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1. PH GIA POLYMER2. POLYMER SINH HC

PH GIA POLYMER

I. GII THIU

Ha sinh hc ha hc & ha sinh: l khoa hc nghin cuthnh phn ha hc v nhng qu trnh bin i ha hc cac th sng (sinh vt).

Sinh ha tnh (static biochemistry) Ha hc: nghin cuthnh phn cu to, tnh cht ha hc ca c th sng POLYMER SINH HC.

Sinh ha ng (dynamic biochemistry) Ha sinh: nghin cubn cht v c ch ha hc ca s trao i cht (metabolism).

II. LCH S HA SINH Nhng kin thc sinh ha u tin c tch ly t ngn

xa, trn c s pht trin ha hu c, sinh l hc, y hc vmt s ngnh khc.

Ha sinh tr thnh mt chuyn ngnh ring bit c lp ivi cc ngnh khoa hc khc vo khong cui TK XIX.

Cc s kin lch s sinh ha chnh nh: Wohler, 1828 tng hp urea bng con ng ha hc. Na sau TK XIX, bit kh nhiu v cu trc nhng TPHH ch yu ca c

th sng. Na u TK XX, xut hin nhng thnh tu v ha sinh dinh dng v

chuyn ha. T nhng nm 50 n nay, nhiu thnh tu ng k trong nhin cu

cu trc phn t.

III. THNH PHN HA HC CA SINH VTIII.1. Thnh phn nguyn t

C th sng c cu tokhong 30 loi nguyn t.

S c mt ca cc nguynt trong c th SV s cmt ca cc nguyn t ngoi c th.

Th gii SH - gi l th giica cc hp cht C.

LK ca C vi cc nguyn tkhc rt bn so vi cc LKkhc.

S phn b ca cc nguynt khng ng u phnthnh 3: Cc nguyn t a lng (>10-

5): C, H, O, N, S, P, Cl, Ca, Na,K, Mg, Fe, Zn

Nguyn t vi lng (10-8-10-5):Cu, Co, Mo, B, F, Cr, I, Mn, Al,Si

Nguyn t siu vi lng (

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III. THNH PHN HA HC CA SINH VTIII.2. Phn t sinh hc

From the Cell to Macromolecule

Cc phn t sinh hc nm trong 1 h thng kn l cth SV c cc c im: Cc phn t SH c kh nng t chuyn ha, tphin m, t bin i v t iu khin cho cchot ng ca n.

Vai tr dinh dng ca cc phn t SH: Nhm cht tham gia vo chc nng cu trc:protein

Nhm cung cp NL: lipid, glucid Nhm gi cc chc nng iu ha: enzyme, ccni tit t

Nhm cht vi dinh dng: vitamin, khong, acidamin khng thay th, acid bo khng thay th

Nhm h tr dinh dng: nc, cht x

III. THNH PHN HA HC CA SINH VTIII.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca t bo

Macromolecules are abundant in cells

S phn b cc HCHC khc nhau gia V & TV

HCHC Protein Glucid Lipid A.nucleic

ng vt 70% < 5% 10% 15%

Thc vt < 5% 50-70% 25% 10%

u c 2 thnh phn c bn: nc 60-80%, CK 30-40%.

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TRAO I CHT & NNG LNG1. Khi nim Trao i cht (TDC - metabolism): l ton bnhng chuyn ha ha hc xy ra trong cth.

TDC gm 2 qu trnh c bn: ng ha (anabolism): l qu trnh tng hp nncc cht hu c cho c th SV, cn cung cp nnglng (t ATP)

D ha (catabolism): l qu trnh phn gii chthu c c phn t lng ln thnh cht huc n gin, gii phng nng lng (tch ly trongATP)

Quang dngThu nng lngt nh sng

Ha dng

Photoautotrophs: T dng quang nngPhotoheterotrophs: D dng quang nngChemoautotrophs: T dng ha nngChemoheterotrophs: D dng ha nng

C ch ha sinh c bn sinh nng lng H hp hiu kh (c O2) CO2 + H2O + nhiu ATP(cht nhn e cui l O2) H hp ym kh (KHNG O2) CHC hoc v c +t ATP (cht nhn e cui KHNG l O2: NO3- , SO4-,CO3-) Ln men (KHNG O2) ethanol or acid, gas (CHCl cht nhn e cui cng) Sn phm cui u sinh ATP

TRAO I CHT & NNG LNG1. Khi nim

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C ch ha sinh c bn sinh nng lng H hp hiu kh CO2 + H2O (cht nhn e cui lO2;O2b kh to H2O)

ng vt, vi sinh vt gy bnh ngi Nng lng: oxi ha CHC Ngun carbon: Carbon t CHC Qu trnh chuyn ha qua cc con ng

Qu trnh ng phn Chu trnh Kreb hay chu trnh citrate Chui h hp

TRAO I CHT & NNG LNG1. Khi nim

Qu trnh oxy ha kh sinh hcc bn

Basic reaction

Biological reaction

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: electron removal

: electron uptake

ATP 3 part molecule consisting of

adenine a nitrogenous base ribose a 5-carbon sugar 3 phosphate groups

Removal of the terminalphosphate releases energy

Adenosine Tri Phosphate ADP + energy + phosphate

ATP contains energy that can be easilyreleased (high-energy or unstable energybond)

Required for anabolic reactions

Biological catalysts Highly specific Extremely efficient Increase reaction rates 108-1010 times High turnover numbers Proteins or RNA (ribozymes)

Enzymes

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I. Khi nim chung Protein l mt polymer

sinh hc to bi cc acidamin

Trng lng phn t ln C vai tr: to cu trc,

sinh hc (xc tc, iuha, min dch),vnng, vn chuyn, dtr

Ngun thu nhn: ngvt, thc vt, vi sinh vt

Chng II: PROTEIN II. Cu to phn t proteinACID AMIN

L n v c bn to nn mi protein t nhinPr = n x a.a

C 20 loi acid amin Cc protein khc nhau: t l & s lng cc aa Acid amin l dn xut ca acid carboxylic khi thay th

mt nguyn t H bng nhm amin (-NH2)

2. Phn loi acid amin Da vo tnh acid hoc kim

Monoamin Monocarboxyl (aa. trung tnh) Diamin Monocarboxyl (aa. kim tnh) Monoamin Dicarboxyl (aa. acid tnh)

Da vo gi tr dinh dng Acid amin khng thay th: Leu, Ile, Met, Val, Lys, Thr, Phe,Trp (tr em: thm Arg, His).

Acid amin thay th Da vo cu to ca nhm R

Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Mch bn khng cc

Mch h: Ala, Gly, Ile, Leu, Val

Mch vng: Phe, Trp, Pro

Mch bn c ccKhng mang in (trung tnh):Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln, Cys, Met, TyrMang in dng (base): Arg, Lys,HisMang in m (acid): Asp, Glu

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1. Mch bn khng cc-k nc Glycine (Gly) L acid amin duy nht khng c tnh hot quang

2.Mch bn cha vng thm

3.Mch bn phn cc, khng tch in 4.Mch bn c cc,tch in dng5.Mch bn c cc,tch in m

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3. Tnh cht acid amin

Tnh cht chung Tnh cht quang hc Tnh lng tnh Tnh cht ha hc

3.1. Tnh cht chung ca acid amin (aa) Tinh th mu trng, bn 20-25oC Tan trong nc vi mc khc nhau Hu ht aa bn trong mi trng acid v nhit cao3.2. Tnh cht quang hc ca aa

Tr glycine, tt c cc aa cn li u c ng phn quanghcth hin hot tnh quang hc, quay mt phng nh sngphn cc

ng phn quang hc c gi bng danh php D-L hay R-Sgng Quay phi (+), tri (-)

L-Glyceraldehyde D-Glyceraldehyde

L-Acid amin D-Acid amin

Danh php D-LDa vo cu trc ca glyceraldehyde

tt cccaatrongprotein

- t ph binc xut hintrong tnhin mt speptide caVSV

- K c tiuha trong cth ngi

Nhn t H C (b H) Bt u t nhm COO-

, i theo chiu kimng h

i quang L- to thnhch CORN

i quang D- tothnh ch CONR

L- Acid amin

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Danh php R-S Xc nh th t u tin ca cc nhm th theo quy

tc Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Nhn t C n nhm th c mc u tin thp nht Th t u tin ca 3 nhm cn li: quay cng chiu

kim ng h R; quay ngc chiu kim ng h S

3.3. Tnh cht lng tnh

Trong mi trng acid: tnh base Trong mi trng base: tnh acid ng dng tch cc acid amin

Mi trng pH tng dn

3.4. Tnh cht cm quan

Acid amin tham gia to mi v cho nhng sn phm giuprotein qua x l bng qu trnh thy phn.

V ca acid amin ph thuc vo cu trc khng gian: Dng L c v ng Dng D c v ngt Acid amin vi R mch vng c c v ngt v v ng L-tryptophane v L-tyrosine c v ng nht L-glutamic acid nng cao cho v ngt ca tht, nng

thp l cht tng v cho sn phm thc phm. Methionine c mi sulfure

Cng v: Ph thuc vo ngng nng Ngng ny ph thuc vo tnh k nc ca mch R.

3.5. Tnh cht ha hc

Cc phn ng c trng ca acid amin: Phn ng vi formol Phn ng vi HNO2 Phn ng vi Ninhydrin

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III. Peptide1. Lin ktpeptide

2. Cch gi tn peptide Ghp tn tt c cc acid amin theo th t Acid amin c nhm COOH tham gia vo lin kt peptide: ui

i thnh -yl Tu theo s lng acid min c: dipeptide, tripeptide,

tetrapeptide, polypeptide. S ng phn peptide khng lp li to thnh t n acid amin =

n!T Alanine T Glycine

TCysteine

3. Polypeptide

Cc polymer mch thng, di, to thnh do cc acidamin ni vi nhau bng lin kt peptide c gi lpolypeptide.

Protein l cc phn t c cu to t mt hay nhiumch polypeptide.

Vasopressin ca ch nhi

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1. Cu to

n x acid amin Ngoi lin kt peptide cn c cc lin kt khc:

Lin kt hydroLin kt k ncLin kt disunfide (disunfua)Lin kt ionLin kt Van der Waals

IV. PROTEIN 2. Cc bc cu trc Cu trc bc mt, bc hai, bc ba, bc bn

2.1. Cu trc bc mt

L trnh t sp xp ca cc acid amin trong mchpolypeptide ca protein

Glutamate

Glycine

Cysteine

Valine

Lysine

2.1. Cu trc bc mt V d Glutamin, Histidine v Proline nu lin kt vi nhau theo th

t Glu His Pro s to thnh mt hormon kch thch tuyngip tit thyroxin, nhng nu 3 acid amin ny kt hp theomt trt t khc s khng c tnh cht chc nng.

Oxytocin v vasopressin l protein c 9 aa, ch khc nhau aath 3 v 8 chc nng hon ton khc nhau: Oxytocin c tc dng trn c trn ca t cung v tuyn v,gy co khi t cung sinh con v kch thch s tit sa khi chocon b.

Vasopressin c tc dng chng li niu, tang cung ti hpthu nuc thn, dng thi lm co mch, do d c tc dngtang huyt p.

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2. Cu trc bc 2: a s l protein cu trc Do cc C* u bt i cu trc protein khng n nh cc nhm R c th quay xung quanh nguyn t C to nn dng xon.

Cu trc xon Cu trc gp np Cu trc xon 3 mch

2.2. Cu trc bc hai - Xon anpha L s sp xp 3 chiu ca cc acid

amin lm cho mch polypeptide cdng xon c

c gi bi cc lin kt hydro giaH ca nhm N-H v O ca nhmC=O ca acid amin th t dc theomch polypeptide

Lin kt H song song trc xon Nhn ging nh dy in thoi Xon : to bi 1 si polypeptide

c n nh bi v s LK H, a sxon theo chiu kim ng h.

Cu trc gp np :

3,6 aa

2.2. Cu trc bc hai Gp np beta Cc mch polypeptide xp cnh nhau Gia cc mch polypeptide c lin kt H Cc nhm R hng ln trn hoc xung di mt phng

cha cc mch polypeptide L cu trc ph bin ca cc protein si (Vd: t)

Cu trc gp np

Song song

i song

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2.2. Cu trc bc hai Xon 3 mch 3 mch

polypeptide anvo nhau

Lin kt H gia ccnhm OH gipcu trc bn vng

Tiu biu lcollagen, m linkt, da, gn v sn

2.3. Cu trc bc ba L dng cun gp ca mt mch polypeptide Hnh dng tng th c trng ca mt protein Cc lin kt ngang gia cc nhm R ca cc acid amin

trong mch disulfide SS Ion COO ... H3N+ lin kt H C=O HO k nc CH3 H3C

3. Cu trc bc 3: a s l protein chc nng Cu trc xon bc 2 c th t cun gp trong khng gian hnh cu, ellip.

Cc protein hnh cu d ha tan, v cc gc acid amin knc quay vo trong, cc gc acid amin i nc ngoi.

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Cu trc bc ba Cc kiu cu trc bc baCu

Nhiu acid aminkhng tan, proteinc xu hng gimdin tch bmt/t l th tch

Ri

Kt hp tt vinc v c cu hnhngu nhin

Si

Cu trc bc haimnh cho phpprotein duy trhnh dng si.

Insulin, Hemoglobin,Enzyme, Khng th Tc, Len, Da, Mng

Common motifs Common folds

2.4. Cu trc bc bn L s kt hp ca nhiu n v bc ba L cc protein c hai hay nhiu mch polypeptide V d: Hemoglobin

o L protein mang oxy, c trong muo Phn t c 4 mch polypeptideo Mi mch c mt nhm heme gn vi oxy

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2.4. Cu trc bc bn Phn t Hemoglobin c cu trc bc 4, c chc nng vn chuyn

oxy, gm 2 mch xon v 2 mch xon .

