pool training-rescue and survival at sea
TRANSCRIPT
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POOL TRAINING
RESCUE AND SURVIVAL AT SEA
Prepared by
NORDIANA BTE ISMAIL
R B KENNEDY ENIS
SHAHIFFUL BAHTIAR BIN MAT ISA
BACHELOR¶S DEGREE IN MARINE TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERLIS
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1.0 Introduction
Survival is the ³preservation of one¶s own life under conditions of immediate peril.´
To preserve one¶s own life at sea requires ability to live through extreme conditions of
emotional and physical shock, and hardship for an indefinite period of time. When
faced with an open water survival situation, it is important to remember that
environmental obstacles are as much mental as physical. Before accumulating
information on the use and operation of survival systems, it is important to first
understand the psychological barriers to the will to survive that must be overcome.
The most predominant psychological barrier to survival is fear; fear of the unknown,
fear of discomfort, and fear of one¶s own weakness. Fear of the environment in an
open water situation leads us to fear our own chances of confidence in our ability may
weaken our will to survive. Studies of survivors and their experiences show that the
successful survival of any situation depends on several factors. The survivors must:
y Be mentally and spiritually prepared for the possibility;
y Be in good physical condition;
y Have the proper equipment available and know how to use it;
y Be properly dressed for any survival situation; and
y Be thoroughly familiar with vessel egress procedures.
The key of these experiences is developing a survivor¶s ³attitude´. In other words, to
develop those traits and characteristics that will enhance one¶s change of survival.
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Figure 2: Reaching pole
y Buo yant thr owing assist with a buo yant line attached : The
length of the line should be at least the width of the pool.
Figure 3: Buoyant throwing
y S ound signalling device: For example, a loud whistle or
personal alarm.
Figure 3: Sound signalling device
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T he International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code
gives specific technical requirements f or LSA s and is
mandat ory under Reg ulation 34, which states that all
life-saving appliances and arrangements shall comply
with the applicable requirements o f the LSA C ode.
An adult life jacket shall be so constructed that:
y shall not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally
enveloped in a fire for a period of 2 seconds.
y at least 75% of persons, who are completely unfamiliar with the
lifejacket, can correctly don it within a period of one min
without assistance, guidance or prior demonstration;
y after demonstration, all persons can correctly don it within a
period of one minute without assistance;
y it is clearly capable of being worn in only one way or, as far as
is practicable, cannot be donned incorrectly;
y it is comfortable to wear;
y it allows the wearer to jump from a height of at least 4.5 m into
the water without injury and without dislodging or damaging the
lifejacket;
y shall have buoyancy which is not reduced by more than 5% after
24h submersion in fresh water;
y shall be fitted with a whistle firmly secured by a cord.
An adult lifejacket shall have sufficient buoyancy and stability in calm
fresh water to:
y 1 lift the mouth of an exhausted or unconscious person not less
than 120 mm clear of the water with the body inclined
backwards at an angle of not less than 20° from the vertical
position;
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y 2 turn the body of an unconscious person in the water from any
position to one where the mouth is clear of the water in not
more than 5 s.
y shall allow the person wearing it to swim a short distance and to
board survival craft.
2.2.2 Donning the Life Jacket
Following are the steps of donning of life jacket:
a. Put your arms through the holes.
b. Pull the jacket up and around your shoulders.
c. Put the neck straps through the D rings on each side of the
jacket and tie them in a bowknot.
d. Pull the chest strap and the waist straps tight, and then tie with
bowknots.
e. Take the slack out of the belly strap and snap it together.
f. Reach down and back between your legs and grab the left-leg
strap and pull it up between your legs.
g. Put the end through the D rings and pull tight.
h. Repeat the procedure for the right-leg straps.
i. Practice putting on and securing your life jacket until you are
able to don and secure it within 2 minutes.
1.3 HELP Position
In the HELP position, it is a survival technique use to conserve heat in coldwater. The HELP position is difficult to do unless wearing a life jacket.
"HELP" stands for Heat Escape Lessening Posture. This posture can increase
the chances of survival by reducing the amount of body surface area that is
directly exposed to cold water. In this position, the chest and knees were in
contact with each other rather than being in contact with cold water.
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Figure 5: HELP position
1.4 CON Position
The CON position is a circle shape of formation by members of surviving
when stranded at sea. The purpose of this technique is to attract a helicopter
view at sea. The techniques are hand-in-hand of each other¶s and leg propel on
the water.
Figure 6: CON position
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1.5 PERSON RAFTING Position
The purpose of PERSON RAFTING position is to pushing or towing an
injured survivor at sea. It is a technique where the survivors must work
together to create a person-raft by foot flanked between two conflicting
between each other while flanked hand side with other survivor.
