng
the
econ
omic
cri
sis
Dom
brov
skis
I12
.03.
09-0
3.11
.10
Jl(1
6.5)
Tp(1
9.7)
Tb/
Lnn
k(7.
0)
Lzs/
Lzp
(16.
8)[6
0.0]
0.25
00.
275
596.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
02.
10.1
0
Dom
brov
skis
II
03.1
1.10
-25.
10.1
1Jl
/Ps/
Scp
(31.
90)L
zs/
Lzp
(20.
11)[
52.0
1]0.
500
0.61
3335
6.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
ele
ctio
n o
n 1
7.09
.11,
fo
llow
ing
the
cou
ntr
y's
firs
t par
liam
enta
ry
dis
solu
tion
ref
eren
dum
hel
d on
23.
07.1
1
Dom
brov
skis
III
25.1
0.11
-22.
01.1
4V
(18.
83)Z
rp(2
0.82
)Na(
13.8
8)[5
3.53
]1.
000
1.00
082
5.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
resh
uffl
e
Stra
uju
ma
I22
.01.
14-0
5.11
.14
V(1
8.83
) Zrp
(20.
82)N
a(13
.88)
Lz
s/Lz
p(1
2.22
)[65
.75]
0.25
00.
185
283.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
04.
10.1
4
Stra
uju
ma
II05
.11.
14-
V(2
1.87
)Na(
16.6
1)) L
zs/
Lzp
(19.
53)L
uV
(n.n
)Lp
(n.n
.)[5
8.01
]0.
400
n.n
.
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.38
70.
364
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.41
3
59Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
LITH
UA
NIA
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Pru
nsk
ien
e17
.03.
90-1
0.01
.91
Lpp
(100
.0)
0.00
00.
000
280.
00.
0V
olu
nta
ry P
rim
e M
inis
ter’
s re
sign
atio
n
afte
r th
e de
clar
atio
n o
f in
dep
ende
nce
on
11
.03.
90
Sim
enas
10.0
1.91
-13.
01.9
1Lp
p (1
00.0
)0.
000
0.00
03.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er R
uss
ian
Arm
y in
vasi
on
Vag
nor
ius
13.0
1.91
-21.
07.9
2Lp
p (1
00.0
)0.
000
0.00
055
3.0
0.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
. On
14
.07.
92 lo
st a
vot
e of
con
fide
nce
Abi
sala
21.0
7.92
-26.
11.9
2Lp
p (1
00.0
)0.
000
0.00
012
5.0
16.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
firs
t ele
ctio
n o
n 2
5.10
.92
Luby
s12
.12.
92-1
0.03
.93
Ldlp
(44.
0)[4
4.0]
1.00
01.
000
860.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er p
resi
den
tial
ele
ctio
n in
Fe
bru
ary
1993
Slez
evic
ius
10.0
3.93
-08.
02.9
6Ld
lp (4
4.0)
[44.
0]0.
000
0.00
010
65.0
15.0
Seim
as v
ote
of n
o co
nfi
den
ce a
gain
st h
im,
wh
o h
ad r
etri
eved
his
dep
osit
s fr
om a
ba
nkr
up
t ban
k in
Dec
embe
r 19
95
Stan
kevi
ciu
s23
.02.
96-1
9.11
.96
Ldlp
(44.
0)[4
4.0]
0.00
00.
000
203.
015
.0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
in 1
0.11
.96
Vag
nor
ius
II04
.12.
96-0
2.05
.99
Ts-L
kd (3
1.34
)Lkd
p(1
0.43
)Lc
s(8.
67)[
50.4
4]1.
000
1.00
088
6.0
30.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
resh
uffl
e
Paks
as I
01.0
6.99
-27.
10.9
9Ts
-Lkd
(31.
34)L
kdp
(10.
43)
Lcs(
8.67
)[50
.44]
0.00
00.
000
146.
07.
0In
teri
m
60
Ku
bili
us
I03
.11.
99-2
6.10
.00
Ts-L
kd (3
1.34
)Lkd
p(1
0.43
)Lc
s(8.
67)[
50.4
4]0.
000
0.00
035
7.00
1.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
ele
ctio
n in
08.
10.0
0
Paks
as I
I27
.10.
00-2
0.06
.01
Lls(
17.2
5)N
s(19
.64)
Lcs(
2.86
)M
kds(
4.19
)[41
.24]
0.66
60.
520
263.
014
.0C
oali
tion
cri
sis
brou
ght a
bou
t by
dis
agre
emen
ts o
ver
econ
omic
pol
icie
s
Bra
zavs
kas
I04
.07.
01-1
5.12
.04
Lls(
17.2
5)N
s(19
.64)
Lcs(
2.86
)M
kds(
4.19
)[41
.24]
0.00
00.
000
1256
.0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
in 1
0.10
.04
Bra
zavs
akas
II
29.1
1.04
-01.
06.0
6D
p(2
8.24
)(C
oali
tion
:Lsd
p/N
s)(2
0.65
)Ndp
(6.6
)[55
.49]
1.00
01.
000
552.
047
.0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce a
nd
subs
equ
ent r
esh
uffl
e
Kir
kila
s18
.07.
06-0
4.12
.08
(Coa
liti
on:L
sdp
/Ns)
(20.
65)
Lcs(
9.1)
Lvls
(5.5
)Pdp
(n.n
)[3
5.25
]0.
666
0.17
086
6.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
ele
ctio
n in
27.
11.0
8
Ku
bili
us
II04
.12.
08-1
2.12
.12
Ts-L
kd(1
9.72
)Rn
p(1
5.09
)Lr
ls(5
.73)
Lcs(
5.34
)[45
.88]
1.00
01.
000
1468
.00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
in 2
8.10
.12
Bu
tkev
iciu
s12
.12.
12-
Lsdp
(18.
37)D
p(1
9.82
)Tt(
7.31
)Ll
ra(5
.83)
[51.
33]
1.00
01.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.42
20.
380
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.81
61Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
MO
LDO
VA
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Dru
c26
.05.
90-2
2.05
.91
Fpm
0.00
00.
000
361.
00.
6H
e w
as r
emov
ed fr
om h
is p
osit
ion
aft
er
an o
verw
hel
min
g vo
te o
f no
con
fide
nce
Mu
ravs
chi
28.0
5.91
-01.
07.9
2Fp
m0.
000
0.00
039
9.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n
San
ghel
i I01
.07.
92-2
7.02
.94
Fpm
0.00
00.
000
692.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er fi
rst e
lect
ion
on
27.
02.9
4
San
ghel
i II
27.0
2.94
-24.
01.9
7Pd
am(4
3.2)
[43.
2]1.
000
1.00
010
61.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n
Ciu
buc
I24
.01.
97-0
5.02
.98
Pdam
(43.
2)[4
3.2]
0.00
00.
000
377.
046
.0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
elec
tion
on
22
.03.
98
Ciu
buc
II22
.03.
98-0
5.02
.99
All
ian
ce fo
r D
emoc
rati
c an
d R
efor
ms(
46.4
2)[4
6.42
]1.
000
1.00
032
0.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n
Ure
chea
n
05.0
2.99
-19.
02.9
9C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t0.
000
0.00
014
.00
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n
Stu
rza
I 19
.02.
99-1
2.03
.99
Car
etak
er g
over
nm
ent
0.00
00.
000
21.0
00.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
Stu
rza
II12
.03.
99-0
9.11
.99
All
ian
ce fo
r D
emoc
rati
c an
d R
efor
ms(
46.4
2)[4
6.42
]1.
000
1.00
023
7.0
42.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n
Bra
ghis
21.1
2.99
-19.
04.0
1In
dep
ende
nt
0.00
00.
000
118.
000.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
on
25.
02.0
1
62
Tarl
ev I
19.0
4.01
-19.
04.0
5Pc
rm(5
0.1)
[50.
1]1.
000
1.00
014
60.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
ele
ctio
n o
n 0
6.03
.05
Tarl
ev I
I19
.04.
05-3
1.03
.08
Pcrm
(46.
0)[4
6.0]
0.00
00.
000
1076
.00.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
Gre
cean
ii I
31.0
3.08
-10.
06.0
9Pc
rm(4
6.0)
[46.
0]0.
000
0.00
029
5.0
50.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n b
efor
e el
ecti
on o
n
29.0
7.09
Gre
cean
ii I
I29
.07.
09-1
4.09
.09
Pcrm
(44.
7)[4
4.7]
0.00
00.
000
45.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n
Pirl
og14
.09.
09-2
5.09
.09
Car
etak
er g
over
nm
ent
0.00
00.
000
11.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
resh
uffl
e
Fila
t I25
.09.
09-2
8.11
.10
Pldm
(16.
6)Pl
(14.
7)Pd
m(1
2.5)
Am
n(7
.3)[
51.1
]1.
000
1.00
064
.047
.0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
elec
tion
on
29
.11.
10
Fila
t II
14.0
1.11
-25.
04.1
3Pl
dm(2
9.42
)Pl(
9.96
)Pd
m(1
2.70
)[52
.08]
0.00
00.
000
831.
035
.0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
Lean
ca30
.05.
13-1
8.02
.15
Pldm
(29.
42)P
l(9.
96)
Pdm
(12.
70)[
52.0
8]0.
000
0.00
063
0.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
ele
ctio
n o
n 3
0.11
.14
Gab
uri
ci18
.02.
15-2
2.06
.15
Pldm
(20.
16)P
dm(1
5.80
)[3
5.96
]0.
000
0.00
094
.00.
0
He
resi
gned
on
12.
06.1
5 af
ter
the
Pros
ecu
tor
Gen
eral
's O
ffice
beg
an
a cr
imin
al in
vest
igat
ion
into
the
fals
ifica
tion
of h
is s
choo
l dip
lom
as
Gh
erm
an
22.0
6.15
-30.
07.1
5C
aret
aker
gov
ern
men
t0.
000
0.00
039
.0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
Stre
let
30.0
7.15
-Pl
dm(2
0.16
)Pdm
(15.
80)
[35.
96]
0.00
00.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.25
00.
250
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
1.00
0
63Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
MO
NTE
NEG
RO
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Du
kan
ovic
I15
.02.
91 –
03.
11.9
6dp
s(42
.66)
0.00
00.
000
1718
.00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
for
03.
11.9
6 el
ecti
ons
Du
kan
ovic
II
04.1
1.96
- 05
.02.
98dp
s(50
.0)
0.00
00.
000
456.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n b
efor
e th
e el
ecti
ons
of
the
Hea
d of
Sta
te
Vu
jan
ovic
I05
.02.
98 –
31.
05.9
8dp
s(50
.0)
0.00
00.
000
86.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r el
ecti
ons
in 3
1.05
.98
Vu
jan
ovic
II
01.0
6.98
-08.
01.0
3D
ps(
37.2
)ns,
sdp
[48.
87]
0.66
60.
117
1682
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n b
efor
e th
e el
ecti
ons
of
the
Hea
d of
Sta
te
Du
kan
ovic
III
08.0
1.03
– 1
0.11
.06
Dp
s, s
dp[4
7.34
]0.
000
0.00
014
02.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r 10
.09.