4. Cu trc bc 4: Cc protein hnh cu d dng kt hp vi nhau bng LK th cp cu trc bc 4 Cc protein bc 4 d phn ly protome nh hng chc nngsinh hc. Protein l hp cht SH c cu trc bc ln nht, phc tp nht. Protein thay i cu trc khng gian nh hng kh nng xtp SH.

Insulin

Phn loi protein

Protein n gin: Ch cu to bi cc acid amin Protein phc tp: Acid amin + nhm ngoiLoi Nhm ngoi V d

Lipoprotein - Lipid Chylomicrons Glycoprotein - Carbohydrate Immunoglobulin Phosphoprotein - Phosphate Caseine Hemoprotein - Heme (St porphyrin) Hemoglobin Flavoprotein- Flavin nucleotide - Succinate

Dehydrogenase Metalloprotein - Fe, Zn, Ca, Mb, Cu -Ferritin (Fe)

Protein c phn loi da vo tnh ng th:homoprotein v heteroprotein

Protein c chia thnh protein n gin v proteinphc tp gm: Phosphoprotein

Cha cc gc ester vi acid phosphoric Casein, phosvitin ca lng trng

Glycoprotein Cha mt hoc nhiu monosaccharide, oligosaccharide Nhiu thnh phn trong lng v lng trng trng, collagen cacc m kin kt, serum mt s loi c.

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Protein chc nng Enzyme Cht mang c vai tr d tr kim loi (apoferritine cha Fe),c nh hoc vn chuyn kh (O2, CO2, NH3), vitamin(flavoprotein i vi riboflavin)

Hormone iu chnh p sut cc ng mch, mu sc da,iu tit cc dch (dch tiu ha, s tit sa), iu chnh schuyn ha nng lng.

Globulin min dch bo v c th chng cc cht l, cc vtth l nh virus, vi khun (lysozyme).

Bo v cc c quan thc vt (anti-trypsin chng li hotng ca enzyme trypsin phn hy protein)

Vn chuyn nng lng ha hc v c hc (myosin v actinca cc m c ng vt).

Protein cu trc Tham gia hnh thnh cc b khung, cc m, lin kt cc m vinhau trong c th ng vt.

V d: Collagen c trong xng, gn v cc m lin kt (20-25% protein ca cth ngi)

Elastin c nhiu trong cc m lin kt, thnh cc mch mu. Keratin l thnh phn ch yu ca lng, tc, mng, sng Fibrinogen, fibrin l thnh phn to cu trc cc m c.

Protein d tr Protein ca trng, sa (casein), protein c trong v, ht Polymer cha cc acid amin cn thit nui con (ng vt)v cho cc qu trnh mc v nui mm, r (thc vt).

1. Protein n ginPhn loi theo tnh cht ha

tan. Albumin

M nh hoc trung bnh, d tantrong nc, d bin tnh binhit.

B hon ton bi (NH4)2SO4bo ha C mt hu ht cc t bo

vi t l khc nhau. Do d tan nn albumin c

nhiu D quan trng.D: tnh to bt.

Globulin Protein hnh cu, Khng tan hoc tan rt t

trong nc v acid long, dtan trong mui long.

B bi dung dch (NH4)2SO4bn bo ha, NaCl 4-10%. Globulin ph bin trong TV v

c V (trong u, trng,huyt thanh)

m nhn nhiu chc nngSH quan trng. VD: E,hormone

Prolamin Khng tan trong nc hay trong dung dch mui

long, tan trong ru (ethanol, isopropanol 70-80%). Ch yu c trong TV: bp (zein), u

Glutelin Khng tan trong nc, trong dung dch mui long,

trong ru ethylic, ch tan trong dung dch kim longhoc acid long.

Ch yu l protein ng cc: la m (glutenin cao btnho).

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Protamin M nh, cu to n gin nht, C tnh kim mnh, d tan trong nc, khng tantrong dung dich amoniac long, khng ng t khiun nng.

Histon M nh 15000-25000 Kim tnh, d ha tan trong nc, khng tan trongdung dch amoniac long, khng ng t khi uanng.

C trong nhn t bo. C 5 loi Histon: H1, HA1, HA2, H3, H4 Chc nng: LK DNA to NST.

2. Protein phc tpPhn loi theo bn chtnhm ngoi.

Nucleoprotein Phi protein: acidnucleic.

C trong nhn t bo,ribosome.

t c gi tr CNTP D nhiu trong CNSH

Cromoprotein Phi protein: phcmang mu.

VD: Myoglobin,hemoglobin,cytochrom c, catalase

Flavoprotein Thng gi chcnng sinh hc quantrng.

Hemoglobin

Myoglobin

Lipoprotein Phi protein: lipid Lipoprotein: mng tbo,

Proteolipid: thnh phnchnh ca t bo no b.

Glycoprotein Phi protein: glucid L cc protein xuynmng, phn saccharidehng ra ngoi mitrng

L thnh phn ca cc tbo thn kinh

Phosphoprotein Phi protein: H3PO4, gcPO43- C vai tr quan trngtrong trao i gcphosphate.

L protein d tr: caseinsa , , ; ovabumintrng

Metaloprotein Phi protein: kim loi Thng l nhm proteintham gia cu toenzyme.

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Biological catalysts Highly specific Extremely efficient Increase reaction rates 108-1010 times High turnover numbers Proteins or RNA (ribozymes)

Enzymes Enzyme Components

Holoenzyme - whole enzyme

2 Parts1. Apoenzyme - protein portion2. Coenzyme (cofactor) - non-protein

Coenzymes Many are derived from vitamins

1. Niacin NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

2. Riboflavin FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)

3. Pantothenic Acid CoEnzyme A

Enzyme components

Cofactors may be metal ions Cofactors may accept or donate atoms removed from thesubstrate or donated to the substrate Cofactors may act as electron carriers Often derived from vitamins e.g. NAD and NADP electron carries derived from nicotinicacid

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Nhim v Coenzyme:

Thng LK vi c cht Xc nh kiu phn ng vi E xc tc. Lm tng bn ca apoE

Apoenzyme: Quyt nh tnh c hiu ca E Tng cng xc tc ca E.

c hiu tuyt i: E ch tc dng ln 1 c

cht nht nh V hu nh khng tc

dng ln c cht no khc. c hiu tng i:

E c kh nng tc dng lnmt kiu LK ha hc nhtnh trong phn t c cht.

M khng ph thuc vocu to ca cc thnhphn tham gia to thnhmi LK .

c hiu nhm: E c kh nng tc dng ln

1 kiu LK ha hc nhtnh

Vi iu kin: 1 trong 2phn tham gia to thnhLK phi c cu to xcnh.

c hiu quang hc: Ech tc dng vi 1 trong 2dng ng phn quanghc ca cc cht.

Enzymes - catalysts that speed up and directchemical reactions

A. Enzymes are substrate specific Lipases Lipids SucrasesSucrose Ureases Urea Proteases Proteins DNases DNA

Sucrose Sucrase Lipids Lipase DNA DNase Proteins Protease removes a Hydrogen Dehydrogenase removes a phosphate phosphotase

Naming of Enzymes - most are named by addingase to the substrate

Naming of Enzymes Grouped based on type of reaction theycatalyze

1. Oxidoreductases oxidation &reduction

2. Hydrolases hydrolysis 3. Ligases synthesis

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Oxidoreductase Oxidation reduction inwhich hydrogen or oxygenare gained or lost

Cytochrome oxidase,lactate dehydrogenase

Transferase Transfer of functionalgroups, e.g. amino, acetylor phosphate groups

Acetate kinase, alaninedeaminase

Hydrolase Hydrolysis addition ofwater

Lipase, sucrase

Lyase Removal of atoms withoutaddition of water

Oxalate decarboxylase,isocitrate lyase

Isomerase Rearrangement of atomswithin a molecule

Glucose phosphateisomerase, alanineracemase

Ligase Joining of two molecules Acetyl-CoA synthetase,DNA ligase

Types of enzymes Qua 3 giai on (G):

E + S ES P + E G1 to phc [ES]: E + S

bng LK yu phc ESkhng bn phn ng nyxy ra rt nhanh.

G2 hot ha S: xy ras bin i S ko cngv ph v cc LK ng hatr tham gia phn ng.

G3 hnh thnh P: tothnh P, cn E c giiphng ra di dng t do.

Cc loi LK ch yu cto thnh gia E v S /trong phc ES. Tng tc tnh in LK H Tng tc VanderWaals Mi loi LK i hi nhng

iu kin khc nhau vchu nh hng khc nhaukhi c nc.

C CH TC DNG CA ENZYME

1

2

3

4

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5

6

Chymotrypsin mechanism - 7

IV.1. Tnh cht l ha chungE l protein chng c y tnh cht ca protein: D bin tnh, d kt ta, d mt hot tnh SH, hot

tnh xc tc - khi chu nhng tc ng bn ngoi hoccc tc nhn ha hc.

Khng thm tch qua mng bn thm C tnh lng tnh Tan trong nc, dung mi hu c c cc khc, dung

dch mui long, Hnh cu M thng ln 2.000-1.000.000

IV. TNH CHT CA ENZYME IV.2. Cng lc xc tc E l cht xc tc sinh hc

C y tnh cht ca mt cht xc tc C cng lc xc tc mnh hn nhiu so vi xc tc thngthng.

Nng lng hot ha: l nng lng cn thit chuynphn t cht tham gia phn ng t trng thi bnhthng trng thi hot ng phn ng mi xy rac. VD: H2O2 H2O + 1/2O2

Khng c xc tc NLHH 18.000kcal/mol C xc tc v c (platin) NLHH 11.700kcal/mol C catalase NLHH 5.500kcal/mol

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Enzymes as BiologicalCatalysts Increase reaction ratesby over 1,000,000-fold Two fundamentalproperties

Increase the reactionrate with no alterationof the enzyme Increase the reactionrate without altering theequilibrium

Reduce the activationenergy

Gii thch tnh c hiu Thuyt tng ng tnh:

S tng ng v cu trc phn t E & c cht l c sn gii thch tnh c hiu tuyt i.

Thuyt tng ng ng:Tn ti s tng ng v cu trc gia E & c cht, chkhi c cht tc dng vi E. S tng ng ch hnh thnh trong qu trnhphn ng - ch khng c sn gii thch c tt ccc tnh c hiu ca E.

V.1. Nng E Trong iu kin tha S, vp phthuc tuyn tnh vo nng E.

v = k[E] v: vn tc phn ng [E]: l nng E

Cng c trng hp, khi nng E qu ln vp tng chm.

V. CC YU T NH HNGN VN TC PHN NG

ENZYME

v = k[E]

V.2. Nng S M hnh Michaelis-Menten c im quan trng nht ca m hnh ny l:

M u phn ng cn thit phi to thnh phc trung gian ES Sau phc ES chuyn ha tip P cui cng ca phn ng v

E t do E li kt hp vi phn t S khc bt u vng xc tc mi.

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Trng hp n gin nht, phn ng ch c 1 S v E xc tc cho s chuyn ha n ch to thnh 1 snphm P.

k1: hng s vn tc phn ng thun to phc ES k-1: hng s phn ng nghch phn ly ES k2: hng s vn tc phn ng phn ly ES to sn phm P v

ti to E. Vn tc phn ng:

Vp to phc [ES]: v+1 = k+1[S][E] Vp phn ly phc [ES]: v-1 = k-1[ES] Vp to P: v+2 = k+2[ES]

Mun phn ng cn bngth: v+1 = v-1 + v+2k+1[E][S] = (k-1 + k+2)[ES]Vi [E] = [Eo] [ES] [ES]: lng E c trong

phc [E]: lng E s phn ng [Eo]: lng E ban u

k+1[Eo][S] - k+1[ES][S] = (k-1 + k+2)[ES]k+1[Eo][S] = (k-1 + k+2 + k+1[S])[ES]

[S]k

kk[Eo][S]

[S]kkk[Eo][S]k]ES[

1

21121

1

M1

21 kk

kk

t

[S]k[Eo][S][ES]

M

Vn tc ca E t cc i khi ton b E ban u utham gia phn ng. v = vmax [Eo] = [EoS]

[S]k[Eo][S]k[ES]kv

M

22

[S]k

[Eo][S][ES]M

[S]k[S]

vvM

max Vi: vmax = k+2[Eo]

Vi:

Phng trnh Michaelis-Menten

Michaelis-Menten kinetics

M1

21 kk

kk

[S]k[S]

vvM

max

Hng s phn ly biu kin

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Range of KM values

KM provides approximation of [S] in vivo for many enzymes

Lineweaver-Burk plot (double-reciprocal)

maxmax

M

v

1[S]1

v

kv

1

V.3. Cc cht km hm Cc cht khi kt hp vi E lm

gim, lm yu, hay chm dt hotng xc tc ca E, nhng khngb chuyn ha bi E: cht kmhm / cht c ch (inhibitor I).

Cc cht ny c th l nhng ion,cc phn t v c, hu c(protein).

Theo c ch tc dng ca chtkm hm:

Km hm thun nghch Km hm canh tranh Km hm khng cnh tranh

Km hm khng thun nghch E.

Km hm thun nghch E: Khi c mt ca cht km hm

hot tnh E s b yu i. Nhng khi loi b cht km

hm hot tnh E tr lihot ng nh ban u.

2 dng Km hm canh tranh Km hm khng cnh tranh

Km hm bt thun nghch E: Khi loi b cht km hm

hot tnh E khng tr li nhban u.

