Human Population and The Environment

India Population Statistics

YEAR 1901 1951 2001 2010POPULATION 238 361 1020 1210 (million)

India’s population growth rate 1.8 %China’s population growth rate 0.7 %

Population Variation Among Nations

USA , Canada , Soviet Union (CIS) 250 million Western Europe and Africa 500 million East Asia (China, Japan , Korea, India and Pakistan)

> 2 billion South Asia (most populous region)

2.5 billion

Prosperity and Poverty among nations are due to differences in their economics- sustainable and non- sustainable

Population CharacteristicsDOUBLING TIME The period within which the population of a country doubles is known as its doubling time.

Developed countries - Doubling time >100 YearsDeveloping countries - Doubling time < 25 Years

(Doubling time) Td = 70/r r = annual growth rateIf a nation has 2% annual growth rate then Td will be 35 years

Total Fertility Rate It is defined as the average number of children that would be born to a woman in her reproductive life time if the age specific birth rates remain constant.

Value of TFR in the world is 2.9 It varies from 1.6 in developed nations to 3.3 in developing countries

Infant Mortality Rate(IMR) and Life Expectancy

IMR set the parameter of life expectancy, that is , the average number of years that an infant is expected to survive.

Death rate is generally expressed as the number of deaths per year for every 100 people.

AGE STRUCTURE

DEPENDENCY RATIO The ratio of people over 65 and under 14 to the rest of population.

REPLACEMENT LEVEL Two parents bearing two children will be replaced by their offsprings.

For Developing nations, where infant mortality is high and life expectancy is low, the RL is about 2.7, whereas in developed nations it is 2.1

What is population Explosion ?

Population Explosion means effects of day by day increasing population to environment .

Reasons For Increase In Population-: The increase in birth rates due to medical

improvements . The decrease in death rates due to better

medical facilities and advancements in the field of medicine.

Immigration to better developed countries due to several reasons like better job opportunities, war, and natural causes like hurricanes, earthquakes, and so forth.

Increase in Population in the Different Part of the world

Effects Of Population Explosion Air Pollution . Water Pollutions. Increase in Demand For Food

Resources Deforestation

Air pollutionHow air pollution because

of Population Explosion ?

Given Below-:

Increase in Industries Industries

Increase in Vehicle

Water Pollution How Water Pollution because of

Population Explosion?

Given Below-:

Raw sewage and industrial waste flows directed to main River or Sea

Bathroom and Garbage sewage flow Directed to the River or Sea.

Increase in Demand For Food Resourcesdue to increase in population needs

Increase in Deforestation For occupying land for day by day increase in population .

For Agriculture For Urbanization

Remedies for Decrease in Population Increase in awareness through Mass

Media for Decreasing population . Governmental strict measures for

Family Planning. Awareness about population through

Education firms for students of Growing society.

Use of population in positive a ways-: For intense Labor for Private Sector

which leads to development of countries Economy.

For Increase in Defence Sector of countries which lead strong position of countries.

For intense Labor for Government Sector which leads to smooth running of Administration of Governess.

Example of use of population in positive ways

Conclusion-: Population Growth must be there but for

some extended. Population is necessary for Government

Development of Countries Population also doing various

researchers in the world. ……………………….So population is

not Harm for world it should be used properly.

Health and Environment

Objectives At the end of this session the

participants should be able to conceptualize:

1. health in its physical, mental, social and spiritual context;

2. environment to be an important factor in the interaction of agent and host in the epidemiological or ecological triad;

3. the physical, biological and psychosocial environment and understand their impact on health.

“Healthy people are those who live in healthy homes on a

healthy diet; in an environment equally fit for birth, growth, work, healing, and dying...

Healthy people need no bureaucratic interference to mate, give birth, share the human condition, and die.”

-Ivan Illich 

It is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and

not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Health

It is a condition under which the individual is able to mobilize all his resources, intellect, emotional and physical- for optimum living.

Health

This concept recognizes the strength of social,

economic, political and environmental influences

on health.

HOLISTIC CONCEPT OF

HEALTH

    

Heredity Welfare services

     Environment Socio-economic conditions

Health and family Life-style

DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH:

Disease is a result from complex interaction between man, an agent and the environment.

From ecological point of view, disease is defined as

“maladjustment of the human organism to the environment”.

 

Concept of Disease

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD

Environment

Vector

Agent Host

Environment(Physical, biological and psychosocial)

Human activities health of individual

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Macro-environment or the external environment

-is said to be responsible for millions of preventable diseases originating in it.

Micro-environment -is the Domestic environment in which

man lives.Internal environment

-is some time used for the environment inside the body

Types of Environment

PHYSICAL: air, water, soil, housing, climate, geography, heat,

light, noise, debris, radiation, etc.

BIOLOGICAL: man, viruses, microbial agents, insects, rodents,

animals and plants, etc.

PSYCHOSOCIAL: cultural values, customs, beliefs, habits, attitudes,

morals, religion, education, lifestyles, community life, health services, social and political organization.

The environment is all external conditions, circumstances, and

influences surrounding and affecting the growth and

development of an organism or community of organisms.

Environmental health is the study and management of

environmental conditions that affect the health and well-being of

humans.

These are living organisms or their products that are

harmful to humans.

-Our municipal water treatment facilities are usually able to purify

water by removing these agents or killing them by disinfecting the

water.

A. Water-borne diseases-are diseases that are transmitted in drinking water

-these disease organisms are shed into the water in feces, and can produce illness in those who consume untreated, contaminated water.

Examples:

Examples:

Examples:

Examples:

-are diseases transmitted in or on food

-to protect against food-borne diseases, sanitarians from local health departments routinely inspect food service establishments (restaurants) and retail food outlets (supermarkets) to verify that food is being stored and handled properly.

B. Food-borne diseases

bacteria Salmonellaserotype enteritidis

Escherichia coli 0157:H7

Examples of food-borne agents

-are those transmitted by insects or other arthropods

-improper environmental management can cause vector-borne disease outbreaks.

C. Vector-borne diseases

St. Louis encephalitisLa Crosse encephalitis

They are transmitted by mosquitoes and plague and urine typhus transmitted by fleas.

Examples

It is a result from mismanagement or misuse of chemicals

resulting in an unacceptable risk to

human health.

-that have been manufactured for the purpose of reducing populations of undesirable organisms (pests)

-most pesticides kill non-target organisms as well as the target, or pest species.

-the wise use of pesticides can protect human health and agricultural crops.

A. Pesticides are chemicals

HerbicidesInsecticides

Examples of categories of pesticides

-is an environmental hazard produced by millions that smoke

-diseases associated with ETS include lung cancer and perhaps heart disease

-the EPA has classified ETS as a Class A carcinogen

B. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

-Smoking has been increasingly restricted from public buildings and from many private work sites

-Regulation of smoking seems to be the best approach to controlling this pollutant

-is a naturally occurring element that is used in the manufacturing of many industrial and domestic products

-Health problems associated with the over exposure to lead are anemia, birth defects, bone damage, neurological damage, kidney damage, and others.

-Exposure is by ingestion and inhalation.

C. Lead

-Children are particularly at risk from eating peeling lead paint.-The prevalence of very high blood lead levels among young children declined significantly between 1984 and 1994 primarily because the removal of lead from gasoline.-Occupational exposure is a major source of lead intake for adults.

It includes airborne particles, humidity, equipment design

and radiation.

are environmental factors that produce

psychological changes expressed as stress, depression, hysteria.

are those that result from living in a society where one experiences noise, lack of privacy and overcrowding.