06 e
lect
ion
s
Stu
ran
ovic
10.1
1.06
– 2
9.02
.08
Dp
s, s
dp[4
8.62
]0.
000
0.00
050
2.0
0.0
Ad
inte
rim
Du
kan
ovic
IV
29.0
2.08
– 2
1.12
.10
Dp
s()s
dp()
[51.
94]
0.00
00.
000
986.
08.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n fo
r 27
.03.
09 e
lect
ion
s.
Res
ign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r fo
r ju
dic
iary
rea
son
s in
21.
12.1
0
Luks
ic29
.12.
10 –
04.
12.1
2 D
ps(
)sdp
()[5
1.94
]0.
000
0.00
070
5.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
for
14.1
0.10
Du
kan
ovic
V04
.12.
12 -
Lpcg
()D
ps(
)sdp
()[4
6.33
]0.
333
n.a
.
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.12
50.
013
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.11
7
64
NET
HER
LAN
DS
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Bee
l I (k
vp)
01.0
7.46
-07.
07.4
8kv
p(3
2)p
vda(
29)[
61]
0.00
00.
000
736.
031
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
07.0
7.48
el
ecti
ons
Dre
es I
(pvd
a)09
.08.
48-2
4.1.
51kv
p(3
2)p
vda(
27)c
hu
(9)v
vd(8
)[7
6]0.
500
0.22
389
8.0
49.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
Dre
es I
I14
.03.
51-2
6.06
.52
kvp
(32)
pvd
a(27
)ch
u(9
)vvd
(8)
[76]
0.00
00.
000
469.
068
.0El
ecti
ons
and
elec
tora
l def
eat i
n 2
5.06
.52
Dre
es I
II02
.09.
52-1
4.06
.56
pvd
a(30
)kvp
(30)
arp
(12)
chu
(9)[
81]
0.25
00.
148
1380
.089
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
13.0
6.56
el
ecti
ons
Dre
es I
V12
.10.
56-1
2.12
.58
pvd
a(33
.3)k
vp(3
2.7)
arp
(10)
chu
(8.7
)[84
.7]
0.00
00.
000
791.
011
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n
Bee
l II
23.1
2.58
-13.
03.5
9kv
p(3
2.7)
arp
(10)
chu
(8.7
)[5
1.4]
0.00
00.
000
80.0
67.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 12
.03.
59
elec
tion
s
De
Qu
ay (k
vp)
19.0
5.59
-16.
05.6
3kv
p(3
2.7)
arp
(9.3
)ch
u(8
)vv
d(12
.7)[
62.7
]0.
250
0.20
214
57.0
69.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 15
.05.
63
elec
tion
s
Mar
ijn
em (k
vp)
24.0
7.63
-28.
02.6
5kv
p(3
3.3)
arp
(8.7
)ch
u(8
.7)
vvd(
10.7
)[61
.4]
0.00
00.
000
584.
043
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n
Cal
s (k
vp)
12.0
4.65
-15.
10.6
6kv
p(3
3.3)
pvd
a(28
.7)a
rp(8
.7)
[70.
7]0.
333
0.40
555
1.0
38.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Zijl
stra
(arp
)22
.11.
66-1
6.02
.67
kvp
(33.
3)ar
p(8
.7)[
42]
0.00
00.
000
87.0
48.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 15
.02.
67
elec
tion
s
65Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
De
Jon
g (k
vp)
05.0
4.67
-22.
04.7
1kv
p(2
8)vv
d(11
.3)a
rp(1
0)ch
u(8
)[57
.3]
0.50
00.
336
1477
.075
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
28.0
4.71
el
ecti
ons
Bie
sheu
vel (
kvp
)06
.07.
71-2
9.11
.72
arp
(8.7
)kvp
(23.
3)ch
u(6
.7)
wd(
10.7
)ds7
0(5.
3)[5
4.7]
0.20
00.
096
511.
016
3.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
. Par
liam
enta
ry
dis
solu
tion
. Ele
ctio
ns
in 2
9.11
.72
Den
Uyl
(pvd
a)11
.05.
73-2
2.03
.77
pvd
a(28
.7)k
vp(1
8)ar
p(9
.3)
pp
r(4.
7)d'
66(4
)[64
.7]
0.60
00.
578
1410
.027
2.0
Coa
liti
on c
risi
s br
ough
t abo
ut b
y th
e kv
p
and
arp
wit
hdr
awal
. Ele
ctio
ns
in 2
5.05
.77
Van
Agt
I (c
da)
19.1
2.77
-26.
05.8
1cd
a(32
.7)w
d(18
.7)[
51.4
]1.
000
1.00
012
53.0
112.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
26.0
5.81
el
ecti
ons
and
elec
tora
l def
eat
Van
Agt
II
15.0
9.81
-12.
05.8
2cd
a(32
)pvd
a(29
.3)d
'66(
11.3
)[7
2.6]
0.66
60.
559
239.
013
.0Pa
rtn
ersh
ip r
esig
nat
ion
by
the
pvd
a
Van
Agt
III
25.0
5.82
-08.
09.8
2cd
a(32
)d'6
6(11
.3)[
43.3
]0.
000
0.00
010
6.0
57.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 08
.09.
82
elec
tion
s
Lubb
ers
I (c
da)
4.11
.82-
23.0
5.86
cda(
30)w
d(24
)[54
]0.
500
0.44
412
95.0
52.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 21
.05.
86
elec
tion
s
Lubb
ers
II14
.07.
86-0
4.05
.89
cda(
36)w
d(18
)[54
]0.
000
0.00
010
25.0
186.
0In
tra-
coal
itio
n c
risi
s br
ough
t abo
ut b
y d
isag
reem
ents
ove
r en
viro
nm
enta
l pol
icy
Lubb
ers
III
07.1
1.89
-04.
05.9
4cd
a(36
)pvd
a(32
.7)[
68.7
]0.
500
0.47
516
39.0
109.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
03.0
5.94
el
ecti
ons
Kok
I (p
vda)
22.0
8.94
-06.
05.9
8p
vda(
30)v
vd(2
5.3)
d'66
(9.3
)[6
4.6]
0.66
60.
535
1354
.011
7.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 06
.05.
98
elec
tion
s
Kok
II
(pvd
a)03
.09.
98-1
6.04
.02
pvd
a(30
)vvd
(25.
3)d'
66(9
.3)
[64.
6]0.
000
0.00
013
23.0
96.0
n.a
.
Bal
ken
end
e I
(cda
)22
.07.
02-1
6.10
.02
cda(
28.7
)lp
f(17
.3)d
'66(
4.7)
[50.
7]0.
666
0.34
184
.021
9.0
Coa
liti
on c
risi
s br
ough
t abo
ut b
y th
e lf
p
wit
hd
raw
al. E
arly
ele
ctio
ns
in 2
2.01
.03
Bal
ken
end
e II
(c
da)
27.0
5.03
-30.
06.0
6cd
a(29
.3)v
vd(1
8.7)
d'66
(4)[
52]
0.33
30.
359
1128
.07.
0Pa
rtn
ersh
ip r
esig
nat
ion
by
the
d'66
Bal
ken
end
e II
I (c
da)
07.0
7.06
-22.
11.0
6cd
a(29
.3)v
vd(1
8.7)
[48]
0.00
00.
000
135.
090
.0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
66
Bal
ken
end
e IV
(c
da)
22.0
2.07
-20.
02.1
0cd
a(27
.3)p
vda(
21.3
)cu
(4)
[52.
6]0.
666
0.48
010
93.0
236.
0In
tra-
coal
itio
n c
risi
s br
ough
t abo
ut b
y d
isag
reem
ents
ove
r A
fgh
anis
tan
mil
itar
y bu
dge
t
M.R
utt
e I
14.1
0.10
-23.
04.1
2vv
d(20
.4)c
da(1
9.6)
pvv
(15.
5)[5
5.5]
0.66
60.
6455
9.0
49.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
bef
ore
the
12.0
9.12
el
ecti
ons
M. R
utt
e II
05.1
1.12
-vv
d(26
.6)p
vda(
24.8
)[51
.4]
0.50
00.
482
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.33
70.
280
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.42
9
67Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
NO
RW
AY
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Ger
har
dse
n I
(lab
)05
.11.
45-1
0.10
.49
lab(
50.7
)[50
.7]
0.00
00.
000
1434
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
10.1
0.49
el
ecti
on
Ger
har
dse
n I
I10
.10.
49-1
3.11
.51
lab(
56.6
)[56
.6]
0.00
00.
000
764.
06.
0R
esig
nat
ion
of t
he
Prim
e M
inis
ter
for
hea
lth
rea
son
s
Torp
(lab
)19
.11.
51-1
2.10
.53
lab(
56.6
)[56
.6]
0.00
00.
000
692.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
12.1
0.53
el
ecti
on
Torp
II
12.1
0.53
-14.
01.5
5la
b(51
.3)[
51.3
]0.
000
0.00
045
9.0
7.0
Res
ign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r fo
r h
ealt
h r
easo
ns
Ger
har
dse
n I
II21
.01.
55-0
7.10
.57
lab(
51.3
)[51
.3]
0.00
00.
000
963.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
07.1
0.57
el
ecti
ons
Ger
har
dse
n I
V07
.10.
57-1
1.09
.61
lab(
52)[
52]
0.00
00.
000
1434
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
11.0
9.61
el
ecti
ons
Ger
har
dse
n V
11.0
9.61
-23.
08.6
3la
b(49
.3)[
49.3
]0.
000
0.00
071
2.0
4.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Lyin
g (h
)27
.08.
63-2
0.09
.63
h(1
9.3)
v(10
.7)c
pp
(9.3
)cp
(10)
[49.
3]1.
000
1.00
024
.04.
0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
Ger
har
dse
n V
I24
.09.
63-1
1.10
.65
lab(
49.3
)sp
(1.3
)[50
.6]
1.00
01.
000
747.
01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
12.0
9.65
el
ecti
ons
Bor
ten
I (v
)12
.10.
65-0
7.09
.69
h(2
0.6)
v(12
)cp
p(1
2)cp
(10.
7)[5
5.3]
1.00
01.
000
1425
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
07.0
9.69
el
ecti
ons
68
Bor
ten
II
07.0
9.69
-02.
03.7
1h
(19.
3)v(
13.3
)cp
p(8
.7)c
p(9
.3)
[50.
6]0.
000
0.00
054
6.0
8.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
Bra
ttel
i I (l
ab)
10.0
3.71
-07.
10.7
2la
b(49
.3)[
49.3
]1.
000
1.00
057
6.0
11.0
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r re
fere
ndu
m d
efea
t on
Cee
en
larg
emen
t
Kor
vald
(cp
p)
18.1
0.72
-12.
10.7
3cp
p(8
.7)c
p(9
.3)v
(13.
3)[3
1.3]
1.00
01.
000
359.
07.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
09.0
9.73
el
ecti
ons
Bra
ttel
i II
16.1
0.73
-09.
01.7
6la
b(41
.3)[
41.3
]1.
000
1.00
081
5.0
3.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
resh
uffl
e
Nor
dli
(lab
)12
.01.