Enzyme inhibition

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Cc cht km hm cnh tranh L nhng cht km hm thun

nghch E

C cu trc tng t cu trc S

C kh nng kt hp voTTH E chim ch kt hpca S.

S kt hp ca I v S vo TTHE c tnh cht loi tr ln nhau.

I cnh tranh v phn ngxc tc.

Vmax unaltered, Km increased

Cc cht km hm khng cnh tranh Kt hp vi E ch khc vi TTH.Lm thay i cu trc khng gian ca phn t E theo hng khng c li cho hot ng xc tc can lm v phn ng xc tc.

Sau khi kt hp vi cht km hm khng cnh tranh E vn c th kt hp vi S phc EIS.

Km unaltered,Vmax decreased

Km hm bi sn phm ca phn ng Km hm do tha c cht Km hm d lp th (alosteric)

1 s E ngoi TTH, cn c trung tm d lp th Alosteric l 1 phn ca E khi kt hp vi I cu trc E b

bin i TTH b bin i bin i hot tnh E. th biu din s ph thuc gia V & S c dng Sigmoid

(khng cn dng Hyperbol)

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Enzyme iu ha Trong mi CT-TC, phi c t nht 1 E iu chnh tc p/ng ca

ton b CT E iu ha. Trong phn ln cc CT chuyn ha, thng p/ng u tin c xt

bi E iu ha. Hot tnh ca E iu ha, c iu chnh bi nhm cc cht iu

ha c MW nh (thng: cc cht trao i trung gian hoccofactor).

C ch iu ha: E d lp th E iu ha ci bin nh to LK ha tr thun nghch Cc c ch iu ha hot tnh xt: nh gn hoc tch nhng phn t

protein c hiu, hot ha zymogen

Enzyme iu ha d lp th Kiu iu ha ph bin ca E d lp th: iu ha c ch ngc (c

ch phn hi, feedback inhibition). VD: chui p/ng bin i L-threonine L-isoleucine. C 1/nhiu tm iu ha, c th nm cc tiu n v khc nhau

ca E E d lp th thng c cu trc khng gian phc tp v ckch thc ln hn E bnh thng (thng c cu trc bc 4).

ng cong ng hc E d lp th c hnh Sigmoid (S) khc ving Hyperbol ca E bnh thng. Th hin s phi hp tc ngca cc tiu n v trong phc E.

V.4. Cc cht hot ha Lm tng hot xc tc caE, thng c bn cht ha hckhc nhau.

Cc anion, ion kim loi Cc cht hu c c cu tophc tp hn lm nhim vchuyn nhm, chuyn H Cht c kh nng ph v 1 sLK / phn t tin E, Hoc nhng cht c tc dngphc hi nhng nhm chctrong TTH E.

Tuy nhin, tc dng hot hach gii hn nhng nng xc nh, vt qu gii hnny c th lm gim hot E.

Cht kch thch c kh nng l v: N c th tham gia vo thnhphn cu to ca TTH. N c th l cu ni gia E-S N l 1 coE N c th khi phc li cuhnh khng gian ca TTH Cht kch thch dn n sphn ly ion ca E & S.

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V.5. Nhit To l yu t quan trng nht nh hng v phn ng

E. To thch hp i vi cc phn ng do E xc tc trong

gii hn 50-60oC. To ph hy E gi l to ti hn 80-100oC. To ng vi hot ng cao nht ca E (v = vmax): to tithch (optimum - Toopt),

Toopt t V l 40-50oC Toopt t TV l 50-60oC

toopt

V =vmax

V.6. pH mi trng pH mi trng nh hng r rt n phn ng E. V:

N nh hng n mc ion ha ca E v S. Khi pH thay i nh hng trc tip n TTH ca E nh hng n bn protein E.

a s E bn trong gii hn pH 5-9. pH m hot E mnh nht: pHopt

S mt hot tnh E do s pH mang tnh thun nghch.

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Enzyme Ngun gc pHopt-Pepsin-Trypsin-Chymotrypsin-Amylase-Lipase-Phosphatase acid-Phosphatase kim

-Dch v-Dch ty-Dch ty-Dch ty, nc bt-Dch ty-Tuyn tin lit-Xng, gan

1,888,1-8,677-7,55-5,68,6-9,1

V.7. nh sng nh sng thng c nh hng trc tip n v ca

nhng phn ng oxh-k. V vy, nh sng cng l mt yu t iu chnh v phn

ng ca E oxh-k, Trong cc bc x nh sng khc nhau nh hng

khc nhau. VD:

Tia cc tm - nh hng nhiu nht hot tnh ca E / phnng oxh-k.

Tia hng ngoi t nh hng hn.

3. Tnh cht

Tnh phn ly Tnh phn ly c trng bi pK v pI Tnh acid ca nhm carboxyl v tnh base ca nhm

amin peptide thp hn so vi cc acid amin t do. Hp th tia UV

OD ti 280nm c s dng nh tnh v nhlng protein v peptide.

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Tnh cht vt l ha tan Trong nc, ha tan ca cc acid amin rt khc nhau:

Proline, hydroxylproline, glycine, alanine, tan tt trongdung dch. Cystein v tyrosine hu nh khng tan Cc acid amin khc c ha tan thp Thm acid/kim tng ha tan ca cc acid amin. Acid amin trong hp phn vi cc acid amin khc tan tthn khi ch c hn mt mnh.

Trong dung mi hu c, ha tan thp do acid amin c tnh phn cc Tt c cc acid amin khng tan trong ether, mt s t tantrong ethanol.

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Tnh cht cm quan

Dipeptide ca acid aspartic c v ngt lin quan n cu trcdng D ca acid amin.

Cc peptide cn li c v ng hoc v dung. V ca peptide khng ph thuc vo cu hnh khng gian dng

L hoc D. Cng v ph thuc vo tnh k nc ca cc on mch

R v khng ph thuc vo trnh t acid amin. V ng ca peptide c th xut hin khi thy phn mt phn

protein (v d: phomat khi chn cha hon ho c th b ng) Cn ch khi s dng enzyme trong bin tnh protein.

Phn ng mu c trng (Phn ngBiure) L phn ng c trng

ca cc hp cht c t 2lin kt peptide tr ln

Phn ng vi CuSO4trong mi trng kim To phc c mu t xanh

tm, tm n tm tythuc s lng lin ktpeptide

ng dng nh lngprotein. Php th Biuret

4. Bin tnh protein

Ph v cu trc bc hai, bc ba, bc bn ca protein bng: Nhit/Cht hu c: b gy lin kt H v ph v lc hp

dn k nc Acid/Base: b gy lin kt ion v lin kt H gia cc

nhm R c cc Ion kim lai nng: phn ng vi lin kt S-S to thnh

cc cht rn Khuy trn: ko cng cc mch cho n khi cc lin kt

b t.

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4.1. Bin tnh do nhit

T nhinBin tnh

Td

Cc yu t nh hng nbin tnh nhit ca protein

Hm lng nc Mui, ng Thnh phn acid amin ca protein pH

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4.2. Bin tnh do acid v base

Tng tc tnhin ni phn t

Protonha

Bt ubin tnh

Mt dungmi lin ktProtein bin tnh

c cu trc cunngu nhin

Nguyn nhn bin tnh acid/base S lng in tch cng du tng gy ra lc y ni phn t S lng cp in tch tri du gim lm gim cc lc hp dn

ni phn t Mt in tch b mt lm cho cc phn t protein khng b

y khi nhau.

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4.3. Bin tnh do x l c hc Do tc ng ca lc ct, lc ko Lm gin mch protein, t lin kt

4.4. Bin tnh do dungmi hu c

4.5. Bin tnh do tng tc b mt

6. Bin i protein Thy phn (Protease; H+; OH-) Thi ra (Enzyme, vi sinh vt)

6.1. Thy phn Protein B gy lin kt peptide Cn c acid hoc base, nc v nhit Sn phm l cc peptide ngn hn v acid amin Tng t nh s tiu ha protein bng enzyme Xy ra trong t bo cung cp acid amin tng hpthnh cc protein v m mi.

6.2. Cc phn ng thi ra protein Kh amin Kh carboxyl Kh amin, kh carboxyl To indol, scatol, phenol, t aa c nhn thm To mecaptan To di-, trimetylamin (t lipoprotein) To phosphin

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Phn ng to trimetylamin Phn lipid sau khi tch khi lipoprotein:

H3C N CH2 CH2 OH

H3C

H3C OH

N CH3

CH3

CH3

+ O2

O = N CH3

CH3

CH3(Oxytrimetylamin- tanh)

Phn ng to phosphin

Phosphoprotein & Nucleoprotein Phn hy H3PO4

PH3

- 3O2

(Thi, c)

V: Protein aa

VSV: Tit cc protease ngoi bo protein aa, sau mihp thu aa.

Thc bo lysozyme tit E thy phn protein aa, sau hp thu.

TV: Ch yu tng hp protein ch khng phn gii.

S CHUYN HA PROTEIN

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S trao i protein

1) ngha L mt QT chuyn ha c bn c tnh cht nng ct. Mi dng trao i khc nh glucid, lipid u phc v

cho s trao i protein ny. S trao i protein s iu ha cc chuyn ha trn

to nn nhng iu kin ti u vi s tn ti ring camnh. S trao i glucid, ngun cc chui C cho sinh tng

hp aa, l nguyn liu to nn protein. S trao i lipid, cung cp NL trong ATP.

B) Cc ng hng chuyn ha aa: c 3 kiu p caaa trong c th Kiu p/ nhm amin Kiu p/ nhm cacboxyl Kiu p/ gc aa.

Cc SP cui cng ca s phn gii aa H2O s i vo cc QT trao i chung CO2 s c bi tit ra khi c th NH3 th ty tng loi VSV m c nhng chuyn ha

khc.

Sinh tng hp aa v protein STH aa

Amin ha cc cetoacid theo ng hng kh Amin ha trc tip cc acid cha no Oxy ha cc cetoacid theo ng hng kh.

Sinh tng hp protein Thuyt khun Thuyt peptide

2. S chuyn ha acid amin2.1. s oxy ha acid amina) S oxy ha aa theo gc amin Phn ng kh amin

Theo con ng thy phn Theo con ng kh Theo phn ng oxy ha ni phn

t Theo phn ng oxy ha

Phn ng chuyn amin hab) S oxy ha aa theo gc

cacboxyl Phn ng decacboxyl ha Tng hp aminoacyladenylate

hot ha aa

2.2. S bin i aa c lin quan nR Ty theo gc R m aa c con

ng chuyn ha ring,nhng nhn chung u loxy ha hay kh.

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3. Con ng chuyn ha cc sn phm cui ca traoi acid amin Loi NH3

TV: kt hp acid hu cmui amon. VSV + 1 s TV: NH3 c ti s dng tng hp aa hoc tnghp acid uric. Ngi + V: chu trnh ure (ornithin).

ng dng protein trong vt liu y sinh

Journal of material chemistry B 2014,2,3715

Journal of material chemistry B 2014,2,3715 Journal of material chemistry B 2014,2,3715

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Journal of material chemistry B 2014,2,3715

Chng III: GLUCID

I. KHI NIM CHUNG1. Bn cht ha hc

N: Glucid l nhng HC polyalcol c cha nhm aldehydehoc cetone.

Gm: C, H, O (chu yu); S, N (m rng) CTHH: Cx(H2O)y - Carbo = carbon, hydrate = water

carbonhydrate Mt s cht quan trng:

ng ha tan Tinh bt, glycogen Cellulose Pectin, chitin, agar

2. Ngun phn b To thnh t qu trnh quang hp ca l cy xanh. Glucid l nhng HCHC quan trng v phong ph, c tronghu ht cc c th V, TV, VSV. Thc vt: (chim 80-90% trng lng kh)

Tri cy chn: ng Ng cc: tinh bt ay, gai, bng: cellulose

ng vt: (chim < 2% trng lng kh) Gan: glycogen Tm, cua: chitin

Vi sinh vt dextran

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3. Chc nng sinh hc Cung cp NL - vai tr dinh dng (70-80% nhu cu NL):

Ngi 50-70% khu phn NL t glucid. V > 70%. Nhu cu glucid cho ngi: 5-7g/1kg th trng/ngy.

Gii phng NL & cc HC trung gian: t 1g glucid 4,1calo Cc HC trung gian l cc khung C tng hp cht HC.

Tham gia to cu trc (to hnh): l thnh phn cu trc c bnca tb TV, c th chim ti 70% KL kh tb TV.

D tr: di dng glycogen trong gan v c / c th V. Tinhbt TV (ht, thn, c...).

Gluconeogenesis: qutrnh tn to glucoseGlycolysis:chu trnh ng phn

S a dng v chc nng ca carbohydrate l nh vocc c im ha hc ca chng

(1) Trong phn t c nhiu hn mt tm bt i xng(lin kt vi 4 nhm khc nhau).

(2) C kh nng tn ti c hai dng mch thng hocmch vng.

(3) C kh nng to thnh polymer nh vo lin ktglycoside.

(4) C kh nng to lin kt hydro vi nc hoc ccphn t khc.

