Pongamia Pinnata as a Bio-energy Resource

P M V SubbaraoProfessor

Mechanical Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi

Better Planning to Maximize Yield ….

BIO-ENERGY SOLUTION S for IIT Campus

Pongamia Trees At IIT Delhi

Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens

Kernel

Cake

Shell

Fruit

Pongamia pinnata tree

Biodiesel

Potential bioenergy feedstock

Gly

ceri

ne

Recognition of Complete Resource

Current Technology of Bio-diesel ProductionFruits

Shells

Decorticator

Oil Expeller

Reactor

Oil

Biodiesel

Cake

Glycerol

Mechanical or Electrical Energy

Electrical and Thermal Energy

Seeds

How Truthful is Our Vision/Understanding?

Various local names in India for Pongamia pinnata

State Local name for pongamiaAndhra Pradesh gaanug, pungu

karchaw, poongaKarnataka honge, huligili, batti, uggemaraKerala minnari, punnuOrrissa koronjo, kongaTamil Nadu pongam, ponga, kanga

DalkaramchaMadhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh

karanja and karanj

Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,

sukhchain, karanj, papri

Botanical description of pongamia pinnata• Pongamia tree is native to humid and subtropical environments

and it readily grows in areas where annual rainfall range from 500 to 2500 mm.

• In can withstand a maximum temperature from 500C to a minimum of 50C in its natural habitat.

• Mature trees can survive water logging and slight frost.

• This species has been found to grow up to elevations of 1200 m, but in the Himalayan foothills is not found above 600 m.

• Pongamia can grow on a wide range of soil types, which may range from stony to sandy to clayey.

• It is highly tolerant of salinity and does not do well on dry sands.

• The tree is common along waterways or seashores, with its roots in fresh or salt water.

• Well drained soils with assured moisture have observed highest growth rates

Forms of Biomass Yields

Other Benefits

• Pongamia tree has immense medicinal and economic value in Indian society.

• The reason for this being that almost every part has some traditional utility.

Pongamia tree parts

Economic value Medicinal value

FlowerGood sources of pollen for

honey bees. Flowers are edible.

Useful to quench dipsia in diabetes, for alleviating vata and kapha and for bleeding piles.

Pongamia tree parts

Economic value Medicinal value

Leaf Used as cattle fodder (in some

regions). Used in stored grains to repel

insects. Used as manure for rice and

sugarcane fields.

Juice of leaves is used for cold, cough, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, gonorrhoea, leprosy.

Leaves are anthelmintic, digestive and laxative used for inflammations, piles and wounds.

As an infusion to relieve rheumatism. As an extract to treat itches and herpes.

Bark String and rope can be

made from the bark fibre. Used for paper pulp.

For bleeding piles, for beriberi, reduce swelling of the spleen.

Useful in mental disorder, cough and cold.

Stem Used for stove top fuels, poles and

ornamental carvings. Ash of wood used for dyeing Cabinet making, cart wheels, posts,

agricultural implements, tool, handles and combs.

Aqueous extracts of stem bark exhibit significant CNS sedative and antipyretic activity.

RootRoot is used as fish

poison.

Juice of roots with coconut milk and lime water for treatment of gonorrhoea.

Used for cleaning gums, teeth and ulcers. In vaginal and skin diseases, being

anthelminic. Juice of roots used for cleansing foul ulcers

and closing fistulous sores.

without destroying the accumulated propagating organization …… {Kauffman, 2000}

Technical Details of Pongamia Tree

Height (m) 15-25

Climate

Grows almost throughout up to altitude of 1.200 m. Requires of 500 2500mm annual rainfall; cannot withstand frost.

Soil Tolerate to salinity k , alkaline and water logging soils

Gestation Period (years) 4-7

Economic lifespan (years) 60

Oil content per seed (in %) 27-39Yield per tree (kg) 20-25 Oil / ha (t) 1.5-3 Collection Period May – JuneDensity of Plant/ha 500

Pongamia Fruits

http://www.biodieselmagazine.com

Pongamia Collections

Mass Distribution of Pongamia Collections

~50%

~50%

Mass Distribution of Jatropha Collections

~40%

~60%

Oil Expeller set-up

Mass Distribution of Pongamia Seeds

~65%

~35%

Mass Distribution of Jatropha Seeds

~65%

~35%

Plant Capacity and Land Requirement

• Plant capacity : 1 ton per day of Bio Diesel.• Requirement of Vegetable Oil : 1.1 tons per day.• Quantity of Seeds required to produce above amount

of oil: 3.15 tons per day.• Quantity of dry fruits required per day : 6.30 tons.• Quantity of dry fruits required per year : 1575tons.• Land required to meet the demand: 300 hectares.• Non Irrigated land required to meet the demand: 900

hectares.

Measurement of Calorific Value : Bomb Calorimeter

The Bomb & Fuel

Temperature of Water in Jacket

Energy Balance in Bomb Calorimetry

Calorific Value of Pongamia Fruit Derivatives

• Calorific value of Oil : 36 MJ/kg

• Calorific value of cake: 19 MJ/kg.

• Calorific value of shells: 15 MJ/kg.

Energy Audit of Sub-Species of Oil Seed Collections : 1ton of Oil

• Mass of produce: 6.3 tons.

• Mass of Oil: 1 ton.

• Mass of cake : 2.15 tons.

• Mass of Shells : 3.15 tons.

• Calorific value of Oil : 36 MJ/kg

• Calorific value of cake: 19 MJ/kg.

• Calorific value of shells: 15 MJ/kg.

• Total Energy value of Oil: 36 GJ

• Total Energy value of Cake: 40.8GJ

• Total Energy value of Shells: 47.25GJ

Characterization of Bio-resource

• Pongamia oil

• De-oiled cake

• Shells

Characterization of Derived Bio-resources

• Pongamia oil

• De-oiled cake

• Shells

Straight Vegetable Oil Chemistry

C63 H122O6

Straight Vegetable Oil Chemistry

• The molecular formula is a triglyceride molecule that contains multiple Carbon double bonds.

• A molecule with multiple Carbon double bonds tends to be more reactive under heated conditions than a molecule containing fewer or no double bonds.