76-1
1.09
.77
lab(
41.3
)[41
.3]
0.00
00.
000
607.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
11.0
9.77
el
ecti
ons
Nor
dli
II
11.0
9.77
-30.
01.8
1la
b(50
.6)[
50.6
]0.
000
0.00
012
36.0
5.0
Res
ign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r fo
r h
ealt
h r
easo
ns
Bru
nd
tlan
d I
(lab
)04
.02.
81-1
2.10
.81
lab(
50.6
)[50
.6]
0.00
00.
000
250.
02.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
13.0
9.81
el
ecti
ons
Wil
loch
I (h
)14
.10.
81-0
7.06
.83
h(3
6)[3
6]1.
000
1.00
060
1.0
1.0
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r co
alit
ion
en
larg
emen
t
Wil
loch
II
08.0
6.83
-10.
09.8
5h
(34.
4)cp
p(9
.6)c
p(6
.3)[
50.3
]0.
666
0.31
682
4.0
18.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 08
.09.
85
elec
tion
s
Wil
loch
III
26.0
9.85
-02.
05.8
6h
(31.
8)cp
p(1
0.2)
cp(7
.6)[
49.6
]0.
000
0.00
021
8.0
7.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Bru
nd
tlan
d II
09.0
5.86
-13.
10.8
9la
b(42
.5)[
42.5
]1.
000
1.00
013
14.0
3.0
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r el
ecti
ons
in 1
1.09
.89.
So
cial
ists
def
eat
Syse
(con
)16
.10.
89-2
9.10
.90
con
(22.
4)kr
f(8.
5)sp
(6.7
)[37
.6]
1.00
01.
000
378.
05.
0C
oali
tion
cri
sis
brou
ght a
bou
t by
dis
agre
emen
ts o
ver
the
Euro
pea
n
Inte
grat
ion
pol
icy
Bru
nd
tlan
d II
I03
.11.
90-0
7.10
.93
lab(
38.2
)[38
.2]
1.00
01.
000
1068
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
12--
13.0
9.93
el
ecti
ons
Bru
nd
tlan
d IV
07.1
0.93
-24.
10.9
6la
b(38
.2)[
38.2
]0.
000
0.00
011
12.0
1.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
resh
uffl
e
69Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Jagl
and
(lab
)25
.10.
96-2
9.09
.97
lab(
38.2
)[38
.2]
0.00
00.
000
339.
018
.0Po
liti
cal e
lect
ion
s in
199
7. R
esig
nat
ion
af
ter
the
elec
tora
l def
eat
Bon
dev
ik I
(cp
p)
17.1
0.97
-03.
03.0
0cp
p(1
5.2)
cp(6
.7)v
(3.6
)[25
.5]
1.00
01.
000
871.
014
.0n
.a.
Stol
ten
berg
I (l
ab)
17.0
3.00
-10.
09.0
1la
b(39
.4)[
39.4
]1.
000
1.00
053
8.0
9.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
ele
ctor
al d
efea
t in
10
.09.
01
Bon
dev
ik I
I (c
pp
)19
.10.
01-1
7.10
.05
cpp
(23)
h(1
3.3)
v(1.
2)[3
7.5(
pro
g p
ar 1
5.8)
53.3
]1.
000
1.00
014
58.0
0.0
Exte
rnal
su
pp
ort b
y fr
p. R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er
the
2005
ele
ctio
ns
Stol
ten
berg
II
(lab
)17
.10.
05-1
4.09
.09
lab(
36.1
)soc
di s
n(8
.9)c
p(6
.5)
[51.
5]1.
000
1.00
014
27.0
1.0
Left
-cen
ter
coal
itio
n. R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 14
.09.
09 e
lect
ion
s
Stol
ten
berg
III
(l
ab)
15.0
9.09
-16.
10.1
3la
b(37
.9)s
oc d
i sn
(6.5
)cp
(6.5
)[5
1]0.
000
0.00
014
89.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 09
.09.
13
elec
tion
Solb
erg
16.1
0.13
-h
(26.
8)fr
p(1
6.3)
[43.
1]1.
000
1.00
0
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.52
10.
509
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.95
7
70
POLA
ND
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Ols
zew
ski (
pc)
23.1
2.91
-05.
06.9
2w
ak(1
0.7)
pc(
9.6)
pl(
6.1)
pcd
(0.9
)[27
.3]
0.00
00.
000
162.
036
.0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry s
up
por
t
Such
ocka
I (u
d)
11.0
7.92
-27.
04.9
3u
d(13
.5)w
ak(1
0.7)
kld(
8)p
l(6.
1)p
pg(
2.6)
[40.
9]1.
000
1.00
029
1.0
1.0
Intr
a-co
alit
ion
cri
sis
Such
ocka
II
(ud
)28
.04.
93-2
5.10
.93
ud(
13.5
)wak
(10.
7)kl
d(8)
pp
g(2.
6)[3
4.8]
0.00
00.
000
177.
01.
0El
ecti
ons
Paw
lak
(psl
)26
.10.
93-0
5.03
.95
sld(
37.2
)psl
(28.
7)[6
5.9]
1.00
01.
000
541.
01.
0Pr
ime
Min
iste
r’s
volu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
Ole
sky
(sld
)06
.03.
95-0
6.02
.96
sld(
37.2
)psl
(28.
7)[6
5.9]
0.00
00.
000
335.
01.
0Pr
ime
Min
iste
r’s
volu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
Cim
osze
wic
z (s
ld)
07.0
2-96
-30.
10.9
7sl
d(37
.2)p
sl(2
8.7)
[65.
9]0.
000
0.00
062
8.0
1.0
Elec
tion
s
Bu
zek
I (a
ws)
31.1
0.97
-06.
06.0
0as
w(4
3.7)
uw
(13)
[56.
7]1.
000
1.00
095
0.0
1.0
Intr
a-co
alit
ion
cri
sis
Bu
zek
II (a
ws)
07.0
6.00
-18.
10.0
1as
w(4
3.7)
[43.
7]0.
000
0.00
049
6.0
1.0
Elec
tion
s
Mil
ler
(sld
)19
.10.
01-2
8.02
.03
sld(
47)p
sl(9
.1)[
56.1
]1.
000
1.00
048
1.0
1.0
Intr
a-co
alit
ion
cri
sis
Mil
ler
(sld
)01
.03.
03-2
6.03
.04
sld(
47)[
47]
0.00
00.
000
390.
036
.0Pr
ime
Min
iste
r’s
volu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
af
ter
intr
a-co
alit
ion
cri
sis
71Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Bel
ka (s
ld)
02.0
5.04
-31.
10.0
5sl
d(47
)[47
]0.
000
0.00
054
4.0
0.0
Elec
tion
s in
25.
09.0
5
Mar
cin
kiew
icz
(ps)
31.1
0.05
-14.
07.0
6p
s(33
.7)s
rp(1
2.2)
lpr(
7.4)
[53.
3]1.
000
1.00
025
8.0
1.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
nd
subs
equ
ent
resh
uffl
e
Kac
zyn
ski (
ps)
15.0
7.06
-16.
11.0
7p
s(33
.7)s
rp(1
2.2)
lpr(
7.4)
[53.
3]0.
000
0.00
048
6.0
7.0
Earl
y el
ecti
ons
in 2
1.10
.07
Tusk
I (p
o)09
.11.
07-1
8.11
.11
po(
45.4
)psl
(6.7
)[52
.1]
1.00
01.
000
1469
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
10.1
0.11
el
ecti
on
Tusk
II
18.1
1.11
-11.
09.1
4p
o(39
.18)
pis
(28.
89)r
p(1
0.02
)[7
7.09
]0.
666
0.50
311
02.0
11.0
Prim
e M
inis
ter’
s vo
lun
tary
res
ign
atio
n
afte
r to
take
offi
ce a
s Pr
esid
ent o
f th
e Eu
rop
ean
Cou
nci
l
Kop
acz
22.0
9.14
-p
o(39
.18)
pis
(28.
89)r
p(1
0.02
)[7
7.09
]0.
000
0.00
0
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.44
40.
433
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.92
8
72
POR
TUG
AL
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Soar
es (p
sp)
23.0
7.76
-08.
12.7
7p
sp(4
0.7)
[40.
7]0.
000
0.00
050
3.0
45.0
Parl
iam
enta
ry d
efea
t bro
ugh
t abo
ut b
y d
isag
reem
ents
ove
r th
e Po
liti
cal E
con
omy
Soar
es I
I23
.01.
78-2
7.07
.78
psp
(40.
7)cd
s(16
)[56
.7]
0.50
00.
282
186.
01.
0C
oali
tion
cri
sis
brou
ght a
bou
t by
cds
dis
agre
emen
ts o
ver
the
agri
cult
ura
l an
d h
ealt
h p
olic
ies
Nob
re d
a C
osta
(i
nd)
28.0
7.78
-14.
09.7
8ca
reta
ker
gove
rnm
ent
0.00
00.
000
99.0
68.0
Parl
iam
enta
ry d
efea
t bro
ugh
t abo
ut b
y d
isag
reem
ents
ove
r th
e p
olit
ical
age
nda
Mot
a Pi
nto
(in
d)22
.11.
78-0
7.06
.79
care
take
r go
vern
men
t 0.
000
0.00
019
8.0
54.0
Parl
iam
enta
ry d
efea
t bro
ugh
t abo
ut b
y d
isag
reem
ents
ove
r th
e le
fts
pol
itic
al
cen
sors
hip
Pin
tass
ilgo
(in
d)01
.08.
79-2
7.12
.79
care
take
r go
vern
men
t 0.
000
0.00
014
9.0
7.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 02
.12.
79
elec
tion
s
Sa' C
arn
eiro
(psd
)03
.01.
80-0
4.12
.80
psd
(30)
cds(
18)[
48]
0.00
00.
625
336.
035
.0Pr
ime
Min
iste
r de
ath
. 07.
12.8
0 Ea
nes
’ p
resi
den
tial
re-
elec
tion
s
Pin
to B
alse
mao
(p
sd)
09.0
1.81
-10.
08.8
1p
sd(3
2.8)
cds(
18.4
)pp
m(2
.4)
[53.
6]0.
333
0.04
421
4.0
55.0
Con
flic
t bet
wee
n P
rim
e M
inis
ter
and
his
p
arty
Pin
to B
alse
mao
II
04.1
0.81
-19.
12.8
2p
sd(3
2.8)
cds(
18.4
)pp
m(2
.4)
[53.
6]0.
000
0.00
044
1.0
1.0
Intr
a-co
alit
ion
cri
sis.
Ear
ly P
arli
amen
t d
isso
luti
on a
nd
new
ele
ctio
ns
Pin
to B
alse
mao
III
20.1
2.82
-08.
06.8
3ca
reta
ker
gove
rnm
ent
0.00
00.
000
171.
01.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er e
lect
ion
s in
25
.04.
83
Soar
es I
II09
.06.
83-2
5.06
.85
psp
(40.
4)p
sd(3
0)[7
0.4]
0.50
00.
573
746.
01.
0
Part
ner
ship
res
ign
atio
n b
y p
sd.