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5. Phn loi

CARBOHYDRATE- GLUCID OLIGOSACCHARIDE

POLYSACCHARIDE

MONOSACCHARIDE

DA VO CU TO, GLUCIDE C CHIA LM 3 NHM

GLUCIDE(Saccharide)GLUCIDE(Saccharide)

MONOSACCHARIDE (khng th thy phn c)C3 Triose: Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyaceton.C4 Tetrose: ErythroseC5 Pentose: Ribose, Ribulose, XyluloseC6 Hexose: Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Galactose..C7 Heptose: SedoheptuloseC9 Nonose: Neuraminic acid

MONOSACCHARIDE (khng th thy phn c)C3 Triose: Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyaceton.C4 Tetrose: ErythroseC5 Pentose: Ribose, Ribulose, XyluloseC6 Hexose: Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Galactose..C7 Heptose: SedoheptuloseC9 Nonose: Neuraminic acid

OLIGOSACCHARIDE ( 1-10 monosac.)MaltoseSaccharoseLactose

OLIGOSACCHARIDE ( 1-10 monosac.)MaltoseSaccharoseLactose

POLYSACCHARIDEThc vt: Tinh bt,Celluloseng vt: GlycogenVi sinh vt

POLYSACCHARIDEThc vt: Tinh bt,Celluloseng vt: GlycogenVi sinh vt

II. MONOSACCHARIDE1. Cu to

Monosaccharide (ng n) N: L dn xut aldehyde hoc cetone ca ru achc.

C3-9 (ph bin l C5 v C6) Nhiu hp cht c hot tnh quang hc. Khng b thy phn bi acid yu.

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Monosaccharide mch thng Tng qut:

2 nhm monosaccharide Aldose l cc

monosaccharide c mtnhm aldehyde v nhiunhm hydroxyl (-OH).

Cetose l ccmonosaccharide c mtnhm cetone v nhiunhm hydroxyl (-OH).

Glycerine l polyol n gin nht khi oxi ho (mt 2H) c 2 dng sau:

- Aldehydglycerinic - cha nhm aldehyde (-CHO) Aldose- Dihydroxyacetone - cha nhm cetone (C=O) Ketose

CH2OHCH OHCH2OH

CHOCH OHCH2OH

CH2OHC OCH2OH

Aldehitglixerinic(Aldotrioza)

Dihydroxyaxeton (Xetotrioza)

Glixerin

-2H, C1

-2H, C2

Aldose

Cetose

123

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Gi tnS lng carbon

(Tn tng qut camonosaccharide)

Nhm chcaldose

Nhm chccetose

3(Triose)

Aldotriose CetotrioseTriulose

4(Tetrose)

Aldotetrose CetotetroseTetrulose

5(Pentose)

Aldopentose CetopentosePentulose

6(Hexose)

Aldohexose CetohexoseHexulose

7(Heptose)

Aldoheptose CetoheptoseHeptulose

CU HNH MONOSACCHARIDE

Cu hnh tng i D, L Trong cu to monosaccharide, c cc C bt i (C*).

S ng phn = 2n (n = s C*) Danh php D L (so snh vi glyceraldehide)

D, L cho bit ta ang ni n ng phn bt i xng no. Nu nhm OH gn trn nguyn t C cnh C di cng hngsang bn phi th ng phn gi l ng phn D-; nu nhng sang tri th l ng phn L-.

Carbohydrate t nhin thng dng ng phn D-. ng phn D, L l mt cp i quang, ng phn D lnh ca ng phn L qua gng.

ng phn epimer l cc monosaccharide ch khc nhauv cu hnh ca Carbon s 2 (C2).

NG PHN MCH H

Dng D & L l 2dng cu hnhc bn ca Cbt i xng glyceraldehyde.

O H O HC C

H C OH HO C H HO C H H C OH

H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H

CH2OH CH2OHD-glucose L-glucose

S ng phn quang hc =2n = 24 = 16

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ng phn khng i quang ng phn khng i quang

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Hnh chiu Rosanoff

H O

H

OHHHOHOHHOHHOHH

D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose

D-Glycerose

D-Erythrose D-Threose

D-Ribose D-Arabinose D-Xylose D-Lyxose

D & L designate absoluteconfiguration of the asymmetriccarbon atom farthest from the

aldehyde or ketone groupAldotriose

Aldotetroses

Aldopentoses

Aldohexoses

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Monosaccharide mch vng Phu hp vi trng thi ha ly, c bit trong nc S khp vng: phn ng ni phn t gia nhm ruv nhm carbonyl to thnh 1 vng - tautomer. Cc vng 6 cnh gi l pyranose Cc vng 5 cnh gi l furanose

2 ng phn quang hc mi (Sinh ra mt C*1 -carbonanomer) 2 anomer (- v -).

Cu hnh khng gian ba chiu Dng thuyn (thng gp trong t nhin) Dng gh

Nhm OH v tr /mi c kha nng phn ng cao: -OH glycoside

S hnh thnh vng pyran v furan ca monosaccharide

Khi tan trong nc, monosaccharide (glucose) c schuyn i gia 2 dng ng phn v (mutarotation). im cn bng c khong 1/3 tnti dng , 2/3 tn ti dng v c t hn 1%tn ti dng mch thng (open-chain form).

123

4

5

6

Cng thc Haworth

V d v s tn ti 3 dng ca glucose

~ 65 %

~ 35 %

< 1 %

Hnh chiu Fischer

D va L c tnh cht vt ly khc nhau nhng c cng tnhcht ha hc (ngoi tr phn ng di tc dng caenzyme)

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Hnh chiu Haworth Hnh chiu Haworth ca D-GlucoseDy ng phn D: nhm CH2OH nm pha trn mt phng V cc nhm OH bn phi (C2 v C4) hng xung, V cc nhm OH bn tri (C3) hng ln, khi : Nhm OH mi hnh thnh C1 s c 2 kh nng:

Hng xung ( anomer) Hng ln ( anomer).

CU TO DNG MCH VNG

H O

OH

H

OHH

OH

CH2OH

H

OH

H H O

OH

H

OHH

OH

CH2OH

H

H

OH

-D-glucose -D-glucose

23

4

5

6

1 1

6

5

4

3 2

H

CHO

C OH

C HHO

C OHH

C OHH

CH2OH

1

5

2

3

4

6

D-glucose(linear form)

Glucose khi C1aldehyde ni vi C5OH, to thnh mtvng 6 cnhpyranose.

VD: hin tng optical rotation:-D-glucose + 112o-D-glucose + 19o im cn bng 53o

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Fructose to vng theo 2 cch sau:- Dng vng 6 cnh pyranose, bng phn ng gia nhm C2 ketone vinhm OH C6, hoc- Dng vng 5 cnh furanose, bng phn ng ca nhm C2 ketone viOH C5.

CH2OH

C O

C HHO

C OHH

C OHH

CH2OH

HOH2C

OH

CH2OH

HOH H

H HO

O

1

6

5

4

3

2

6

5

4 3

2

1

D-fructose (linear) -D-fructofuranose

O

H

HO

H

HO

H

OHOHH

H

OH

O

H

HO

H

HO

H

HOHH

OH

OH

-D-glucopyranose -D-glucopyranose

1

6

5

4

3 2

Hnh th mch vngCng thc ReevesV bn cht ca cc lin kt 4 ca C, ng pyranose thc t ccu hnh dng gh "chair" hoc dng thuyn "boat".

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2. Tnh cht Tnh cht cm quan Tnh cht vt l Tnh cht ha hc

Tnh cht cm quan V ngt

y l tnh cht cm quan quan trng nht, Ph thuc vo tinh sch, nhit , pH, S c mt ca cc ng hoc cht khng phi ng khc.

Cng v ngt c nh gi bng ngng nng cm nhn ca ng, c so snh vi mt ng chun khc (thng l ng

saccharose). V d (dung dch ng 10%)

ngt ca saccharose l 100. D-fructose 114, D-glucose 69, D-galactose 63, lactose 39,

maltose 46, D-sorbitol 51, ng nghch o 95, xylitol 102, D-mannitol 69

Tnh cht vt l Tnh ht m ca cc ng n rt khc nhau phthuc: Loi ng (cu trc), tinh sch v trng thi ca ng (bt, kt tinh), Kh nng gi m ca dung dch ng c ng dng trongsn xut thc phm (bnh m).

Kh nng ha tan ng n tan tt trong nc, Tan mt phn trong ethanol, Khng tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh ether, benzen,chloroform

Tnh kt tinh Khi c c dd monose kt tinh tinh th. QT kt tinh cc monose, c th b nh hng bi hintng sonvat ho.

Hin tng sonvat ho: do monose tng tc vi cc dungmi & hin tng chuyn ho h bin gia cc dng cuto ca monose.

Kh nng quay Chuyn t dng D sang dng L v ngc li. Gc quay ph thuc cc dng -anomer, -anomer, dngpyranose v furanose.

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Tnh cht ha hc(Cc phn ng ha hc c trng)

Phn ng oxy ha: cc sn phm onic acid, -aricacid v uronic acid, Phn ng trong mi trng kim, Phn ng trong mi trng acid, Phn ng kh: chuyn glucose thnh glucitol,mannose thnh mannitol (l cc ng ru sugar alcohol), Phn ng ether ha v ester ha, Phn ng to glycoside, Phn ng Maillard v Strecker, Phn ng Caramel ha.

Phn ng oxi ha

R

H O

R

OH O[O]

Cc aldose c th b oxy ha thnh acid carboxylictng ng.

ui ose hoc ulose i thnh onic acid, -aricacid v uronic acid.

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Oxyhoa sinh hc Tc nhn oxi ha

Thuc th Tollens (Ag+/dung dch amoniac).

Thuc th Fehling (Cu2+/dung dch Natri Kali tactrate).

Thuc th Benedict (Cu2+/dung dch Natri citrate).

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Phn ng kh Nhm carbonyl c th b kh thnh ru (tc nhn kh thng

dng l hydride kim loi NaBH4).

Glucose b kh thnh sorbitol (D-glucitol). Xylose c th b kh thnh xylitol.

ui ose hoc ulose i thnh itol. Ngt nhng c hp thu chm; hot tnh km.

R

H O [H]H

RH OH

Redox Reactions of Monosaccharides

Phn ng ester ha Acylation of Monosaccharides

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Phn ng ether ha

OH ca ng + ru (methanol) ether (ng bmethyl ha).

Alkylation of the OH Groups

Phn ng to glycoside

ng + ng: ngt, khng c dc tnh. ng + phi ng: khng ngt, c dc tnh.

Lin ktglycoside

O-glycoside

N-glycoside

S-glycoside

C-glycoside

LIN KT GLYCOSIDEO

H

HO

H

HO

H

OHOHH

H

OH

-D-glucopyranose

O

H

HO

H

HO

H

OCH3

OHHH

OH

methyl--D-glucopyranose

CH3-O H+

methanol

H2O

Hydroxyl ca anomer v hydroxyl ca ng khc hoc vi hp cht khc cth lin kt vi nhau, loi ra 1 phn t nc hnh thnh lin kt glycoside:

R-OH + HO-R' R-O-R' + H2OVd: methanol phn ng vi OH anomer trn glucose to thnh methylglucoside (methyl-glucopyranose).

Mechanism of Glycoside Formation

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Formation of an N-Glycoside

Phn ng trong mi trng kimTrong mi trng kim long cn c hin tng chuyn nhm

[Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2]

Phn ng trong mi trng acid Monose bn / dd aicd v c long to cao tch ring, nh

lng cc monose to thnh khi thy phn polyose. Trong acid m c, ng b dehydrate ha (tch nc)

furfural t pentose / oxymethylfurfurol t hexose. Cc SP ny trng ngng vi 1 s cht khc cc phc mu

thng c s dng nh tnh, nh lng monose.

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Phn ng vi -Napthol trong acid cho phc mu tm

Phc mu tm

Phn ng caramel ha

un nng chy ng hoc khi un nng dung dchng trong mi trng acid hoc kim. To ra cc cht c mu nu v mi caramel c trng, Phn ng c th xy ra theo 2 hng to mi hoc to munhiu hn.

Cc cht mi ch yu: dihydro-furanose,cyclopentenolone, cyclohexenolone v pyrone.

un nng siro glucose vi acid sulfuric v c mtammonia: Tng cng kh nng to ra cc hp cht polymer c munu.

Vi saccharose, phn ng caramen ho xy ra theo s phnng:C12H22O11 H2O C6H10O5 + C6H10O5Saccharose glucozan levulozan

n 185-1900C s to thnh izosaccharozan:Glucozan + levulozan izosaccharozanC6H10O5 + C6H10O5 C12H20O10

Khi nhit cao hn s mt i 10% nc v to thnh caramelan(C12H18O9 hoc C24H36O18) c mu vng:2C12H20O10 2H2O (C12H18O9) hoc C24H36O18Izosaccharozan caramelan

Khi mt i 14% nc s to thnh caramelen:C12H20O10 + C24H36O18 3H2O C36H48O24.H2O

V khi mt i 25% nc s to thnh caramelin c mu nu en.Hu nh tt c cc sn phm caramen ho u c v ng.

Phn ng Maillard

Phn ng Maillard (cn c gi l phn ng nu haphi enzyme) xy ra gia: ng kh (glucose, frutose, maltose, lactose) Gc amine ca protein (thng l cc gc -amine ca lysine)peptide, acid amin

Phn ng ny s xy ra nhanh khi: Nhit tng, pH trung tnh, Hot tnh ca nc thp (aw 0,65-0,7), Bo qun thc phm trong thi gian di.

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Bn cht phn ng: Tng t phn ng ca ng trong mi trngacid hoc kim.

Cc hp cht N ng vai tr xc tc Thc y phn ng xy ra vi tc nhanh hn, Trong iu kin mi trng n gin hn rt nhiu.

Phn ng ny rt thng gp trong thc phm.

CC DN XUT CA NG

III. OLIGOSACCHARIDE1. Cu to

Oligosaccharide c to ra: Nh lin kt O-glycoside, Gia nhm OH glycoside ca mt ng vi nhm OH bt k ca ng

khc. Oligosaccharide c trn 10 gc ng gi l polysaccharide. Oligosaccharide mch thng v mch nhnh. Khi lin kt glycoside c to ra gia 2 nhm OH glycoside,

oligose to thnh l mt ng khng kh. Khi lin kt c to thnh gia mt OH glycoside v mt nhm

ru OH mt carbon bt k, to thnh ng kh.