Figure 7: PERSON RAFTING position
1.6 Free Fall Jumping From Spring Board
One of the importance tasks in a survival at sea training is free fall jumping
from spring board. This technique is required courage and spirit from each of
the trainee to do the jumping.
First of all, make sure that the life jacket is well secured. If it is not well
secured, it could be hurt to the jumper¶s head after his jump. Then get down to
a height of less than 30 feet if available; below 15 feet is ideal. If the jumpers
is jump from height than 30 feet, it can hurt to the jumpers (depends on the
height from which the jumping height and the angle at which the body hits the
water). If worn, remove false teeth, eyeglasses, or contact lenses. Also remove
any sharp objects from your pockets. Get in the jump position and do the
following:
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a. Stand on the gunwale and check the water for debris.
b. Check to see if the life jacket is tied and all the straps are secured.
c. Hold your nose and cover your mouth with your left hand.
d. Cross over your left hand with your right hand and hold the life jacket
collar securely.
e. Hold your elbows into your side as much as possible.
f. Keep head and eyes straight ahead. Do not look down.
g. Take one step out using either foot.
h. Bring your trailing leg up behind your leading leg so that they cross at
the ankles. This will protect you if you should land on any floating
debris.
Figure 8: Free fall jumping from spring board
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1.7 Life Raft
1.7.1 Introduction of life raft
Life raft is an emergency raft used in case of serious problems to the
parent vessel, such as sinking.
Figure 9: Life raft (25 persons)
Following are the requirements of life raft under SOLAS convention:
y Every life raft shall be so constructed as to be capable of
withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat in all sea conditions.
y The life raft shall be so constructed that when it is dropped into
the water from a height of 18 m, the life raft and its equipment
will operate satisfactorily. If the life raft is to be stowed at a
height of more than 18 m above the waterline in the lightest
seagoing condition, it shall be of a type which has been
satisfactorily drop-tested from at least that height.
y The floating life raft shall be capable of withstanding repeated
jumps on to it from a height of at least 4.5 m above its floor
both with and without the canopy erected.
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y Step 10: Read the survival manuals that are found inside the
raft. These will give you complete instructions on what to do
while you are in the life raft.
Figure 11: Throwing-in of life raft and yanking on the operating c ord
2.7.3 Overturn of Life Raft
A capsized raft can be righted (turned right side up) before the inverted
(upside down) canopy fills with seawater, one person can easily right it
using the following procedure:
y Swim to the side marked "RIGHT HERE", if it is not marked,
go to the side where the CO2 cylinder is located. Reach up and
grab the righting strap. Start pulling yourself up onto the raft. It
may help to kick your feet out as if swimming, if this does notwork, tries putting your feet or knees into the external lifelines
to help you pull yourself up on the raft. Some rafts may right
while you are climbing onto them. Others are more difficult to
right.
Note: A righting strap is fitted on the underside of the raft to
right the raft if it capsizes or inflates upside down. The righting
strap runs the full width of the oval or round raft.
y Stand on the very edge, where the CO2 cylinder is located. Lean
back with all your weight while pulling on the righting strap. If
the canopy is clear of water, the raft will begin to follow you. If
the raft is large, it will land on your head unless you bend your
knees and spring backwards just as the raft begins to free fall.
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Figure 12: Righting of life raft
2.7.4
Boarding the Life Raft
y Step 1: make a human ³crocodile towing´ technique and move
in a line of group to lift raft.
Figure 13: ³Crocodile towing´ technique
y Step 2: after reach at the life raft¶s boarding location, the most
in-front survivor need to clamp with the life raft.
y Step 3: the survivor that in the most behind need to move onto a
life raft by linking the other survivors one-by-one. Then, with
the help of survivor who are in-front, the survivor who are most
behind just know is pull-up into the life raft.
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y Steps 4: repeat step 3 until all the survivors up into life raft.
Figure 14: Boarding life raft
2.7.5 In The Life Raft
After up into the life raft, all survivors shall do as following:
y Put off individual life jacket and tight together and throwing
outside the raft.
y Check the physical condition of all on board. Give first aid if
necessary. Take seasickness pills if available. The best way to
take these pills is to place them under the tongue and let them
dissolve. There are also suppositories or injections against
seasickness. Vomiting, whether from seasickness or other
causes, increases the danger of dehydration.
y Try to salvage all floating equipment - rations; canteens,
thermos jugs, and other containers; clothing; seat cushions;
parachutes; and anything else that will be useful to you. Secure
the salvaged items in or to your raft. Make sure the items have
no sharp edges that can puncture the raft.