Car
etak
er
gove
rnm
ent w
ith
no
par
liam
enta
ry
sup
por
t. E
lect
ion
s in
06.
10.8
5 w
ith
Ean
es
sup
por
t
73Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Soar
es I
V26
.06.
85-0
7.10
.85
psp
(40.
4)[4
0.4]
0.00
00.
000
104.
029
.0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
car
etak
er’s
m
inor
ity
gove
rnm
ent a
fter
ele
ctio
ns
in
06.1
0.85
Cav
aço
Silv
a (p
sd)
06.1
1.85
-12.
08.8
7p
sd (8
8)[3
5.2]
1.00
01.
000
644.
05.
0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
Cav
aço
Silv
a II
17.0
8.87
-27.
10.9
1p
sd(5
9.2)
[59.
2]0.
000
0.00
015
31.0
1.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
06.1
0.91
el
ecti
ons
Cav
aço
Silv
a II
I28
.10.
91-0
1.10
.95
psd
(54)
[54]
0.00
00.
000
1433
.00.
0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 01
.10.
95
elec
tion
s. P
sd d
efea
t. G
ute
rres
form
ed a
n
ew g
over
nm
ent
Gu
terr
es I
(psp
)28
.10.
95-1
0.10
.99
psp
(48.
7)[4
8.7]
1.00
01.
000
1442
.00.
0El
ecti
ons
in 1
0.10
.99
Gu
terr
es I
I (p
sp)
10.1
0.99
-06.
04.0
2p
sp(5
0)[5
0]0.
000
0.00
090
6.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
loca
l ele
ctio
ns
defe
at
(200
2). P
olit
ical
ele
ctio
ns
in 1
7.03
.02
Bar
roso
I (p
sd)
06.0
4.02
-17.
07.0
4p
sd(4
5.7)
par
t pop
(6.1
)[51
.8]
1.00
01.
000
831.
00.
0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er P
resi
den
t UE
com
mis
sion
’s e
lect
ion
s in
05.
07.0
4
San
tan
a Lo
pez
(p
sd)
17.0
7.04
-11.
12.0
4p
sd(4
5.7)
par
t pop
(6.1
)[51
.8]
0.00
00.
000
144.
090
.0Ea
rly
Parl
iam
enta
ry d
isso
luti
on. E
lect
ion
s in
20.
02.0
5
Socr
ates
I (p
sp)
12.0
3.05
-27.
09.0
9p
sp(5
2.6)
[52.
6]1.
000
1.00
017
15.0
29.0
Elec
tion
s in
27.
09.0
9
Socr
ates
II
(psp
)26
.10.
09-1
5.06
.11
psp
(42.
2)p
art p
op(9
.1)[
51.3
]0.
500
0.17
759
4.0
0.0
resi
gnat
ion
aft
er p
arli
amen
t rej
ecte
d th
e au
ster
ity
pla
n p
rep
ared
by
the
gove
rnm
ent a
t th
e re
ques
t of t
he
EU
Coe
lho
15.0
6.11
-???
psd
(29.
11)c
ds-p
p(1
0.43
)[3
9.54
]1.
000
0,26
3
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.34
10.
298
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.59
6
74
RO
MA
NIA
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Vac
aroi
u I
(in
d)13
.11.
92-1
7.08
.94
fdsn
(34.
3)[3
4.3]
0.00
00.
000
644.
01.
0In
tra-
gove
rnm
enta
l cri
sis
Vac
aroi
u I
I (i
nd)
18.0
8.94
-01.
09.9
6fd
sn/p
dsr(
34.3
)pu
nr(
8.8)
[43.
1]0.
500
0.20
474
3.0
1.0
Intr
a-co
alit
ion
cri
sis
Vac
aroi
u I
II (i
nd)
02.0
9.96
-11.
12.9
6fd
sn/p
dsr(
34.3
)[34
.3]
0.00
00.
000
99.0
1.0
Elec
tion
s
Cio
rbea
(cd
r)12
.12.
96-2
9.03
.98
cdr(
35.6
)usd
(15.
5)u
dmr(
7.3)
[58.
4]1.
000
1.00
044
7.0
1.0
Prim
e M
inis
ter’
s de
ath
Dej
eu (c
dr)
30.0
3.98
-14-
04.9
8cd
r(35
.6)u
sd(1
5.5)
udm
r(7.
3)[5
8.4]
0.00
00.
000
14.0
1.0
Inte
rven
tion
of H
ead
of S
tate
Vas
ile
(cdr
)15
.04.
98-1
2.12
.99
cdr(
35.6
)psd
r(26
.5)u
dmr(
7.3)
[69.
4]0.
000
0.00
060
2.0
1.0
Inte
rven
tion
of H
ead
of S
tate
Ath
anas
iu (c
dr)
13.1
2.99
-21.
12.9
9cd
r(35
.6)p
sdr(
26.5
)udm
r(7.
3)[6
9.4]
0.00
00.
000
9.0
1.0
n.a
.
Isar
escu
(in
d)22
.12.
99-2
7.12
.00
cdr(
35.6
)usd
(15.
5)u
dmr(
7.3)
[58.
4]0.
333
0.26
537
0.0
1.0
Elec
tion
s
Nas
tase
(psd
r)28
.12.
00-2
1.12
.04
psd
r(44
.9)
1.00
01.
000
1453
.08.
0V
olu
nta
ry P
rim
e M
inis
ter’
s re
sign
atio
n
afte
r Pr
esid
enti
al e
lect
ion
s. E
lect
ion
s in
28
.11.
04
Pop
escu
-Tăr
icea
nu
I
(pn
l)29
.12.
04-0
5.04
.07
psd
/pu
r(39
.8)p
nl/
pd(
33.7
)u
dmr(
6.6)
0.66
60.
503
831.
02.
0El
ecti
ons
75Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Pop
escu
-Tăr
icea
nu
II
(pn
l)06
.04.
07-2
1.12
.08
pn
l/p
d(33
.7)u
dmr(
6.6)
0.00
00.
000
620.
01.
0El
ecti
ons
in 3
0.11
.08
Boc
I (p
dl)
22.1
2.08
-01.
10.0
9p
dl (3
4.4)
psd
/pc(
34.1
)1.
000
1.00
028
4.0
1.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
con
flic
t bet
wee
n p
sd
and
pc
Boc
II
(pd
l)02
.10.
09-1
3.10
.09
pdl
(34.
4)0.
000
0.00
011
.010
.0La
ck o
f par
liam
enta
ry c
onfi
den
ce
Cro
itor
u (i
nd)
23.1
0.09
-04.
11.0
9p
dl (3
4.4)
0.00
00.
000
12.0
2.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Neg
oita
(pdl
)06
.11.
09-0
7.12
.09
pdl
(34.
4)[3
4.4]
0.00
00.
000
29.0
16.0
Res
ign
atio
n b
efor
e at
ten
din
g to
the
Parl
iam
ent.
He
resi
gned
the
day
afte
r th
e re
-ele
ctio
n o
f th
e p
resi
den
t Bas
escu
(0
6.12
.09)
Boc
III
(pdl
)23
.12.
09-0
6.02
.12
pdl
(34.
4)u
dmr(
6.6)
[41.
0]0.
500
0.16
077
40.
0In
tra-
coal
itio
n c
risi
s
Pred
oiu
06.0
2.12
-09.
02.1
2A
d in
teri
m0.
000
3.0
0.0
n.a
.
Un
gure
anu
09.0
2.12
-07.
05.1
2A
d in
teri
m0.
000
88.0
0.0
n.a
Pon
ta I
07.0
5.12
-21.
12.1
2U
sl(5
8.0)
[58.
0]1.
000
1.00
022
4.0
0.0
Intr
a-go
vern
men
tal c
risi
s
Pon
ta I
I21
.12.
12-0
5.03
.14
Usl
(58.
0)[5
8.0]
0.00
00.
000
438.
000.
0
A c
risi
s in
side
the
ruli
ng
coal
itio
n, t
he
Soci
al L
iber
al U
nio
n, r
esu
lted
in th
e sp
lit
of th
e go
vern
ing
alli
ance
an
d co
llap
se o
f th
e go
vern
men
t
Pon
ta I
II05
.03.
14-1
3.12
.14
Usl
(58.
0)u
np
r(5.
24)[
63.2
4]0.
500
0.08
227
8.0
4.0
Intr
a-go
vern
men
tal c
risi
s an
d su
bseq
uen
t ca
bin
et r
esh
uffl
e
Pon
ta I
V17
.12.
14-2
2.06
.15
Usl
(58.
0)u
np
r(5.
24)[
63.2
4]0.
000
0.00
018
5.0
23.0
Pon
ta le
ft fo
r Tu
rkey
to u
nde
rgo
knee
su
rger
y; d
uri
ng
his
rec
over
y, G
abri
el
Op
rea
took
ove
r as
inte
rim
pri
me
min
iste
r
Op
rea
29.0
7.15
-10.
08.1
5C
arat
etak
er g
over
nm
ent
0.00
00.
000
12.0
0.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n
76
Pon
ta V
I10
.08.
15-
Usl
(58.
0)u
np
r(5.
24)[
63.2
4]0.
000
0.00
0
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.28
20.
226
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.58
0
77Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
SER
BIA C
abin
etD
ates
of
ten
ure
Part
y co
mpo
siti
on
o
f th
e ca
bin
et
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Zele
nov
icn
.a.
Sps(
46.1
0)0.
000
0.00
0n
.a.
n.a
.V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er g
ener
al s
trik
e of
wor
kers
Boz
ovic
n.a
.Sp
s(46
.10)
0.00
00.
000
n.a
.n
.a.
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
for
the
20.1
2.92
el
ecti
ons
Sain
ovic
n.a
.Sp
s(40
.4)
0.00
00.
000
n.a
.n
.a.
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
for
19.1
2.93
ele
ctio
ns
Mar
jan
ovic
I18
.03.
94 –
21.
09.9
7Sp
s(49
.2)
0.00
00.
000
1278
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n fo
r 21
.09.
97 e
lect
ion
s
Mar
jan
ovic
II
22.0
9.97
– 2
4.10
.00
Sps(
34.2
)srs
(28.
1)[6
2.5]
0.50
00.
449
1127
.00.
0Pr
ime
Min
iste
r’s
resi
gnat
ion
du
e to
fi
nan
cial
sca
nda
l
Min
ic24
.10.
00 –
25.
01.0
1Sp
s(34
.2)s
rs(2
8.1)
[62.
5]0.
000
0.00
089
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n fo
r 21
.12.
00 e
lect
ion
s
Din
dic
25.0
1.01
– 1
2.03
.03
Dos
(64.
7)1.
000
1.00
011
39.0
0.0
Prim
e M
inis
ter
Koi
vist
o w
as k
ille
d
Cov
ic12
.03.
03 –
16.
03.0
3A
d in
teri
m1.
000
1.00
04.
00.
0n
.a.
Kor
ac17
.03.
03 –
18.
03.0
3A
d in
teri
m-
-1.
00.
0n
.a.
Zivk
ovic
18.0
3.03
– 0
3.03
.04
Ad
inte
rim
--
350.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n fo
r 28
.12.