2. Tnh cht Tnh cht vt l v cm quan ph thuc vo thnh phn cc

ng n. Tnh cht ha hc ph thuc vo dng kh hay khng kh ca

ng. Cc ng khng kh:

Thiu gc OH-glycoside. Khng c phn ng c trng vi cc gc amin, alcohol, phn ng quay

quang hc Cc ng oligo b thy phn trong mi trng acid hoc di

tc dng ca enzyme to ra cc ng n.

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Cu to phn t ca mt vi oligosaccharide tiu biuMt vi oligosaccharide t nhin khc

L thnh phn ca mt ongC trong ht ca hoa hngL cht gy v ng trong qu o, m

Mt vi oligosaccharide t nhin khc

L sn phm ca s thy phn tinh btng dng trong sc k (phn tch)

Mt vi dn xut ca oligo c hot tnh trong y hc

L hp cht chng hnhthnh khi u.

Mt vi loi aburamycinc tc dng dit khunv chng s hnh thnhkhi u.

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Mt vi dn xut ca oligo c hot tnh trong y hc 1. Cu to

L polymer ca monosaccharide, Lin kt O-glycoside. Cch c tn:

da vo thnh phn monomer B ui ose thm an VD:

polysaccharide to bi D-glucose: goi l D-glucan Polysaccharide to bi galactose & glucose: gl D-

galactoglucan

IV. POLYSACCHARIDE

2. Phn loi Da vo thnh phn monosacchride:

Homopolysaccharide: cc monosaccharide gingnhau (glucan, mannan,...)

Heteropolysaccharide: cc monosaccharide khcnhau (2-4 loi ng n) (glucomannan,fructogalactoglucan,...)

Da vo c trng ca mch polyglycoside: Polysaccharide mch thng, Polysaccharide mch nhnh.

Da vo ngun gc: polysaccharide thc vt,ng vt, vi sinh vt.

Da vo chc nng: Polysaccharide to hnh, to khung (cellulose,

hemicellulose v pectin thc vt; chitin,mucopolysaccharide ng vt).

Polysaccharide d tr (tinh bt, dextrin, inulin thcvt; glycogen ng vt).

Polysaccharide c chc nng gi nc (agar, pectinv alginate thc vt; mucopolysaccharide ngvt).

Polysaccharide thc phm: n c, d tiu ha,khng c.

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4. Tnh cht

Tnh tan LK mnh vi nc =

tan, LK mnh dc theo

chiu di polymer =khng tan,

LK cc b, gii hnvi polymer = to gel.

H Gel

5. Cc polysaccharide tiu biu Tinh bt Cellulose Pectin Agar Alginate Gum

Glycogen Chitin

1. Cu to

Amylose: Mch thng -1,4 glucose. PTL~106. Amylopectin: Mch thng -1,4 vi mt mch nhnh -

1,6 khong mi 20 n v glucose. PTL~108. Amylose: amylopectin ~ 1:4.

Tinh bt ging np cha hu nh l amylopectin (100%). Mt s tinh bt cha n 70% amylose.

TINH BT

a-1,6

a-1,4

Amylose Cu to

Glucan vi lin kt -1,4

Lin kt -1,4

H O

OHH

OHH

OH

CH2OH

HO H

H

OHH

OH

CH2OH

H

O

HH H O

OH

OHH

OH

CH2OH

HH H O

H

OHH

OH

CH2OH

H

OH

HH O

OH

OHH

OH

CH2OH

HO

H1

6

5

4

3

1

2

amylose

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Cun xon mch, mi vng xon 6 n vglucose.

Amylose

Amylose Tnh cht

ha tan: Am c ha tan cao, c bit trong dung dch

kim long nht dung dch Am cao. Dung dch Am rt d to keo, ngay c khi to cao.

Tnh lu bin: Trong dung dch Am tinh th. Trong nc, Am hp th nc.

Kh nng to phc: Vng xon c Am tng tc vi Iod cho phc mu

xanh c trng. Am c kh nng to phc vi nhiu hp cht hu

c c cc v khng cc. Cc phc ny rt bn.

Amylopectin - Cu to

Glucan c lin kt -1,4 v cc nhnh gn vobng lin kt -1,6.

Amylopectin

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Amylopectin Tnh cht

To phc vi iode mu tm . Ho tan trong nc nng (60-80%) dung dch

c nht cao.

Ht tinh bt Kch thc 0,02-0,12mm. Hnh dng: trn, bu dc, a gic Ht tinh bt / ht khc kch thc, hnhdng khc nhau.

Cu trc xp hp th cc cht ha tan. Tinh bt khoai ty

2. Tnh cht tinh bt

Tnh tan Khng tan trong nc lnh, ru. To trng thi keo trong nc si to gel khi lm

ngui. Phn ng thy phn tinh bt

Thy phn ha hc, thy phn sinh hc (bngamylase)

iu kin: nhit, m, xc tc Sn phm: maltose, glucose

To phc vi iod Tnh cht chc nng

Dextrin v tnh cht cadextrin Amylosedextrin:

Bt trng tan trongethanol 25%, ta trongethanol 40%.

Cho mu tm xanh trongdung dch Iod.

Eritrodextrin: Tan trong ethanol 55%,ta trong ethanol 65%.

Achrodextrin: Tan trong ethanol 70%. Khng cho mu vi Iod.

Maltodextrin: Khng ta trong ethanol. Khng cho mu vi Iod.

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1. Tnh cht thy nhit v s h ha ca tinh btHt tinh bt Hp th

nc qua vHydrate ha v

trng n

Ph v v ht,t lin kt cc

phn t

Phn tn Dung dch keo

CC TNH CHT CHC NNG CA TINH BT Trng n Trng thi kh, si Am & AP xp xen k - to LK Hni (kiu 1).

Khi c nc, LK H ngoi (kiu 2) hnh thnh giacc si tinh bt.

Nu to thp, tinh bt trng n mc no dng li.

Kiu 1 Kiu 2

H ha tinh bt N: Nhit ph v ht, chuyn tinh bt t trng

thi u c mc hydrate ha khc nhau thnh dungdch keo gi l nhit h ha.

Cc ht nh c cu to cht, lin kt hydro kiu 1 rtbn nn nhit h ha ht nh ln hn ht ln.

Do kch thc cc ht tinh bt rt khc nhau nn nhit h ha tinh bt khng phi l mt im m l mtkhong.

nht tinh bt tng dn ln qua mt im cc i rigim xung. Cc giai on ho tan ca tinh bt

1- nc, 2- tinh bt, 3- tinh bt +nc, 4,5- nc + tinh bt,

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Cc yu t nh hng n nhit h ha tinhbt

Toh ho, ph thuc vo: Thnh phn amylose v amylopectin Cc ion kim loi lin kt vi tinh bt Cc mui v c, cc cht in ly.

C ngha quan trng i vi nhiu sn phm thcphm: Lm tng gi tr cm quan ca cc thc phm ny Tinh bt np thng cho h trong hn tinh bt t ng lm tng trong cn cc cht nh ha gy c htinh bt.

NGUYEN LIEU Tinh bot bap 5% 300C

Tinh bot bap 5% 600C Tinh bot bap 5% 650C Tinh bot bap 5% 700C

Tinh bot bap 5% 800C Tinh bot bap 5% 850C Tinh bot bap 5% 900CH ha tinh bt bp

Cc yu t nh hng nht ca h tinh bt ng knh biu kin ca cc ht tinh bt. ng knh biu kin ph thuc:

c tnh bn trong: MW, kch thc, th tch, cutrc,

Tng tc vi dung mi: nh hng n trng, ha tan, cc cu hydrate ha bao quanh phn t,

Tng tc gia cc phn t tinh bt: nh hng nkch thc ca s tp hp. Cc yu t: nng tinhbt, pH, to, Ca2+, tc nhn oxy ha, ha cht ph hycu hydro.

pH: pH kim: tng nht do ion ha phn t tinh bt lm tng kh

nng tp hp,

pH 4-7: khng nh hng nhiu n nht, pH thp: dng tinh bt lin kt ngang ci thin n nh ca

nht.

Mui nng cao s chim mt cc phn t nc,tng kh nng tp hp gia cc phn t tinh bt.

ng, acid bo lm tng gi tr cc i ca nht.ng dng: ch, nc xt, xp, tng t, xt c chua,

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2. Kh nng to gel Khi ngui h tb cc p/t tng tc vi nhau& sp xp li 1 cch c trt t gel.

Cc iu kin to gel: Dung dch c nng va phi c h ha chuyn tinh bt thnh dng ha tan, ngui trng thi yn tnh to gel tinh bt c cutrc mng 3 chiu.

Cc lin kt trong gel tinh bt: Lin kt hydro ni trc tip cc mch tinh bt hoc quacc cu phn t nc.

S ng to gel vi protein: Do cc tng tc Van der Waals v lin kt hydro

gia protein v tinh bt, Kh nng gi nc, cng, n hi gel protein

tt hn. Tinh cht ny c ng dng quan trng trong cc sn

phm nh gi la.

S thoi ha ca gel tinh bt Nguyn l:

Khi mt thi gian di, ccgel co li v tch nc. QT :s thoi ha. Cc giai on:

Mch tinh bt c unthng li Lp v hydrate b mt Cc mch nh hng lis/song vi nhau Cc cu hydro c to thnhgia cc nhm OH.

Yu t nh hng: Am l thnh phn ch yu gythoi ha gel tinh bt Thoi ha Am l khng khcphc c AP thoi ha c th phc hitrng thi ban u khi unnng 50-60oC.

Hu qu: Tch nc v lm c li ccsn phm na lng Lm cng cc sn phm nhbnh m, Lm sn phm gin,d gy, c nh gim

3. Kh nng to mng ca tinh bt

Nguyn l: Cc phn t tinh bt (Am & AP) s dn phng ra Sp xp li & tng tc trc tip vi nhau = LK H / gin tip

qua nc. Phng php to mng:

Phn tn tinh bt trong nc n mt nng nht nh, H ha s b to nht nht nh, Khuy k v rt thnh mt lp mng ln b mt kim loi

phng v nhn c gia nhit thch hp.

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Cc giai on to mng tinh bt

G1: S bc hi nc xy ra t b mt t do ca cht lng. G2: Trn b mt mng to ra lp gel nht (nc phi thng

tr lc ca lp ny v p sut hi bo ha). G3: Nng tinh bt tng ln, cc ht tinh bt dch li gn

nhau, phn tn, sp xp li thnh lp v hnh thnh cu trc. G4: Nc nm gia cc ht bt u bc hi (nc solvat ha

lin kt bn) Lc ny nc phi thng tr lc ca lp mng mi to ra, Cc ht tip xc nhiu hn v bt u bin dng, Sc cng b mt c khuynh hng lm co b mt ca h thng.

G5: Cc ht bt u th hin lc c kt, to nn cc tnh chtc l ca mng.

Yu t nh hngMng thu c gin v drch do: Nc bc hi, gim dn th

tch tinh bt, Cc ht tinh bt lin kt vi

nhau hnh thnh cc cutrc cc b vng chc, xuthin cc ng sut ni. Nu ng sut ni < bn

ca cu trc hnh thnh ths co ngt khng lm rchmng.

Nu ng sut ni > bnca cu trc mng th gyrch mng.

Khc phc: Tng nhit to mng

tng chuyn ng nhit cacc ht, ph v cc cu trccc b.

Thm cc cht ha do tng khong cch gia ccphn t, gim lc Van derWaals gim ng sut ni.

dai, bn t ca ton si ph thuc vo: Lc tng tc gia cc phn t Lc tng tc ni phn t Lin kt Van der Waals v lin kt hydro. Tinh bt u xanh giu Am (>50%)

Mch di, thng Lc tng tc gia cc phn t ln Cc chui kh b t, si chc v dai.

Tinh bt giu AP Phn nhnh v ngn Lc tng tc gia cc phn t rt yu Nhiu on mch ngn chp li d to ra khuyt

tt trong cc b si Si tinh bt ro v d t.

Cng ngh bin tnh c thc hin bng ccphng php: Ha hc Vt l Enzyme

Thng qua cc phn ng phn ct, kt hp, oxyha hoc thay th ha hc trong cc ht nh.

Nhm thay i c tnh tinh bt c cnhng ng dng thit thc hn.

TINH BT BIN TNH

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1. Bin tnh tinh bt bng PP vt l

Cc tc ng vt l: Ct, trn Nhit m

Kt hp x l nhit vct thng c dng sn xut cc snphm p n v bnhsnack.

V d mt s sn phmtinh bt sn bin tnh: TB h ha trc TB x l nhit m TB dng ht Dextrin

Tinh bt h ha trc

L cht kt dnh tan trong nc lnh v l chtmang mu tt.

Tnh cht c trng: trong cao Khng c mi l C nht cao ( nht ca dung dch TB snnng cht kh 6% khong 800BU).

Tinh bt p n (extrude starch)

Trong qu trnh p n, cu trc xon ca amylose (c th lkhong cch gia cc chui) c s thay i.

Tnh cht: Tinh bt p n d phn tn Tan tt C nht thp hn tinh bt t nhin

S phn hy mt phn mch amylose cho thy cc thay iv mt ha hc vn xut hin nhit cao ca qu trnh pn (185-200oC).

Sn phm to ra c maltose, isomaltose, gentibiose,sophorose v 1,6-anhydro-glcopyranose.