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y If there are other rafts, lash the rafts together so they are about
7.5 meters apart. Be ready to draw them closer together if you
see or hear an aircraft. It is easier for an aircrew to spot rafts
that are close together rather than scattered.
y Remember, rescue at sea is a cooperative effort. Use all
available visual or electronic signaling devices to signal and
make contact with rescuers. For example, raise a flag or
reflecting material on an oar as high as possible to attract
attention.
y Locate the emergency radio and get it into operation. Operating
instructions are on it. Use the emergency transceiver only when
friendly aircraft are likely to be in the area.
y Have other signaling devices ready for instant use. If you are in
enemy territory, avoid using a signaling device that will alert
the enemy. However, if your situation is desperate, you may
have to signal the enemy for rescue if you are to survive.
y Check the raft for inflation, leaks, and points of possible
chafing. Make sure the main buoyancy chambers are firm (well
rounded) but not overly tight. Check inflation regularly. Air
expands with heat; therefore, on hot days, release some air and
add air when the weather cools.
y Decontaminate the raft of all fuel. Petroleum will weaken its
surfaces and break down its glued joints.
y Throw out the sea anchor, or improvise a drag from the raft's
case, bailing bucket, or a roll of clothing. A sea anchor helps
you stay close to your ditching site, making it easier for
searchers to find you if you have relayed your location.
Without a sea anchor, your raft may drift over 160 kilometersin a day, making it much harder to find you. You can adjust the
sea anchor to act as a drag to slow down the rate of travel with
the current, or as a means to travel with the current. You make
this adjustment by opening or closing the sea anchor's apex.
When open, the sea anchor acts as a drag that keeps you in the
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y SOLAS fishing kit
y SOLAS/USCG Thermal protective aids (TPA¶s)
y Drinking cup
y Safety tin opener
y Repair kit
y Rescue quoit & line
y Buoyant safety knife
y Scissors
y Sunscreen
y Survival rations:
y SOLAS/USCG Food rations
y USCG/SOLAS Drinking water
Following are medical equipments on life raft:
y Seasickness pills
y Seasickness bags
y SOLAS First aid kit
Following are signaling equipments on life raft:
y Emergency Positioning Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB)
y SOLAS/USCG Hand flares
y SOLAS/USCG Signal mirror
y SOLAS/USCG Parachute rockets
y SOLAS/USCG Smoke signals
y Whistle
y SOLAS flashlight
y Extra batteries & bulb
Note: Do not throw any body liquids (blood, urine, dropping or etc)
into the sea because it can be able to attract a shark.
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2.7.8 Management of Survival
Following are the management of survival that should be practice by
survivors if stranded at sea:
a. Position
b. Organize
c. Location
d. Comfort
Following are the steps of survival management:
a. Appoint a leader.
b. Appoint each members responsibilities.c. Treat the injured members.
d. Locate all safety equipments.
e. Activate the EPIRB.
2.0 Search and Rescue (SAR)
The International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) was
adopted by an international conference held in Hamburg, Germany, in April 1979. As
its title implies, this Convention is designed to improve existing arrangements and
provide a framework for carrying out search and rescue operations following
accidents at sea.
Following are the steps of search and rescue procedures that stated in IAMSAR:
a. receives, acknowledge and relay notifications of distress;
b. co-ordinate SAR response; and
c. conduct SAR operations.
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Fi
2.1 R C i ti C t (RCC
The RCC i an operational facilit responsi le for promoting eff icient
organi ation of SAR services and for co-ordinating the conduct of SAR
operations within Search and R escue R egion (SRR .
Fi i i
Following are the requirements of RCC:
y 24-hour availabilit
y Trained persons
RECEIVE Emergency Distress
RESPONSE
Rescue Co-ordination Centre
Broadcasting and Communication
ACT
Rescue Sub-centre
Search and Rescue
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y Persons with a working knowledge of the English language
y Charts which apply to the SRR
y Means of plotting
y Ability to receive distress alerts
y Immediate communications
2.2 Search and Rescue Regions (SRR)
An SRR is an area of defined dimensions associated with an RCC within
which SAR services are provided.
Figure 17: Search and Rescue Regions (SRR)
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3.0 Conclusion
On the whole, the survival at sea training is very important and compulsory for those
who involve in maritime and aviation industries. Those people have to practice the
techniques of survival at sea for saving their own life when at emergency such asHELP position, CON position and etc.
Besides that, the survival training is not complete without the knowledge of survival
management where it is the keys of successful for saving life at sea. Position,
organizing, location and comfort are the basic procedures that survivors have to know
and learn it.
The participants will be provide with an information of search and rescue (SAR), how
their responses and actions to saving life at sea.
4.0 References
International Maritime Organization, 2008. IAMSAR Manual: Organization and
Management (Volume 1). ICAO Publication Company. Canada.
International Convention on Aviation and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR),
2008.
D. J. House, 2004. Seamanship Techniques: Shipboard and Marine Operations (Third
Edition). Elsevier Publication Company. United Kingdom.
International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), 1979.
International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) ± Life Saving Appliances
Code, 1974.