03 e
lect
ion
s
78
Kos
tun
ica
I03
.03.
04 –
21.
01.0
7D
ss(1
7.96
)sp
o(7.
7)G
17
PLU
S(11
.61)
[37.
27]
1.00
01.
000
1027
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n fo
r 21
.01.
07 e
lect
ion
s
Kos
tun
ica
II22
.01.
07 -1
3.05
.08
Dss
(16.
55)G
17(6
.82)
ds(2
2.71
)[4
6.08
]0.
333
0.49
225
4.0
55.0
Earl
y el
ecti
ons
in 1
1.05
.08
due
to K
osov
o in
dep
ende
nce
Cve
tkov
ic08
.07.
08 -
27.
07.1
2Ze
s(38
.42)
1.00
01.
000
1441
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n fo
r 0
6.05
.12
elec
tion
s
Dac
ic27
.07.
12-2
7.04
.14
Sns(
24.0
)sp
s(14
.5)[
38.5
]1.
000
1.00
073
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er 1
0.03
.14
elec
tion
s
Vu
cic
27.0
4.14
-C
oali
tion
sn
s/sd
ps/
ns/
spo/
ps(
48.3
5)[4
8.35
]1.
000
1.00
0
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.81
80.
990
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.86
7
79Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
SLO
VA
KIA
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Mec
iar
I (h
zds)
12.0
1.93
-18.
03.9
3h
zds(
49.3
)sn
s(10
)[59
.3]
0.00
00.
000
63.0
1.0
Intr
a-go
vern
men
t cri
sis
Mec
iar
II (h
zds)
19.0
3.93
-16.
11.9
3h
zds(
49.3
)0.
000
0.00
024
3.0
1.0
Intr
a-go
vern
men
t cri
sis
Mec
iar
III
(hzd
s)17
.11.
93-1
5.03
.94
hzd
s(49
.3)s
ns(
10)[
59.3
]0.
500
0.16
812
3.0
1.0
Vol
un
tary
Pri
me
Min
iste
r’s
resi
gnat
ion
Mor
avci
k (d
us)
16.0
3.94
-12.
12.9
4sd
l(19
.3)k
dh(1
2)ad
sr(5
.3)
dus(
4.7)
nds
(3.3
)[44
.6]
1.00
01.
000
266.
01.
0El
ecti
ons
Mec
iar
IV (h
zds)
13.1
2.94
-29.
10.9
8h
zds(
40.7
)zrs
(8.7
)sn
s(6)
[55.
4]1.
000
1.00
014
16.0
1.0
Elec
tion
s
Dzu
rin
da I
(sdk
)30
.10.
98-1
5.10
.02
sdk(
28)s
dl(1
5.3)
smk(
10)
sop
(8.7
)[62
]1.
000
1.00
014
45.0
1.0
Elec
tion
s
Dzu
rin
da I
I (s
dku
)16
.10-
02-0
4.07
.06
sdku
(18.
7)sm
k(13
.3)k
dh(1
0)an
o(10
)[52
]0.
500
0.38
413
58.0
13.0
Elec
tion
s in
17.
06.0
6
Fico
I (s
mer
)17
.07.
06-1
2.06
.10
smer
(30)
hzd
s(10
)sn
s(13
.3)
[53.
3]1.
000
1.00
014
25.0
26.0
Elec
tion
s in
12.
10.1
0
Rad
icov
a08
.07.
10-0
4.04
.12
smer
(34.
8)sd
ku-d
s(15
.4)
[50.
2]0.
500
0.30
672
6.0
0.0
Elec
tion
in 1
0.03
.12
80
Fico
II
04.0
4.12
-???
Smer
(44.
41)k
dh(8
.82)
ol’a
no(
8.55
)[61
.78]
0.66
60.
280
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.68
50.
570
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.64
2
81Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
SLO
VEN
IA
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Drn
ovse
k I
(ld
s)12
.01.
93-2
8.03
.94
lds(
24.4
)skd
(16.
7)zl
sd(1
5.6)
zs(5
.6)s
dss(
4.4)
[66.
7]0.
000
0.00
044
1.0
1.0
Intr
a-go
vern
men
t cri
sis
Drn
ovse
k II
(lds
)29
.03.
94-0
6.02
.96
lds(
24.4
)skd
(16.
7)zl
sd(1
5.6)
[56.
7]0.
000
0.00
067
9.0
1.0
Intr
a-go
vern
men
t cri
sis
Drn
ovse
k II
I (l
ds)
07.0
2.96
-26.
02.9
7ld
s(33
.4)s
kd(1
6.7)
[50.
01]
0.00
00.
000
374.
01.
0El
ecti
ons
Drn
ovse
k IV
(lds
)27
.02.
97-0
6.06
.00
lds(
27.8
)sls
(21.
1)de
sus(
5.6)
[54.
5]0.
666
0.48
912
36.0
1.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Baj
uk
(sls
)07
.06.
00-2
9.11
.00
sls(
21.1
)sds
s(17
.8)s
kd(1
1.1)
[50.
0]0.
666
0.57
817
2.0
1.0
Elec
tion
s
Drn
ovse
k V
(lds
)20
.11.
00-1
8.12
.02
lds(
37.8
)zls
d(12
.2)s
ls(1
0)de
sus(
4.4)
[64.
4]0.
750
0.85
078
8.0
1.0
Prim
e M
inis
ter’
s vo
lun
tary
res
ign
atio
n
Rop
(lds
)19
.12.
02-0
2.11
.04
lds(
37.8
)zls
d(12
.2)s
ls(1
0)de
sus(
4.4)
[64.
4]0.
000
0.00
068
3.0
1.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
09.1
1.04
ele
ctio
ns
Jan
ša I
(sds
)03
.11.
04-2
1.09
.08
sds(
32.2
)sls
(7.8
)sd(
11.1
)n
s(10
)des
us(
4.4)
[65.
5]0.
600
0.81
314
17.0
1.0
Elec
tion
s
Pah
or (s
d)21
.11.
08-1
0.02
.12
sd(3
2.2)
zare
s(10
)lds
(5.6
)[4
7.8]
1.00
01.
000
1175
.00.
0In
tra-
coal
itio
n c
risi
s. E
arly
ele
ctio
n in
20
11
Jan
sa I
I10
.02.
12-2
7.02
.13
sds(
26.1
9)lg
v(8.
37)
desu
s(6.
97)s
ls(6
.83)
nsi
(4.8
9)[5
3.25
]1.
000
1.00
037
7.0
0.0
No
con
fide
nce
vot
e
82
Bra
tuše
k I
27.0
2.13
-31.
05.1
4p
s(31
.1)s
d(11
.1)[
42.2
]1.
000
1.00
045
9.0
0.0
Lack
of p
arli
amen
tary
con
fide
nce
Bra
tuše
k I
I31
.05.
14-1
8.09
.14
All
ian
ce o
f Ale
nka
B
ratu
šek(
n.a
.)1.
000
1.00
011
0.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
13.0
7.14
ele
ctio
ns
Cer
ar18
.09.
14-
Mod
ern
Cen
tre
Part
y(34
.49)
[34.
49]
1.00
01.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.64
0.64
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.85
8
83Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
SPA
IN Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Suar
ez I
I (u
cd)
04.0
7.77
-05.
04.7
9u
cd(4
7.1)
[47.
1]0.
000
0.00
064
0.0
1.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
01.0
3.79
el
ecti
ons
and
subs
equ
ent r
esh
uffl
e
Suar
ez I
II06
.04.
79-2
9.01
.81
ucd
(48)
[48]
0.00
00.
000
663.
029
.0U
cd in
tern
al c
risi
s
Cal
vo S
otel
o (u
cd)
27.0
2.81
-29.
10.8
2u
cd(4
8)[4
8]0.
000
0.00
060
9.0
35.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
Ucd
’s
elec
tion
s de
feat
in 2
8.10
.82
Gon
zale
s I
(pso
e)03
.12.
82-1
7.07
.86
pso
e(57
.7)[
57.7
]1.
000
1.00
013
21.0
9.0
Vol
un
tary
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
22.0
6.86
el
ecti
ons
and
subs
equ
ent r
esh
uffl
e
Gon
zale
s II
26.0
7.86
-30.
10.8
9p
soe(
52.6
)[52
.6]
0.00
00.
000
1191
.043
.0R
esig
nat
ion
for
ear
ly e
lect
ion
s in
29
.10.
89
Gon
zale
s II
I07
.12.
89-2
9.06
.93
pso
e(47
.4)[
47.4
]0.
000
0.00
012
96.0
10.0
Res
ign
atio
n b
efor
e el
ecti
ons
in 0
6.06
.93
Gon
zale
s IV
09.0
7.93
-04.
03.9
6p
soe(
45.4
)[45
.5(c
iu.p
nv)
]0.
000
0.00
096
8.0
9.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
pol
itic
al s
can
dal a
nd
lack
ext
ern
al s
up
por
t by
ciu
an
d p
nv.
Ear
ly
elec
tion
s in
03.
03.9
6
Azn
ar I
(pp
)04
.05.
96-1
2.03
.00
pp
(44.
6)ci
u(4
.6)p
nv(
1.4)
[50.
6]1.
000
1.00
014
08.0
62.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 12
.03.
00
elec
tion
s. W
on w
ith
abs
olu
te m
ajor
ity
Azn
ar I
I (p
p)
12.0
3.00
-13.
04.0
4p
p(5
2.3)
ciu
(4.3
)pn
v(2)
[58.
6]0.
000
0.00
014
93.0
1.0
Azn
ar w
ith
drew
. Th
e p
p lo
st th
e 20
04
elec
tion
s
84
Zap
ater
o I
(pso
e)14
.03.
04-0
9.03
.08
pso
e(46
.9)e
rc(2
.3)i
u-l
v(1.
4)[5
0.6]
1.00
01.
000
1455
.01.
0R
ed-G
reen
gov
ern
men
t (Er
c=sn
rep
di
Cat
alon
ia; I
u-L
v=sn
un
ita-
verd
i). F
orm
al
resi
gnat
ion
aft
er th
e 09
.03.
08 e
lect
ion
s
Zap
ater
o II
(pso
e)09
.03.
08-2
0.12
.11
pso
e(48
.3)[
48.3
(iu
. erc
)]0.
000
0.00
013
760.
0M
inor
ity
gove
rnm
ent w
ith
erc
e iu
su
pp
ort.
Ear
ly e
lect
ion
in 2
011
Raj
oy20
.12.
11-?
??p
p(4
4.62
)[44
.62]
1.00
01.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.36
30.
363
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
1.00
0
85Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
SWED
EN
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Han
sson
(sap
)31
.07.
45-5
.10.
46sa
p(5
0)[5
0]0.
000
0.00
043
1.0
6.0
Prim
e M
inis
ter’
s de
ath
Erla
nd
er I
(sap
)11
.10.
46-1
9.09
.48
sap
(50)
[50]
0.00
00.
000
708.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
19.0
9.48
el
ecti
ons
Erla
nd
er I
I19
.09.
48-3
0.09
.51
sap
(48.
7)[4
8.7]
0.00
00.