2. Bin tnh tinh bt bng PP ha hc

Thy phn bng acid Oxy ha Ether ha Ester ha To lin kt ngang Bin tnh kp

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Tinh bt oxy ha

Tc nhn oxy ha:HOCl, NaOCl (trongmi trng kim).

Phn ng: To cc gc carboxyl,

carbonyl; (1 gc/25gc ng)

Ct t mch tinh bt(ty vo nng ).

Tnh cht: Mu rt trng To mng, to gel

vi trong cao C kh nng gi

nc v bn nhttt

Tnh thoi ha gim. ng dng:

Cng nghip giy Thc phm

Tinh bt bin tnh bng acid

Quy trnh: Acid (HCl) c cho vo dung dch tinh bt (khong

20-30% cht kh). nhit thp hn nhit h ha Dng phn ng v trung ha bng dung dch soda C c, loi nc v sy kh.

Tnh cht: C nht thp hn 30cPs (do p/ng thy phn) pH khong 5,0-6,0 Tnh thoi ha thp

Tinh bt ester ha acetylha

Tinh bt acetate (AS) Vinyl acetate (max 7,5%) phn ng vi dung dch sa

tinh bt trong mi trng kim, Tinh bt phosphate monoester

Tc nhn phn ng: orthophosphoric acid, sodiumorthophosphate.

Nhit phn ng: 120-170oC Ngoi ra, tinh bt c th phn ng vi acid

succinic, acid bo, acid citric v cc mui cachng.

c tnh v ng dng ca tinh bt ester ha

nht cao, lm c tt Paste tinh bt c trong

cao, to c mng trongsut v n hi,

t b thoi ha, tnh chtlnh ng/tan gi tt.

Tng nh ki nc Tan tt trong dung mi HC d ko mng, cn phim

C th thay i mc acetyl ha (tng bn tnhng c th phn hy bienzyme)

Gi c nh ko cng chc trong mi trng nc

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Tinh bt lin kt ngang Di-tinh (di-starch) bt phosphate: 2 nhm hydro

trong phn t acid phosphoric H3PO4 hay mui cachng c thay th bng 2 phn t tinh bt.

Tinh bt c x l vi: Sodiumtrimetaphosphate Epichlorohydrin

c im v ng dng ca tinh bt lin ktngang

Bn nhit cao, pH, tc ng c hc c ng dng trong thc n tr em (do bn khikhuy v un nng).

Lm nhn trong bnh Do duy tr c st khi lm lnh Khng b ph hy nhit cao v khuy trn Gel trong sut v bn

Tinh bt lin kt ngang nh tc nhn acid boric:khng trng n khi gia nhit, c dng trong gngtay phu thut.

Tinh bt dextrin ha Dextrin l nhng phn t polymer ca ng D-

glucose, c th hon ton mch thng, phn nhnht, nhiu hay mch vng.

Evans v Wurzburg phn loi dextrin thnh 3nhm da trn cch sn xut ra chng: Dextrin nhn c nh thy phn tinh bt bng acid hoc

enzyme. Cyclodextrin nhn c nh tc dng ca enzyme tB.macerans.

Dextrin nhn c bng tc dng ca nhit hay rang khtinh bt vi acid (pyrodextrin).

Dextrin ha

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ng dng ca dextrin Do nht ca dextrin thp hn nhiu so vi tinh

bt: Chng c s dng nng cao To cc loi mng mau kh vi bm tt

Dextrin c tnh tan tt hn trong nc lnh Dung dch nng cht kh cao cng n nh hn

so vi tinh bt S dng trong sn xut keo dn, cc loi cht kt dnh tan

mt phn hay hon ton. Trong cng nghip thc phm, dextrin c dng

nh cht kt dnh trong ngt, cht thay th chtbo.

Tinh bt bin tnh bng enzyme Tinh bt dextrin MW cao dextrin MW thp maltose glucose.

Cc sn phm chnh: Maltosedextrin: s dng enzyme -amylase (qu trnh

dch ha). Xi-r maltose, glucose: s dng enzyme -amylase v

glucoamylase. ng glucose tinh th (s dng kt hp enzyme dch

ha v ng ha). Xi-r HFS giu fructose: s dng glucoisomerase GI

chuyn glucose thnh fructose. Cyclodextrin: s dng enzyme CDGTase.

Cu to: -1,4 polyglucose Phn t rt ln C nhng vng kt tinh

(lin kt hydro) v nhngvng khng kt tinh.

Phn b: l thnh phnchnh ca thnh t bothc vt, cng vi pectinv lignin.

Vai tr: Do h tiu ha ca ngi & V (-

V nhai li) khng c h Ecellulase cellulose ch ngvai tr duy tr nhu ng rut cah tiu ha.

Cc loi V nhai li c kh nngtiu ha cellulose do h VSV ckh nng sinh tng hpcellulase.

Thiu cellulose / khu phn n d gy to bn, ung th trctrng.

Qu nhiu cellulose / khu phnn gy s hp thu chtdinh dng/ng rut.

CELLULOSE Cht x - Fiber

cellulose

H O

OHH

OHH

OH

CH2OH

HO

H

OHH

OH

CH2OH

HO

H H O

O H

OHH

OH

CH2OH

HH O

H

OHH

OH

CH2OH

H

H

OHH O

O H

OHH

OH

CH2OH

H O

H H H H

1

6

5

4

3

1

2

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Tnh cht b Thu phn: Bng H2SO4/HCl c, to

cao b-glucose. Trong iu kin nh hn

cellobiose. Enzyme cellulase

cellobiose + t -glucose. V n c, c h vi khun

sinh enzyme cellulase.

D: Trong CN si nhn to, da

nhn to, cht n, chtdo

Dng trong PP sc k phn tch protein.

V dinh dng, tng nhung rut, tng tiu ho

Cacboxymetylcellulose (CMC)

Cc dn xut ca cellulose

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Cu to

CMC l dn xut ca cellulose vichloroacetic acid.

Cell OH + NaOH Cell ONa + H2O CTTQ: [C6 H7O2(OH)3-x(OCH2COOH)x]

CMC c th dng acid (H-CMC)hoc dng mui (Na-CMC).

ng dng

L mt ph gia thc phm cs dng trong nhn bnh, salad,cc sn phm nu ng, kem, sachua, sir

Tnh cht CMC c th c s dng dng

H hoc Na. H-CMC khng tan trong nc,

ru, cetone, tan c trongdung dch kim v cc h dungmi dng ha tan cellulose.

Na-CMC c th ha tan trong mitrng kim, tan trong nc.

nht dung dch CMC phthuc pH mi trng.

Khng to gel.

Methylcellulose Cu to

ng dngTrong thc phm,metylcellulose c s dnglm cht n nh v cht lmc.

Tnh cht- Ha tan trong nc lnh nhlin kt vi nc thnhhydroxyl.

- Khng tan trong nc nng.- C th to gel khi tng nhit.

[ R O+ CH3](OH)H

Hydroxyetylcellulose Cu to

Ete ca cellulose, trong nhm th c cha hydroxyl.

CTTQ:[C6H7O2(OH)3-x(OCH2CH2OH)x]n

Tnh cht ha tan ca

Hydroxyetylcellulose phthuc mc th.

ng dng Dng lm bn h nh tng.

Pectin

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Ngun gc: Mng t bo thcvt bc cao (v cy h citrus)

Tnh cht chc nng: HMP s to gel khi c mt

acid v nng ng cao.

LMP s to gel khi c mtCanxi.

Cu trc: L polymer mch thngca acid polygalacturonic ni vinhau nh lin kt -1,4 vi ccmc ester ha nhm metylkhc nhau. >50% b ester ha: pectin metyl

ha cao (HMP)

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Agar-Agar

Ngun gc: Trch ly t rong , thnh phnchnh l agarose v agaropectin.

Cu trc: Mch chnh l beta-D-galactopyranose v 3,6-

anhydro-anpha-L-galactopyranose lin kt vi nhaubng lin kt -1,4 v -1,3 lun phin.

Mch chnh ny c ester ha mc thp bngacid sulfuric. Trong agarosepectin c thm acidpyruvic.

Tnh cht chc nng: togel thun nghch nhit. Ha tan trong nc si. Hp th rt nhiu nc, to

gel nh cc lin kt hydro nng rt thp (khong0,4%).

Nhit nng chy 80-85oC,ng li khi lm ngui n40-50oC.

C kh nng to mng c bn c hc cao v trong sut.

ng dng: Thc phm n king; Dng lm thch; Thay th pectin trong mt

qu, thay gelatin trong ccsn phm tht c;

Dng lm mi trng rnnui cy VSV.

CU TO AGAROSE

Gm 2 poly-sac: agarose v agaropectin- Agarose: cu to t nhng n v -D v L-galactose,LK vi nhau bng LK 1,4 v 1,3-O-glycoside.- Agaropectin: cu to t nhng n v D-galactose.

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Cu trc gel ca agarose

Alginate

Tnh cht chc nng: Nht trong dung dch nc: khc

vi agar, dung dch alginatekhng ng li ngay c khi lmlnh ng.

To gel khi c mt Ca2+ (hoc pHthp), nh cc tng tc tnhin qua cu Ca2+.

Gel bn nhit: cc gel ny khngthun nghch v t n hi.

N cng c kh nng to mngrt tt.

ng dng: SP thng mi dngAlginate Na

Lm c, lm dy trong thcphm (trong kem, nc quc),

L thc phm n king,

L cht mang trong c nh tbo.

Ngun gc: Trch ly t to bin (to nu). MW 32-200kDa Cu trc: polysaccharide mch thng cha hai loi gc (l

mt co-polymer) LK bng lin kt 1,4: Acid -D-mannopyranosyluronic (M) Acid -L-gulopyranosyluronic (G)

Ca2+

Ca2+Ca2+

Ca2+

Ca2+Ca2+ Ca2+

Cc phn t acidguluronic (G)

Cc phn t acidmannuronic (M)

Cu trc gel ca alginate khi cmt Ca2+

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Xanthan gum: l mt dn sut ca cellulose. Mch xanthangum cha cc lin kt 1,4 ca beta glucopyranose.

ng dng: Quan trng ca xanthangum l da trn kh nng lm bn nh tng

v n nh kh nng l lng cc ht nh. Do c tnh bn nhit cao nn c ng rt nhiu trong sn phm

hp. Xanthan gum cng c ng dng trong sn xut bnh pudding n

lin.

Cc gumCargeenan

Ngun gc: Gum to bin Cu trc (gn ging agar):

Mch thng D-galactopyranosyl vi cc linkt 1,3 v 1,4 lun phin.

Mt s gc c mt hoc haigc este sulfate (sulfate ha).

Ba loi cu trc lp li (, , v carageenan)

Tnh cht chc nng: Carageenan c kh to gel

nh to cu trc bc 3, bc 4t cc xon kp ca phn tcarageenan.

To c khng ph thuc pH.

Dng xon i hay carageenan c th dn tivic to gel.

ng dng: -carageenan trongcc thc phm t sa, trong ung c chocolate, thcphm n king

S to gel caCarageenan

Gum Arabic Ly t cy Acacia nht thp, khng

to gel. To phc vi mt

glycoprotein - hot tnhb mt.

Gum Adragante Thu nhn t cy Astregalus (Th

Nh K, Syrie, Iran). L polymer ca acid galacturonic,

ng thi c cha D-galactose, L-glucose, D-xylose v L-arabinose.

Gum Karaya L nha ca cy thuc h rau. Cu trc ha hc cha r. Thnh

phn chnh gm: D-galactose, L-rhamnose, Acid galacturonic.

Gum Ghatti L nha cy Anogeissus Latfolia. L polymer c mch chnh cha

cc gc -D galactose, acidgalacturonic v rhamnose.

Gum Guar Trch t ht ca cy Guar (n ,

M, Pakistan). L galactomannnan T l galactose/mannose = 1/2

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Gum Guar Mch thng ca -D mannose

lin kt 1,4 vi cc nhnh ch gm1 gc -D galactose lin kt -1,6.

Caroube Trch ly t ht Caroube L galactomannan Cu to tng t gum Guar,

nhng t l galactose/mannose =1/4.

Gum Xanthan Ngun gc: Sn phm ca vi

khun Xanthomonas campestris. Cu trc: Mch chnh ging

cellulose (-1,4-poly-glucose) vicc nhnh trisaccharide (cc gc)ti cc v tr monome lun phintrn mch chnh mang cc gcacid carboxylic.

Tnh cht chc nng: Tan trongnc, nht, khng to gel. nht ch ph thuc rt yu vonhit .

Gum Gellane Ngun gc: Sn phm ln men vi

sinh vt (Pseudomonas).

Cu trc: n v lp li l mttetra-saccharide gm glucose,acid glucuronic v rhamnose.

Tnh cht chc nng: C th chobin i ha hc thay i tnhcht to gel (gel do thnh geldn).

--

--

--

--

pH thp

Phn tmchthng Xon

ngunhin

Xanthan: Cu trc-chc nng

Glycogen, glucose d tr dng polymer ngi & V Cu to: tng t nh cu trc amylopectin, nhng

glycogen c nhiu nhnh (16) hn. Cu trc phn nhnh cao hn cho php glucose gii

phng nhanh t glycogen d tr, vd: c trong qu trnhtp th dc.

Kh nng lm glucose gii phng nhanh s dng Vth cn thit hn so vi TV.

H O

OHH

OHH

OH

CH 2OH

HO H

H

OHH

OH

CH2OH

H

O

HH H O

OH

OHH

OH

CH 2

HH H O

H

OHH

OH

CH 2OH

H

OH

HH O

OH

OHH

OH

CH2OH

H

O

H

O

1 4

6

H O

H

OHH

OH

CH 2OH

HH H O

H

OHH

OH

CH 2OH

HH

O1

OH

34

5

2

glycogenGlycogen

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Chitin l g?

L polymer (homopolysaccharide) hu c phong ph thhai trn tri t sau cellulose.

Cu trc tuyn tnh gm cc n v N-acetyl--D glucosamineni vi nhau nh cu ni -1,4 glucoside.

C cu hnh tng i cht ch do cc cu ni glycoside cbit.

D to mng v c coi l vt liu c cc c tnh c hc rttt.

Cng thc phn t: (C8H13O5)n Phn t lng: Mchitin =(203.09)n

Chitin - Chitosan Cu to ca chitin

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Tnh cht ca Chitin Mu trng Khng tan trong nc, mi

trng kim, acid long, cc ddhu c nh este, ru.

Tan trong dd c nng ca muitrung tnh thyoxyanate liti vthyoxyanate canxi, to thnh ddkeo.

n nh vi cht chng oxy hanh: KMnO4, nc javen, NaClO.

Kt tinh dng tinh th v nhhnh.

C kh nng hp th tia hngngoi bc sng 884-890cm.

L polysaccharite ngun gc tnhin, c hot tnh sinh hc cao,c tnh ha hp sinh hc v tphn hy trn da.

B men lyozyme mt loi mench c trn c th ngi, phngii thnh monome N-acetyl-D-Glucosamine.

Khi un nng trong HCl m cto thnh 88,5% D-Glucosamin v21,5% acid acetic.

Khi un nng trong NaOH mc th chitin b mt gc Acetylto thnh chitosan (C6H11O4)n.

Chitosan l g? L dng N-deacetyl ca chitin, khi deacetyl chitin bng kim

c ta thu c chitosan. L mt polymer ha c c cu trc tuyn tnh t cc n v -

D-glucosamine lin kt vi nhau nh cu ni -1,4glucoside.

Cng thc phn t: (C6H11O4N)n Phn t lng: MChitosan= (161,07)n

Cng thc cu to ca chitosan

Tnh cht ca Chitosan Khng ha tan trong nc, trong dd kim ti pH >6.5 Tan c trong dd long ca hu ht cc acid hu c bao gm

a.formic, a.tartaric, a.acetic v a.citric. Ha tan c gii hn trong cc acid v c long nh

a.phosphoric v a.sulfuric. c xem nh mt polymecationic c kh nng bm dnh vo

b mt tch in m. Phn ng vi acid m c to thnh mui kh tan. Tc dng vi iod trong mi trng H2SO4 cho phn ng ln

mu tm.

Ngun gc ca Chitin Thng c nhiu trong v ca cc loi gip xc v ng vt

thn mm. Trong xng sng ca mc ng. Trong biu b ca cn trng. Hin din trong to. C trong t bo ca mt s loi nm.

Hm lng Chitin (%) trong mt s loi cuaLoi Tht V

Cua bin 0.07 8.2Cua ng 0.04 4.4

(Ngun: Sachindra NM, Studies on some crustaceans of tropicalwater with special reference to pigments, 09/2003)

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Hm lng Chitin (%) trong mt s loi tm

Loi Tht u VPenaeus monodon 0.13 3.6 5.0Penaeus indicus 0.1 4.1 5.0Metapenaeus dobsoni 0.07 3.5 4.9Parapenaeopsis stylifera 0.04 4.2 5.2Solonocera indica 0.05 4.2 6.3Aristeus alcocki 0.01 3.3 4.4Macrobrachium rosenbergii 0.04 4.4 5.8

(Ngun: Sachindra NM, Studies on some crustaceans of tropical waterwith special reference to pigments, 09/2003)

Hm lng Chitin (%) trong mt s loi nm

Loi Hm lngNm men 0.45Nm mc Allomyces

macrogynus58

Phycomycesblakesleeanus

91

(Ngun: Eugene Khor, Chitin: Fulling a biomaterials promise,05/2001)

Trong cng nghip Vi col dng cho may mc. Vi chu nhit, chng thm. Vi Chitosan dng cho may qun

o dit khun trong y t. Lm tng bn ca giy. Dng lm thu knh tip xc. Gp phn tng tnh bn ca hoa

vi. S dng trong sn xut sn chng

mc v chng thm.

Trong nng nghip Bo qun qu, ht ging mang li

hiu qu cao. Dng nh mt thnh chnh trong

thuc tr nm bnh (o n, khvn).

Dng lm thuc kch thch sinhtrng cy trng cho la, cy cngnghip, cy n qu, cy cnh

Trong phim nh Phim Chitosan c nt cao. Khng tan trong nc. Tan trong acid long nh acid

acetic.

Trong cng ngh in n Dng lm mc in cao cp

trong cng ngh in. Tng cng bm dnh

ca mc in.Trong cng ngh mi trng X l nc thi cng nghip

rt hiu qu. X l nc thi trong cng

nghip nhum vi. X l nc trong cng

nghip nui tm, c.

Trong cng ngh sinh hc Cht mang c nh enzyme

v c nh t bo.Trong cng ngh thc phm Sn xut ra mng mng

bao gi thc phm. Thay th cho PE. Mng Chitosan d phn hy

trong mi trng t nhin.

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MT S HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE Glycosaminoglycan vproteoglycan

L thnh phn cht nn ngoi bo, dng gel nm gia cc m V cu to theteropolysaccharide v si protein.

n v cu to ca heteropolysaccharide l: N-acetylglucosamine / N-acetylgalactosamine v uronic / glucuronic acid. Ngoi ra, cc nhm OHca nhn glycosaminoglycan thng b sulphate ha chng c mt in tch m kh ln.

Mt s glycosaminoglycan ph bin: Hyaluronic acid: l thnh phn cht nn ngoi bo nm gia cc m V. Cu to t

D-glucuronic acid v N-acetylglucosamine. Thng ng vai tr lm cht bi trn khpni v l thnh phn chnh ca sn v gn.

Proteoglycan: glycosaminoglycan thng LK vi protein ngoi bo, l thnh phnquan trng th 2 ca cht nn ngoi bo. Cu to: cc si glycosaminoglycan ngn(keratan sulfate, heparn sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate) cng gn ln siprotein li. Sau cc si ny gn ln si hyaluronate. To thnh mt khi c ngm nc cao. Chc nng: lm gi cho gian bo v nh hng cho m V phttrin.

Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) l polymer cadisaccharide lin hon.

Cu to cc monosaccharide hng ti lm thay i, vinhm acid, nhm amino, sulfated hydroxyl v nhm amino

Glycosaminoglycans c khuynh hng mang in tch m, vcha nhiu nhm acide.

H O

H

H

OHH

OH

COO

H

H O

OH H

H

NH COCH 3H

CH 2OH

H

OO

D-glucuronate

O

1

23

4

5

61

23

4

5

6

N-acetyl-D-glucosaminehyaluronate

Hyaluronate (hyaluronan) l mt glycosaminoglycanvi disaccharide lin hon gm 2 dn xut glucose lglucuronate (glucuronic acid) & N-acetyl-glucosamine.

Lin kt glycoside l (13) & (14).

H O

H

H

OHH

OH

COO

H

H O

OH H

H

NHCOCH3H

CH2OH

H

OO

D-glucuronate

O

1

23

4

5

61

23

4

5

6

N-acetyl-D-glucosaminehyaluronate

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Proteoglycans l glycosaminoglycans lin kt ngho tr vi serine ca protein li ring bit.

Chui glycosaminoglycan c tng hp bng cchthm tun t ng cn li vo protein li.

heparan sulfateglycosaminoglycan

cytosol

coreprotein

transmembrane-helix

H O

H

H

OHH

OH

COO

H

H O

OH H

H

NHCOCH3H

CH 2OH

H

OO

D-glucuronate

O

1

23

4

5

61

23

4

5

6

N-acetyl-D-glucosaminehyaluronate

Mt vi proteoglycans ca matrix ngoi bo ni khngng ho tr vi hyaluronate qua protein domains gi llin kt modules.

Nhiu bn sao ca aggrecan proteoglycan kt hpvi hyaluronate trong sn to thnh phc hp ln.

Versican, proteoglycan khc, ni vi hyaluronate matrix ngoi bo ca nhng m lin kt mm.

Heparan sulfate lc u c tng hp trn mt mng dnh voprotein li nh l polymer ca N-acetylglucosamine lun phin vglucuronate cn li.

Sau , trong cc phn on ca polymer, cc phn cn li caglucuronate c th thay i thnh ng sulfate iduronic acid,trong khi N-acetylglucosamine residues c th deacetylatedv/hoc sulfated.

H O

H

OSO3H

OH

H

COOO H

H

NHSO3H

OH

CH2OSO3

H

H

H

O

O

heparin or heparan sulfate - examples of residues

iduronate-2-sulfate N-sulfo-glucosamine-6-sulfateGlycoprotein v glycolipid

Phc oligopolysaccharide gn ha tr protein v lipid (ch yu:protein v lipid mng, protein bi tit) glycoprotein v glycolipid.

Phn oligopolysaccharide do mang nhiu in tch m nh hngln s gp np v cun khc gip protein trnh b protease phngii.

Oligopolysaccharide nh hng rt nhiu n tnh c hiu SHca glycoprotein v glycolipid.

VD: phn oligopolysaccharide ca glycoprotein mng t bo thngcha khong 14 n v ng n khc nhau LK glycoside 1-2, 1-3,1-4, 1-6, 2-3, 2-6. Mt s dng , s khc dng . S kt hp adng ny mt s lng khng l cc vng tip xc v trao ithng tin gia cc t bo v m

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3 con ng chuynha chnh ca glucose

Con ng ng phn (glycolyse),Embden Meyerhof Parnas (EMP)

Gm 5 G GI: hot ha G G6P (p 1 tn 1ATP) GII: bin i G6P (6C) 2Glyceraldehyde-3P (3C) c kh

nng b oxy ha (p 2,3,4,5 tn 1ATP) GIII: oxy ha 2Glyceraldehyde-3P 2Glycerate-3P (p 6,7

sinh 2ATP + 2NADH) GIV: bin i 2Glycerate-3P 2Pyruvate (p 8,9,10 sinh

2ATP) GV: kh 2Pyruvate 2Lactate (p 11 s dng 2NADH t

GIII)

GI: hot ha G G6P (p 1 tn 1ATP)(1) Hot ha G G6P vi E xc tc Hexokinase, phn ng

ny khng thun nghch.

H O

OH

H

OHH

OH

CH2OH

H

OH

H H O

OH

H

OHH

OH

CH2OPO32

H

OH

H

23

4

5

6

1 1

6

5

4

3 2

ATP ADP

Mg2+

glucose glucose-6-phosphateHexokinase

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GII: bin i G6P (6C) 2Glyceraldehyde-3P (3C) ckh nng b oxy ha (p 2,3,4,5 tn 1ATP)

(2) ng phn ha G6P F6P, phosphoglucoseisomerase

H O

OH

H

OHH

OH

CH2OPO32

H

OH

H1

6

5

4

3 2

CH2OPO32

OH

CH2OH

HOH H

H HOO

6

5

4 3

2

1

glucose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphatePhosphoglucose Isomerase

(3) Phosphoryl ha ln 2 Fru-1,6-biP, phosphofructosekinase, tiu tn ATP ln 2, phn ng khng thunnghch, quyt nh tc ng phn.

CH2OPO32

OH

CH2OH

HOH H

H HOO

6

5

4 3

2

1 CH2OPO32

OH

CH2OPO32

HOH H

H HOO

6

5

4 3

2

1ATP ADP

Mg2+

fructose-6-phosphate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Phosphofructokinase

(4) Phn ct phn t C6 2C3, aldolase

6

5

4

3

2

1CH2OPO32

C

C

C

C

CH2OPO32

O

HO H

H OH

H OH

3

2

1

CH2OPO32

C

CH2OH

O

C

C

CH2OPO 32

H O

H OH+

1

2

3

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Aldolase

dihydroxyacetone glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate phosphate

Triosephosphate Isomerase

(5) 2 triose chuyn ha ln nhau, ch yu to thnhGlyceraldehyde-3P l sn phm c oxy ha,triosephosphate isomerase

C

C

CH2OPO32

O

C

C

CH2OPO32

H O

H OH

C

C

CH2OPO32

H OH

OH

H

H OH H+ H+ H+H+

dihydroxyacetone enediol glyceraldehyde- phosphate intermediate 3-phosphate

Triosephosphate Isomerase

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GIII: oxy ha 2Glyceraldehyde-3P 2Glycerate-3P (p6,7 sinh 2ATP + 2NADH)

(6) Oxy ha Glyceraldehyde-3P hnh thnh ni ~P 1,3BiPG + NADH + H+, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphatedehydrogenase

C

C

CH2OPO32

H O

H OH

C

C

CH 2OPO32

O OPO32

H OH+ Pi

+ H+NAD+ NADH 1

2

3

2

3

1

glyceraldehyde- 1,3-bisphospho- 3-phosphate glycerate

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase

(7) S dng trc tip gc ~P ca c cht ATP(phosphoryl ha mc c cht, khng qua chui hhp), phosphoglycerate kinase

C

C

CH2OPO32

O OPO32

H OH

C

C

CH2OPO 32

O O

H OH

ADP ATP1

22

3 3

1

Mg2+

1,3-bisphospho- 3-phosphoglycerate glycerate

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

GIV: bin i 2Glycerate-3P 327 2Pyruvate (p8,9,10 sinh 2ATP)

(8) Phn ng ng phn ha chuyn gc P t C3 ln C2,phosphoglycerate mutase

C

C

CH2OH

O O

H OPO32

2

3

1C

C

CH2OPO32

O O

H OH23

1

3-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate

Phosphoglycerate Mutase

(9) Phn ng kh nc, edolase c s sp xp li cclin kt trong phn t to ~P.