000
1106
.01.
0C
oali
tion
’s e
nla
rgem
ent
Erla
nd
er I
II01
.10.
51-2
1.09
.52
sap
(48.
7)c(
13)[
61.7
]0.
500
0.21
047
7.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 21
.09.
52
elec
tion
s
Erla
nd
er I
V21
.09.
52-2
6.09
.56
sap
(47.
8)c(
11.3
)[59
.1]
0.00
00.
000
1465
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
26.0
9.56
el
ecti
ons
Erla
nd
er V
26.0
9.56
-26.
10.5
7sa
p(4
5.9)
c(8.
3)[5
4.1]
0.00
00.
000
395.
04.
0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n
Erla
nd
er V
I30
.10.
57-1
1.6.
58sa
p(4
5.9)
[45.
9]0.
000
0.00
022
4.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 11
.06.
58
elec
tion
s
Erla
nd
er V
II11
.06.
58-1
8.09
.60
sap
(48)
[48]
0.00
00.
000
829.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
18.0
9.60
el
ecti
ons
Erla
nd
er V
III
18.0
9.60
-20.
09.6
4sa
p(4
9.1)
[49.
1]0.
000
0.00
014
62.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 20
.09.
64
elec
tion
s
Erla
nd
er I
X20
.09.
64-1
5.09
.68
sap
(48.
4)[4
8.4]
0.00
00.
000
1454
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
15.0
9.68
el
ecti
ons
86
Erla
nd
er X
15.0
9.68
-26.
09.6
9sa
p(5
3.6)
[53.
6]0.
000
0.00
037
6.0
17.0
Res
ign
atio
n fo
r ag
e re
ason
s
Palm
e I
(sap
)13
.10.
69-2
0.09
.70
sap
(53.
6)[5
3.6]
0.00
00.
000
342.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
20.0
9.70
el
ecti
ons
Palm
e II
20.0
9.70
-16.
09.7
3sa
p(4
6.6)
[46.
6]0.
000
0.00
010
91.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 16
.09.
73
elec
tion
s
Palm
e II
I16
.09.
73-2
0.09
.76
sap
(44.
6)[4
4.6]
0.00
00.
000
1099
.018
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
th
e 20
.09.
76
elec
tion
s
Fael
ldin
I (c
)08
.10.
76-0
5.10
.78
c(24
.6)m
(15.
7)fp
(11.
1)[5
1.4]
1.00
01.
000
727.
015
.0C
oali
tion
’s b
reak
dow
n
Ull
stei
n (f
p)
20.1
0.78
-16.
09.7
9fp
(11.
1)[1
1.1]
0.00
00.
000
331.
026
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
16.0
9.79
el
ecti
ons
Fael
ldin
II
12.1
0.79
-04.
05.8
1m
(20.
8)c(
18.3
)fp
(10.
9)[5
0]0.
666
0.68
256
9.0
18.0
Coa
liti
on’s
bre
akdo
wn
Fael
ldin
III
22.0
5.81
-19.
09.8
2m
(20.
9)fp
(10.
8)[3
1.7]
0.00
00.
000
485.
019
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
th
e 19
.09.
82
elec
tion
s
Palm
e IV
08.1
0.82
-15.
09.8
5sa
p(4
7.4)
[47.
4]1.
000
1.00
010
72.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 15
.09.
85
elec
tion
s
Palm
e V
16.0
9.85
-28.
02.8
6sa
p(4
5.4)
[45.
4]0.
000
0.00
016
5.0
12.0
Palm
e’s
kill
er
Car
lsso
n (s
ap)
12.0
3.86
-03.
10.8
8sa
p(4
5.4)
com
(5.4
)[50
.8]
0.50
00.
106
925.
01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
18.0
9.88
el
ecti
ons
Car
lsso
n I
I04
.10.
88-1
5.02
.90
sap
(45.
4)[4
5.4]
0.00
00.
000
500.
012
.0Pa
rlia
men
tary
def
eat b
rou
ght a
bou
t by
dis
agre
emen
ts o
ver
the
anti
-cri
sis
econ
omic
pol
icy
Car
lsso
n I
II26
.02.
90-1
6.09
.91
sap
(44.
6)[4
4.6]
0.00
00.
000
567.
012
.0R
esig
nat
ion
aft
er 1
5.09
.91
elec
tora
l def
eat
Bil
dt (m
)04
.10.
91-1
9.09
.94
m(2
2.9)
fp(7
.4)k
ds(7
.4)c
(8.9
)[4
6.6]
1.00
01.
000
1080
.018
.0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
18.0
9.94
el
ecti
ons.
Soc
.dem
. won
87Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Car
lsso
n I
V07
.10.
94-1
5.03
.96
sap
(46)
[46]
1.00
01.
000
525.
018
.0V
olu
nta
ry r
esig
nat
ion
an
d su
bseq
uen
t re
shu
ffle
Pers
son
I (s
ap)
22.0
3.96
-20.
09. 9
8sa
p(4
6)[4
6]0.
000
0.00
090
8.0
0.0
Elec
tion
s in
20.
09.9
8
Pers
son
II
(sap
)20
.09.
98-1
5.09
.02
sap
(37.
5)le
ftp
arty
(12.
3)ve
rdi(
4.6)
[54.
4]0.
666
0.31
014
55.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 15
.09.
02
elec
tion
s
Pers
son
III
(sap
)15
.09.
02-0
6.10
.06
sap
(41.
2)[4
1.2]
0.00
00.
000
1481
.00.
0M
inor
ity
gove
rnm
ent.
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
th
e 17
.09.
06 e
lect
oral
def
eat
Rei
nfe
ldt I
(m)
06.1
0.06
-19.
09.1
0m
(27.
8)c(
8.3)
fp(8
)ch
rist
ian
dem
ocra
ts(2
)[46
.1]
1.00
01.
000
1357
.01.
0C
entr
e-ri
ght A
llia
nce
for
Swed
en. F
orm
al
wit
hd
raw
al fo
r th
e 19
.09.
10 e
lect
ion
s
Rei
nfe
ldt I
I20
.09.
10-0
3.10
.14
m(3
0.7)
c(6.
6)fp
(6.9
) ch
rist
ian
dem
ocra
ts (5
.4)
[49.
6]0.
000
0.00
014
73.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n a
fter
14.
09.1
4 el
ecto
ral d
efea
t
Lofv
en03
.10.
14-
s(31
.01)
mp
(6.8
9)[3
7.9]
1.00
01.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.27
60.
243
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.72
9
88
UN
ITED
KIN
GD
OM
Cab
inet
Dat
es o
f te
nu
rePa
rty
com
posi
tio
n
of
the
cabi
net
Ratio of change in the party
composition
% of change in the party
composition
Cabinet duration (days)
Crisis duration (days)
Cau
ses
of
the
cabi
net
ter
min
atio
n
Att
lee
(lab
)26
.07.
45-2
3.02
.50
lab(
61.4
)[61
.4]
0.00
00.
000
1672
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
26.0
2.50
el
ecti
ons
Att
lee
II23
.02.
50-2
6.10
.51
Lab(
50.4
)[50
.4]
0.00
00.
000
610.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
25.1
0.51
el
ecti
ons
Ch
urc
hil
l (co
n)
26.1
0.51
-05.
04.5
5co
n(5
1.4)
[51.
4]1.
000
1.00
012
58.0
1.0
Res
ign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r fo
r h
ealt
h
Eden
(con
)06
.04.
55-2
6.05
.55
con
(51.
4)[5
1.4]
0.00
00.
000
50.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 26
.05.
55
elec
tion
s
Eden
II
26.0
5.55
-09.
01.5
7co
n(5
4.8)
[54.
8]0.
000
0.00
059
4.0
4.0
Res
ign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r fo
r h
ealt
h. C
risi
s of
Su
ez
Mac
mil
lan
(con
)13
.01.
57-0
8.10
.59
con
(54.
8)[5
4.8]
0.00
00.
000
998.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
08.1
0.59
el
ecti
ons
Mac
mil
lan
II
08.1
0.59
-18.
10.6
3co
n(5
7.9)
[57.
9]0.
000
0.00
014
70.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r fo
r h
ealt
h. P
rofu
mo’
s sc
anda
l
Hom
e (c
on)
18.1
0.63
-16.
10.6
4co
n(5
7.9)
[57.
9]0.
000
0.00
036
3.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 15
.10.
64
elec
tion
s
Wil
son
(lab
)16
.10.
64-3
1.03
.66
lab(
50.3
)[50
.3]
1.00
01.
000
531.
00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
31.0
3.66
el
ecti
ons
Wil
son
II
31.0
3.66
-19.
06.7
0la
b(57
.8)[
57.8
]0.
000
0.00
015
40.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 18
.06.
70
elec
tion
s
89Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
Hea
th (c
on)
19.0
6.70
-04.
03.7
4co
n(5
2.4)
[52.
4]1.
000
1.00
013
53.0
1.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 28
.02.
74
elec
tion
s
Wil
son
III
05.0
3.74
-10.
10.7
4la
b(47
.4)[
47.4
]1.
000
1.00
021
9.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 10
.10.
74
elec
tion
s
Wil
son
IV
10.1
0.74
-05.
04.7
6la
b(50
.2)[
50.2
]0.
000
0.00
054
2.0
0.0
Res
ign
atio
n o
f th
e Pr
ime
Min
iste
r fo
r ag
e re
ason
s
Cal
lagh
an (l
ab)
05.0
4.76
-03.
05.7
9la
b(50
.2)[
50.2
]0.
000
0.00
011
23.0
2.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 03
.05.
79
elec
tion
s
That
cher
I (c
on)
05.0
5.79
-11.
06.8
3co
n(5
3.3)
[53.
3]1.
000
1.00
014
97.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 09
.06.
83
elec
tion
s
That
cher
II
11.0
6.83
-13.
06.8
7co
n(6
0.7)
[60.
7]0.
000
0.00
014
64.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 11
.05.
87
elec
tion
s
That
cher
III
13.0
6.87
-22.
11.9
0co
n(5
7.6)
[57.
6]0.
000
0.00
012
57.0
6.0
Con
’s s
up
por
t res
ign
atio
n b
rou
ght a
bou
t by
dis
agre
emen
ts o
ver
the
fisc
al a
nd
Euro
pea
n p
olic
ies
Maj
or I
(con
)28
.11.
90-0
9.04
.92
con
(57.
6)[5
7.6]
0.00
00.
000
498.
02.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
09.0
4.92
el
ecti
ons
Maj
or I
I11
.04.
92-0
2.05
.97
con
(51.
6)[5
1.6]
0.00
00.
000
1846
.01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
01.0
5.97
el
ecti
ons
Bla
ir I
(lab
)03
.05.
97-0
8.06
.01
lab(
63.6
)[63
.6]
1.00
01.
000
1790
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
07.0
6.01
el
ecti
ons
Bla
ir I
I (l
ab)
08.0
6.01
-06.
05.0
5la
b(62
.5)[
62.5
]0.
000
0.00
014
28.0
0.0
Form
al r
esig
nat
ion
aft
er th
e 05
.05.