C

C

CH2OH

O O

H OPO32

C

C

CH2OH

O O

OPO32

C

C

CH2

O O

OPO32

OH

2

3

1

2

3

1

H

2-phosphoglycerate enolate intermediate phosphoenolpyruvate

Enolase

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(10) Phn ng thnh lp ATP ln th 2 trong ng phn,pyruvate kinase pyruvate (SP trung gian quan trng)

C

C

CH3

O O

O23

1ADP ATPC

C

CH2

O O

OPO 32

2

3

1

phosphoenolpyruvate pyruvate

Pyruvate Kinase

GV: kh 2Pyruvate 2Lactate (p 11 s dng2NADH t GIII)

C

C

CH3

O

O

OC

HC

CH3

O

OH

ONADH + H+ NAD+

Lactate Dehydrogenase

pyruvate lactate

Kt lun

V tr xy ra ca QT EMP: t bo cht PTTQ: glucose 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH Tc QT EMP c iu ha bi 2 E cha kha:

phosphofructokinase-1 v pyruvate kianase nhm duy trs cn bng v n nh [ATP]/t bo.

Chu trnh Krebs, chu trnh TCA (acidtricacboxylic), acid citric

y l con ng chung ca s oxy ha cc cht hu c to ATP cung cp cho cc hot ng ca c th.

Chu trnh ny xy ra trong ty th, oxy ha acetylCoA CO2 +H2O + gii phng ton b nng lng d tr.

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Cc G ca chu trnh acid citric

1. Ngng t acetyl-CoA vi acid oxaloacetic P 1: nh s xt ca E citrate synthetase, acetyl-CoA i vo chu trnh

Krebs bng p ngng t vi acid oxaloacetic (dng enol) v nc to thnh acid citric, NL ngng t do LK cao nng ca acetyl-CoAcung cp.

P 2: acid citric bin i thnh dng ng phn ca n l acid isocitric,QT ny c xt bi cng 1 E l aconitate hydratase v qua dng trunggian acid cis aconitic.

2. ng phn ha acid citric i xng thnh acid isocitric khngi xng qua SP trung gian l acid cis acotinic. P 3: l s oxh a.isocitric di tc dng ca E isocitrate

dehydrogenase 2 nguyn t H ca a.isocitric b kh c chuyn cho ENADP+ kt qu l NADPH2 v a.oxalosuccinic c to thnh. Ngay sau a.oxalosuccinic li b kh C bin thnh a.cetoglutaric. gd ny 1phn t CO2 c tch ra.

3. Kh cacboxyl oxh a.isocitric to thnh acid -cetoglutaric. P 4: a.cetoglutaric li b kh C oxh do phc h E cetoglutarate

dehydrogenase xt. P ny cng tng t oxh a.ppyruvic gd trn vcn cc CoE nh TPP-a.lipoic CoA v NAD+ tham gia p. SP ca p ldn xut ca a.succinic: succinyl-CoA.

4. Kh cacboxyl oxh acid -cetoglutaric to thnh succinyl-CoA. P 5: NL ca LK cao nng trong succinyl-SCoA c chuyn thnh LK

cao nng ca GTP (guanosintriphosphate) nh tc dng ca Esuccinate thiokinase, cui cng NL c chuyn t GTP cho ADP tng hp nn ATP.

5. A.succinic c to thnh t succinyl CoA P 6: a.succinic b oxh thnh a.fumaric nh tc dng ca succinate dehydrogenase

c CoE l FAD khi nhn H t c cht s tr thnh FADH2 v hydro FADH2 cchuyn cho h thng vn chuyn in t to thnh nc v tng hp 2ATP.

6. Oxh a.succinic thnh a.fumaric P 7: a.fumaric c hydrate ha s to thnh a.malic nh tc dng ca fumartate

hydratase.

7. Hydrate ha a.fumaric thnh malic P 8: a.malic va c to thnh s b oxh thnh a.oxaloacetic di tc dng ca

mt E oxh-k l malate dehydrogenase c CoE l NAD+.

8. Oxh a.malic thnh a.oxaloacetic Nh vy, chu trnh c khp kn v a.oxaloacetic li tip tc ngng t vi acetyl-

CoE v chu trnh mi li bt u.

Qua chu trnh Krebs, gc acetyl c oxh thnh kh CO2v H2O.

Do s xut hin trong chu trnh Krebs cc acid di vtricacboxylic nn chu trnh Krebs c gi l chu trnh di,tricacboxylic.

Qua chu trnh Krebs ta nhn thy rng: Khi oxh 1 gc acetyl s loi ra 2 phn t CO2. ng thi xy ra 1 s kh 4 phn t H2 c chuyn vn trn

2NAD, 1NADP v 1FAD (dng HH tb). Gd t a.isocitric ti a.oxalosuccinic cho 3ATP, Gd t a.-cetoglutaric ti a.succinic cho 4ATP, Gd t a.succinic ti a.fumaric cho 2ATP, Gd t a.malic ti a.oxaloacetic cho 3ATP. T acetyl-CoA, 1 vng ca chu trnh cung cp 12ATP.

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Nhn vo s chu trnh acid citric ta thy: 2 nguyn t C i vo chu trnh di dng acetyl-CoA. 2 nguyn t C i ra chu trnh di dng 2 phn t CO2. Trong chu trnh acid citric cn phi c mt s p oxh-k. C 4 gd xy ra p oxh-k, C 3 gd c NAD tham gia, C 1 gd c FAD tham gia. Mi gd chuyn vn 2 nguyn t hydro (2 proton v 2

electron). QT chuyn vn electron t chu trnh acid citric ti oxy s

cung cp cho c th 12ATP.

1. nh ngha Lipid l dn xut ca cc acid bo cao phn t vcc alcohol.

L HCHC t nhin, thng gp l du TV v m V.2. c im

Trong phn t lipid khng c hoc c rt t ccnhm ho nc (-OH, -NH2, -COOH), trong khi li giu nhm k nc.

Lipid khng ha tan hoc ha tan rt t trong nc,n tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c (ester, benzen,chloroform, ru).

Chng IV: LIPID I. I CNG V LIPID

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Trong m t bo, lipid 2 dng: Dng t do, l nhng lipid d tr, l m m V, TV,ht du trong TV. Cc dng lipid t do ny c thchit rt ra bng dung mi hu c.

Dng lin kt, l lipoprotein, lipopolysaccharide,phospholipid tham gia cu to cc mng nguynsinh cht v mng ca cc bo quan. y l thnhphn c bn ca t bo, thng c vi mt lngkhng i v thnh phn xc nh.

Khi c th bnh hay i ch s dng lipid tdo.

4. Vai tr lipid - Gi tr dinh dng Lipid l ngun NL quan trng (1g lipid 9,3cal), 15%

NL khu phn n. Nhu cu 36-42g/ngi/ngy, 6kg/ngi/nm. Khi ch bin nhit, SP c thm lipid lm tng v v

dinh dng. To cm gic hp dn cho TP. Lu gi trong d dy lu to cm gic no .

Vai tr ca lipid trong c th ngi L cht dinh dng c m nhit cao nht. L dung mi ha tan cc vitamin khng phn

cc nh A, D, E, K. L ngun cung cp vitamine tan trong du

m, cc acid bo cha no nhiu ni i(acid bo cn thit), cc phosphatide(leucithin).

Phn lipid khng dng n c d trnhm mc ch: Cung cp nng lng khi cn thit. Bo v c th, l cht m cho cc ni

quan. Gim mt nhit cho c th.

NL kin to: thnh phn cu to mng tbo v cu trc di t bo (lipoprotein).c bit t bo m thn kinh.

- Gi tr sinh hc ca lipid L dung mi ca vitamin A, D Tham gia vo thnh phn nguyn sinh cht ca t bo. L m m gi nhit cho c th. Phosphatide l thnh phn cu trc t bo thn kinh, no, tim,gan, tuyn sinh dc Cholesterol l thnh phn cu trc t bo v tham gia mt s chcnng chuyn ho quan trng nh:

L tin cht ca acid mt Tham gia tng hp cc ni tit t v thng thn LK cc c t tan mu v c t tan mu ca VK, k sinh trng.

Du TV (acid bo khng no) c tc dng lm tng s chuyn hachloesterol cholic. C th V khng tng hp acid bo khng no phi thu nhp tthc n.

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5. Tnh cht lipid nhit 15-20oC

Cht bo th rn m Cht bo th lng du

B: dng ch cht bo c ly ra t sa ca V c v. i vicht bo c ngun gc TV c c gn ging b b magarine.

T trng nh hn nc, 15oC l 0,866-0,973 Khng tan trong nc khi trn ln vi nc tch thnh 2 lp.

(a) Saturated fat and fatty acid

Stearic acidcis double bondcauses bending

(b) Unsaturated fat andFatty acid

6. Phn loi (ty theo cu to ha hc)Lipid n gin Trong thnh phn ch c C, H,

O Khi thy phn cho ra ru v

cc acid bo 3 nhm:

Glyceride: ester caglycerine v acid bo

Seride (sp): ester caru bc cao.

Steride: ester ca rua vng.

Lipid phc tp Ngoi 3 nguyn t C, H, O cn

cha P, N, S Khi thy phn cho ra ru,

acid bo, v mt s cht khcnh acid amin, H3PO4, glucid

Cc phn nhm: Phospholipid: H3PO4 Proteolipid (lipoprotein):

protein Glucolipid: glucid

Lipid trung tnh Acid bo (>C12) Mono-, di-, triacyl-glycerol Sterol v sterol ester Carotenoid, tocopherol SpLipid khng cha acid bo Cc Steroid

Lipid phn cc Glycero-phospholipid Glycero-glycolipd Sphingo-phospholipid Sphingo-glycolipidLipid c cha acid bo Lipid n gin

Du, m (triglyceride) Sp

Lipid phc tp Phospholipid Sphingolipid

1. Gii thiu chung- Khi nim

L acid hu c, nchc, bc cao.

Mch C thng (c thc mch phn nhnh)

S C l s chn C4-C24 (nhiu nht lC16-C24) (c th cs C l s l).

C hoc khng c nii.

- Acid bo quyt nhCht lng ca cht bo.

- Tnh cht ca lipid:Acid bo no, acid bocha no.

II. Acid bo (fatty acid)

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Cng thc ca cc acidbo chnh Lauric 12:0 Myristic 14:0 Palmitic 16:0 (11% trong t

nhin) Stearic 18:0 (4%) Oleic 18:1 (9) (34%) Linoleic 18:2 (9, 12) (34%) Linolenic 18:3 (9, 12, 15)

(5%) Arachidonic 20:4

Nhit nng chy camt s acid bo Acid stearic 18:0 69oC Acid oleic 18:1 (9) 13,4oC Acid elaidic 18:1 (trans 9)

46oC Acid linoleic 18:2 (9, 12) -

5oC Acid linolenic 18:3 (9, 12,

15) -11oC Acid arachidonic 20:4 (5,

8, 11, 14) -49,5oC

- Acid bo Phn loi Da trn tnh cht no hay khng no: acid bo no vacid bo khng no. Da trn chiu di mch: acid bo mch ngn v acidbo mch di. Da trn s lng, v tr v cu hnh ca cc ni i. S xut hin ca cc nhm chc dc theo chiu dimch (him khi c nhm chc khc).

2. Acid bo no

Acid bo no - Tnh cht Ch cha lin kt n C C Xp cht, Gia cc mch c lc hp dn mnh, Nhit nng chy cao, L cht rn nhit thng.

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Acid bo cha no(1 ni i)

Acid bo cha no(Nhiu ni i)

Acid bo no(Ch c ni n)

3. Acid bo cha no Acid bo khng no Danh php omega,delta V tr ni i c tnh t u -CH3 cc acid bo nyc xp vo nhm .

3 (linolenic type) 6 (linoeic type) 9 (oleic type) Nhm 6 khng c tng hp trong c th ngi, c coi l

cc acid bo khng thay th cn thit cho qu trnh to mngsinh hc cho t bo.

V tr ni i c tnh t u -COOH cc acid bony c xp vo nhm .

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Acid bo cha no - Tnh cht Cha mt hoc nhiu ni

i C=C, C mch gp khc nn

cc phn t khng thxp cht,

Lc hp dn gia ccmch yu hn.

Nhit nng chy thp, L cht lng nhit

thng.

Acid bo mch nhnh: him, thng tm thy trong cht bosa; c th l acid no hay khng no.

Acid bo mch vng:- A.hydrocacpic: C16H28O2Tonc = 59,5oC

- A.chaulmogric: C18H32O2Tonc = 71oC

(CH2)10 COOH

(CH2)10 COOH

Acid bo khc

4. Tnh cht vt l acid ca nhm carboxyl: ph thuc vo s phn ly

proton H+ v to nhm carboxylate COO-. im nng chy: ph thuc vo s sp xp cc on acyl

trn li tinh th. Nhit nng chy gim, khi cc ni i tng ln. Cu trc tinh th: cc acid bo sp xp do tng tc k

nc. Khng ha tan trong nc. C kh nng hp th tia UV.

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Hydrophobic forces

H H

HH

CCC

H

H

C

H

HH H

HH

CCC

H

H

C

H

H

HH

OH H

OH H

OH H

O

HH

O

HH

O

HH

OH H

OH H

H H

HH

CCC

H

H

C

H

HH H

HH

CCC

H

H

C

H

H

HH

O

HH

O

HH

O

HH

O

HH

O

HH

OH

H

H H

HH

CCC

H

H

C

H

HH H

HH

CCC

H

H

C

H

H

HH