05
elec
tion
s
Bla
ir I
II (l
ab)
06.0
5.05
-26.
06.0
7la
b(55
.2)[
55.2
]0.
000
0.00
068
0.0
1.0
Res
ign
atio
n
Bro
wn
(lab
)27
.06.
07-1
1.05
.10
lab(
55.2
)[55
.2]
0.00
00.
000
1049
.01.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
06.0
5.10
el
ecti
ons.
Ele
ctor
al d
efea
t
Cam
eron
I (c
on)
12.0
5.10
-08.
05.1
5co
n (4
7)li
bdem
(8.8
)[55
.8]
1.00
01.
000
1821
.00.
0Fo
rmal
res
ign
atio
n a
fter
the
07.0
5.15
el
ecti
ons
90
Cam
eron
II
(con
)08
.05.
15-
con
(36.
8)li
bdem
(7.9
)[44
.7]
0.00
00.
000
GO
V T
urn
over
In
dex
0.29
10.
291
Ave
rage
on
turn
over
0.99
7
Appendix
92
TABLE 1Government Turnovers in 31 European Contemporary Democracies (1945-2016)
Countries
Governments turnovers
tot. n. Caretaker Complete=1 semi≥1\2 partial<1\2 tot.
ITALY 61 2 6 13 5 24
FINLAND 46 3 1 9 16 26
BELGIUM 41 0 2 12 4 18
DENMARK 38 0 12 1 2 15
FRANCE V REP. 39 0 9 5 3 17
NORWAY 31 0 15 1 0 16
SWEDEN 30 0 6 4 0 10
AUSTRIA 27 0 1 4 0 5
NETHERLANDS 27 0 1 11 5 17
IRELAND 25 0 10 5 0 15
UNITED KINGDOM 25 0 7 0 0 7
ROMANIA 24 1 4 4 1 9
GREECE 23 2 6 1 1 8
FRANCE IV REP. 22 0 0 0 12 12
GERMANY 22 0 1 7 1 9
PORTUGAL 21 4 5 3 1 9
MOLDOVA 21 4 5 0 0 5
LATVIA 19 0 2 4 9 15
POLAND 16 0 6 1 0 7
LITHUANIA 16 0 5 2 0 7
ESTONIA 15 0 1 4 4 9
CZECH REP. 13 2 4 2 0 6
BULGARIA 13 5 6 0 1 7
SLOVENIA 13 0 4 4 0 8
SPAIN 12 0 3 0 0 3
SLOVAKIA 10 0 4 4 0 8
HUNGARY 10 0 4 0 0 4
SERBIA 15 0 5 1 1 7
ALBANIA 13 1 4 1 0 5
CROATIA 11 3 3 0 0 3
MONTENEGRO 9 0 0 1 1 2
Totals 708 27 142 138 67 347
93Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
TABLE 2Government Turnovers in 31 European Contemporary Democracies (1945-2016). Ideological Swings
Governemnt turnovers
Complete towards semi- and partial towards
Countries 1st in seriestotal
turnovers left
Cen
tre
riG
ht
tot.
left
Cen
tre
riG
ht
tot.
BiG Coalitions
(≥70%)
ALBANIA Centre-left 5 3 0 1 4 1 0 0 1 0
AUSTRIA Big coalition 5 1 0 0 1 3 0 1 4 12
BELGIUM Big coalition 18 1 0 1 2 5 11 0 16 6
BULGARIA Right 7 1 1 4 6 0 1 0 1 1
CROATIA Centre-right 3 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0
CZECH REP. Centre-right 6 3 1 0 4 0 2 0 2 0
DENMARK Right 15 7 0 5 12 1 0 2 3 0
ESTONIA Left 9 0 0 1 1 2 4 2 8
FINLAND Big coalition 25 0 1 0 1 14 10 0 24 6
FRANCE IV R. Big coalition 12 0 0 0 0 4 6 2 12 0
FRANCE V R. Big coalition 17 4 0 5 9 2 5 1 8 0
UNITED KINGDOM Left 7 3 0 4 7 0 0 0 0 0
GERMANY Centre-right 9 1 0 0 1 1 6 1 8 3
GREECE Right 9 4 0 2 6 1 0 2 3 2
HUNGARY Centre-right 4 2 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
IRELAND Centre-left 15 5 0 5 10 2 2 1 5 0
ITALY Centre 23 2 0 3 5 14 4 0 18 1
LATVIA Centre-right 19 0 0 2 2 3 3 11 17 0
LITHUANIA Left 7 3 2 0 5 1 0 1 2 0
MOLDOVA Centre-left 5 4 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0
MONTENEGRO Centre-left 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0
NETHERLANDS Centre-left 17 0 1 0 1 4 9 3 16 4
NORWAY Left 16 7 0 8 15 0 1 0 1 0
POLAND Centre-right 7 2 2 2 6 0 1 0 1 0
PORTUGAL Right 9 2 1 2 5 2 2 0 4 1
ROMANIA Left 9 1 2 0 3 2 4 0 6 0
SERBIA Centre-left 7 2 1 2 5 1 0 1 2 0
SLOVAKIA Right 8 1 2 1 4 2 1 1 4 0
SLOVENIA Centre-left 8 2 2 0 4 0 3 1 4 0
SPAIN Right 3 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0
SWEDEN Left 10 3 1 2 6 1 2 1 4 0
Totals 316 68 19 53 140 68 77 31 176 36
94
TABLE 3Government Turnover Index (GTI) in 31 European Contemporary Democracies (1945-2016)
Countries
Gti
(1) parties
(2) aver. %
(3)turn. %
SLOVAKIA 0,69 0,57 0,64
BULGARIA 0,52 0,41 0,70
IRELAND 0,53 0,50 0,81
NORWAY 0,52 0,51 0,96
HUNGARY 0,45 0,45 1,00
POLAND 0,44 0,43 0,93
SLOVENIA 0,64 0,64 0,86
CZECH REP. 0,44 0,37 0,75
FRANCE V REP. 0,34 0,26 0,54
ROMANIA 0,28 0,23 0,58
DENMARK 0,36 0,37 0,83
GREECE 0,39 0,34 0,84
NETHERLANDS 0,34 0,28 0,43
PORTUGAL 0,31 0,30 0,60
UNITED KINGDOM 0,30 0,30 1,00
SPAIN 0,36 0,36 1,00
ITALY 0,24 0,13 0,35
BELGIUM 0,25 0,21 0,47
SWEDEN 0,26 0,22 0,70
FINLAND 0,23 0,20 0,36
GERMANY 0,21 0,18 0,45
FRANCE IV REP. 0,17 0,17 0,30
AUSTRIA 0,12 0,10 0,52
ALBANIA 0,35 0,36 0,99
CROATIA 0,30 0,30 0,10
SERBIA 0,80 0,99 0,59
MONTENEGRO 0,12 0,00 0,00
ESTONIA 0,33 0,33 0,51
LATVIA 0,39 0,36 0,41
LITHUANIA 0,41 0,38 0,81
MOLDOVA 0,25 0,25 1,00
Averages 0,37 0,33 0,65
95Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
ALBANIA
AP Peoples Alliance
ASHE Alliance for a European Albania
DAP Democratic Alliance Party
DP Democratic Party of Albania
RP Republican Party of Albania
SDP Socialist Democratic Party of Albania
SP Socialist Party
UHRP United for Human Rights Party
AUSTRIA
FPO Freedom Party of Austria
KPO Communist Party of Austria
OVP Peoples Party
SPO S ocialist Party
BELGIUM
BPS/PSB Socialist Party
CD&V Christian Democratic and Flemish
CDH Humanist Democratic Centre
CPB/PCB Communist Party of Belgium
CVP/PSC Christian Social Party
FDF Federalistes Democrates Francophones
MR Mouvment Reformateur
N-VA New Flemish Alliance
PRLW Parti des réformes et de la liberté de
Wallonie
PVV/PRL Liberal Reformist Party RW Walloon Rally
SP.a Socialist Party-Differently
VLD Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats
VU Flemish regional Party “Volksunie”
BULGARIA
BSP Bulgarian socialist Party
GERB Citizens for European Development of
Bulgaria
KZB Coalition for Bulgaria
NDSV National Movement for Stability and
Progress
ODS United Democratic Force
SDS Union of Democratic Forces
CROATIA
HDZ Croatian Democratic Union
KUKURIKU (Fictitious name of a party coalition)
SDP Social Democratic Party of Croatia
CZECH REPUBLIC
ANO-2011 Action of Dissatisfied Citizens
CSL Czechoslovak People’s Party
CSSD Czech Social Democratic Party
KDU Christian and Democratic Union
ODS Civic Democratic Party
TOP09 Tradition Responsibility Prosperity
US-DEU Freedom Union–Democratic Union
DENMARK
CD Democrats Centre
DKF Conservative People’s Party
JP Justice Party
KF Communist Party
RV Radical Liberal Party
SD Social Democratic Party
SPF Social Democratic Party
SPS Left Socialist Party
V Liberal Party
VENSTRE Denmark’s Liberal Party
ESTONIA
ER Estonian Reform Party
LIST OF POLITICAL PARTIES
96
ERSP Estonian Radical Socialist Party
KER Estonian Centre Party
I Pro Patria Union
IRL Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica
RE Estonian Reform Party
RM People’s Party Moderates
SDE Social Democratic Party
FINLAND
KESK Centre Party of Finland
KOK National Coalition Party
KP Radical People’s Party
LKP Liberal people’s Party
SDP Social Democratic Party of Finland
SFP Svedish People’s Party
SKDL Finnish People’s Democratic League
SMP Finnish Rural Party
STP Socialist Worker Party
VERDI Green party
FRANCE
GAULL Gaullists
CDP Center, Democracy and Progress
CDS Central of Social Democrats
EELV Europe Ecology-The Greens
MRG Radical Movement of the Left
MRP Radical Movement Party
NC New Centre
PCF Communist Party of French
PF Federalist Party
PSF Socialist Party
RAD Radical Party
RPR Rally for the Republic
RSP Revolutionary Socialist Party
UDF Union for French Democracy
UDR Union des démocrates pour la
République
VERDI Green party
GERMANY
CDU/CSU Christian Democratic Union/Christian
Social Union
DP German Party
FDP Free Democratic Party
SPD Social Democratic Party of Germany
VERDI Green party
GREECE
ANEL Independent Greeks
PASOK Panhellenic Socialist Movement
KKE Communist Party of Greece
ND New Democracy
SYRIZA Coalition of the Radical Left
HUNGARY
FIDESZ Hungarian Civic Union
FKGP Independent Farmers’ Party
KDNP Christian Democratic People’s Party
MDF Hungarian Democratic Forum
MSZP Hungarian Socialist Party
SZDSZ Alliance of Free Democrats
IRELAND
CNP Cornish Nationalist Party
CNT Family of the Land
FF Fianna Fail-The Republican Party
FG Fine Gael
LAB Labour Party
PD Progressive Democrats
VERDI Green Party
ITALY
AN National Alliance
CCD Christian Democratic Centre
DC Christian Democracy
FI Forza Italia
IDV Italy of Values (Italia dei Valori)
LN North League
MSI Italian Social Movement
NCD New Centre-Right
PCI Communist Party of Italty
97Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
PDCI Party of Italian Communists
PDIUM Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist
Unity
PDS Democratic Party of the Left
PLI Liberal Party
PMP People’s Monarchist Party
PNM Monarchist National Party
PRC Communist Refoundation Party
PRI Italian Republican Party
PSDI Italian Democratic Socialist Party
PSI Socialist Party of Italy
PSU United Socialist Party
UDC Union of the Centre
UDEUR Union Democrats for Europe
ULIVO Ulivo
VERDI Green party
LATVIA
DPS Democratic Party of Socialists
JL New Era Party
JP New Party
LC Latvia’s Way
LNNK Latvian National Independence
Movement
LPP Liberal People’s Party
LSDLP Latvian Social Democratic Labour Party
LTF Popular Front of Latvia
LVP Latvian Unity Party
LSP Socialist Party of Latvia
LZS Latvian Farmers’ Union
NA National Alliance
PS Civic Union
TB For Fatherland and Freedom
TP People’s Party
V Unity
ZRP Zatlers’ ReformParty
LITHUANIA
DP Labour Party
LCS Liberal and Centre Union
LDLP Democratic Labour Party
LKDP Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party
LLRA Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania
LLS Lithuanian Liberty Union
LPP Agrarians Lithuanian Peasants’ Party
LRLS Liberals’ Movement of the Republic of
Lithuania
LSDP Social Democratic Party of Lithuania
LVLS Lithuanian Popular Peasants’ Union
MKDS Union of Modern Christian Democrats of
Lithuania
NDP New Democratic Party
NS New Union
RNP Rising Nation Party
TS Homeland Union
TT Order and Justice
MOLDOVA
ALLIANCE FOR DEMOCRATIC AND REFORMS
AMN Our Moldova Alliance
FPM Popular Front of Moldova
PCRM Communist Party of Moldova
PDAM Agrarian Party of Moldova
PDM Democratic Party of Moldova
PL Liberal Party
PLDM Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova
MONTENEGRO
DPS Democratic Party of Socialists of
Montenegro
LPCG Liberal Party of Montenegro
NS People’s Party
SDP Social Democratic Party
NETHERLANDS
ARP Anti Revolutionary Party
CDA Christian Democratic Appeal
CHU Christian Historical Union
CU Christian Union
D’66 Democrats 66
DS70 Democratic Socialists ’70
KVP Chatolic People’s Party
LPF Pim Fortuyn List
PPR Political Party of Radicals
PVDA Social Democratic Labour Party
VVD Liberal people’s Party for Freedom and
Democracy
98
NORWAY
CP Centre Party
CPP People Christian Party
FRP Progress Party
H Conservative Party
KRF Christian Democratic
LAB Labour Party
SP People Socialist Party
V Liberal Party “Venstre”
POLAND
ASW Solidarity Electoral Action
KLD Liberal democratic Congress
LPR League of Polish Families
PC Centre Agreement
PCD Christian Democratic Party
PIS Law and Justice
PO Civic Platform
PSL Polish People’s Party
RP Palikot’s Movement
SLD Democratic Left Alliance
SRP Social Democracy of the Republic of
Poland
UD Democratic Union
UW Freedom Union
WAK Catholic Election Action
PORTUGAL
CDS Democratic and Social Centre
PP People’s Party
PPM People’s Monarchist Party
PSD Social Democratic Party
PSP Socialist Party
ROMANIA
CDR Romanian Democratic Convention
FDSN Democratic National Salvation Front
PDL Democratic Liberal Party
PNL-PD National Liberal Party
PUNR Romanian National Unity Party
UDMR Democratic Union of Hungarians in
Romania
UNPR National Union for the Progress of
Romania
USD Social Democratic Union
USL Social Liberal Union
SERBIA
DOS Democratic Opposition of Serbia
DS Democratic Party
DSS Democratic Party of Serbia
G17 (Fictitious name of a party coalition)
NS New Serbia
SDPS Social Democratic Party of Serbia
SNS Serbian Progressive Party
SPO Serbian Renewal Movement
SPS Socialist Party of Serbia
SRS Serbian Radical Party
SLOVAKIA
ADSR Alliance of Democrats of the Slovak
Republic
HZDS Movement for a Democratic Slovakia
KDH Christian Democratic Movement
Ol’ANO Ordinary People and Independent
Personalities
SDK Slovak Democratic Coalition
SDKU Slovak Democratic and Christian Union –
Democratic Party
SDL Party of the Democratic Left
SMER Direction – Social Democracy
SMK Party of the Hungarian Coalition
SNS Slovak National Party
SOP Party of Civic Understanding
ZRS Union of the Workers of Slovakia
SLOVENIA
DESUS Democratic Party of Pensioners of
Slovenia
LDS Liberal Democracy
LGV Gregor Virant’s Civic List
MODERN CENTRE PARTY
NS Party of the Slovenian Nation
NSI New Slovenia – Christian People’s Party
99Poliarchie/Polyarchies – 1/2016
SDSS Slovenian Democratic Party
SKD Christian Democrats
SLS Slovenian People’s Party
ZARES Social Liberals
ZLSD Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia
ZS Greens of Slovenia
SPAIN
CIU Convergence and Union
ERC Republican Left of Catalonia
IU-LV United Left
PNV Basque National Party
PP People’s Party
PSOE Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party
UCD Union of the Democratic Centre
SWEDEN
C Centre Party
FP Liberal People’s Party
KDS Christian Democrats
M Conservative Party
MP Green Party
S Swedish Social Democratic Workers’
Party
UNITED KINGDOM
CON Conservative Party
LAB Labour Party
LIBDEM Liberal Democratic Party
About the Authors
Giuseppe Ieraci is currently Associate Professor in the Department of Political and Social Sciences of Trieste University – Italy, and teaches courses in Political Science, Democracy and Public Policy. His research interests are in the fields of democratic theory, party systems and political institutions, and policy analysis. His recent publications include: ‘Governments, Policy Space and Party Positions in the Italian Parliament (1996-2001)’, South European Society & Politics, 12 (2006), Governments and Parties in Italy. Parliamentary Debates, Investiture Votes and Policy Positions (1994-2006), Leicester, Troubador Pub. Ltd (2008), L’analisi delle politiche pubbliche, Rome, Aracne (2009), ‘Measures of Freedom, Democracy and the Free-dom in the World Index’, Quaderni di Scienza Politica, XVII (2010), ‘Government Alternation and Patterns of Competition in Europe: Comparative Data in Search of Explanations’, West European Politics, 35 (2012), 3.
Francesco Poropat is research fellow in the Department of Political and Social Sciences of Trieste University, Italy, and he is currently working on a research project on the new processes of democratization. He published The Balkan Demo-cratic Puzzle. Party System and Political Alignment in Serbia and Montenegro, Edizioni epoké, Novi Ligure (AL) – Italy, 2012.
Address: Dip. di Scienze Pol. e Soc. (DiSPeS), Università di Trieste, Piazzale Euro-pa 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy, e-mail: [email protected]
Le versioni elettroniche a testo completo sono disponibili nell’Archivio istituzionale di Ateneo dell’Università di Trieste “OpenstarTS” agli indirizzi
http://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/7515 (DiSPeS Working Papers)http://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/10215 (Poliarchie)
DiSPeS Working papers
1, 2012 Federico BATTERA Gli autoritarismi e le prospettive della democrazia in Africa settentrionale e nel
Medio Oriente
2, 2012 Gabriele BLASUTIG La condizione occupazionale dei laureati e le nuove sfide per le politiche del lavoro
3, 2013 Giuseppe IERACI Fallen Idols. State Failure and the Weakness of Authoritarianism
4, 2013 Giuseppe IERACI and Francesco POROPAT Governments in Europe (1945-2013). A Data Set
Poliarchie/Polyarchies
1/2014 Federico BATTERA Ruling Coalitions and Chances of Democratization in Arab Countries
2/2014 luiGi PELLIZZONI Territorio e movimenti sociali. Continuità, innovazione o integrazione?
3/2014 pier GiorGio GABASSI Valutazione e giustizia organizzativa
1/2015 chiara BECCALLI Una pratica di memoria della Prima Guerra Mondiale e identità comune europea:
immagini e riflessioni dei visitatori museali
2/2015 daniele ANDREOZZI, loredana PANARITI Politiche del lavoro / amministrare per il lavoro. Ipotesi, prospettive e scenari per
il Friuli Venezia Giulia
3/2015 pier GiorGio GABASSI New leadership e carisma
4/2015 GiorGio OSTI Socio-spatial relations: an attempt to move space near society
5/2015 serena BALDIN The Fuzzy Logic and the Fuzzy Approach: A Comparative Law Perspective
1/2016 Giuseppe IERACI and Francesco POROPAT Governments in Europe (1945-2016). A Data Set
Po
liarc
hie
/Po
lyar
chie
sSt
udi e
rice
rche
del
DiS
PeS
/ DiS
PeS
Stud
ies
and
Rese
arch
es
Governments in Europe (1945-2016).
A Data Set
Giuseppe IeraciFrancesco Poropat
1/2016Polyarchies is a collection of papers aimed at promoting the encounter of the social sciences and humanities, ranging from sociology and political science to history, law and philosophy. The analysis of political and social change can indeed be investigated from different perspectives and with the help of a variety of methodological tools. Polyarchies embraces a range of contemporary issues: processes of supranational integration and democratization in the world; the transformation of contemporary societies under the pressure of immigration and environmental challenges; the crises of “electoral democracy” in Europe and the development of a deliberative model of democracy; the potential “clash of civilizations” and socio-religious conflict; the resurgence of nationalisms and micro-regionalism in Europe and in the world; the integration of policy processes into networks and of communities into new frameworks and governance systems. The journal has an anonymous referee system and two issues per year are expected. Although contributions from multiple authors and collections of papers will be considered, Polyarchies privileges the publication of single author short monographs.
Poliarchie è una rivista che mira a favorire l’incontro delle discipline delle scienze sociali e umane, che vanno dalla sociologia alla scienza politica, alla storia, al diritto e alla filosofia. L’analisi del cambiamento politico e sociale può essere infatti indagato sotto diversi punti di vista e con l’aiuto di una varietà di strumenti metodologici. Poliarchie volge la sua attenzione ai processi d’integrazione sopranazionale del mondo attuale, alla democratizzazione nel mondo, alla trasformazione delle società contemporanee sotto la pressione dell’immigrazione e delle sfide ambientali, alle crisi della “democrazia elettorale” in Europa e allo sviluppo dei modelli deliberativi di democrazia, allo “scontro di civiltà” potenziale e al conflitto socio-religioso, alla rinascita dei nazionalismi e dei regionalismi in Europa e nel mondo, all’integrazione dei processi politici in reti e delle comunità in nuove strutture e sistemi di governance. La rivista ha un sistema di valutazione anonimo e prevede due numeri all’anno. Anche se saranno considerati per pubblicazione contributi di diversi autori e raccolte di articoli, Poliarchie privilegia la pubblicazione di monografie brevi di singoli autori.