Population Mobility in the

United States

Martha B. SharmaAPHG Test Development Committee

NCGE, Kansas City

October 22, 2004

II. Population

C. Population movement

1. Push and pull factors

2. Major voluntary and involuntary migrations at different scales

3. Migration selectivity

4. Short-term, local movements, and activity space

Some Basic Vocabulary*

• Domestic migration: moves that cross jurisdictional boundaries

• Residential mobility: moves within the same jurisdiction

• Moving rate: percentage of people who changed residence in a 1-year period

*U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Reports, March 2004.

U.S. Population Mobility• Between 2002 and 2003, 40.1 million U.S. residents

moved• More than half of all moves were local (i.e., within the

same county)

• Young adults had the highest moving rates (about one-third of 20-29 year olds in 2003)

• Older adults had the highest interstate moving rates (28% of all 55 and older movers crossed state lines in 2003)

• Hispanics and African American had the highest overall moving rates (18% in 2003)

• Factors most influencing moving rates were age and home ownership

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Reports, March 2004.

Geographical Mobility, U.S. 1947-2003

0

5

10

15

20

25

1947

-48

1955

-56

1965

-66

1975

-76

1985

-86

1995

-96

2002

-200

3

Per

cen

t M

ove

rs

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

Geographical Mobility, U.S. -- 1947-2003(by type of move)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1947

-48

1950

-51

1955

-56

1960

-61

1965

-66

1970

-71

1975

-76

1980

-81

1985

-86

1990

-91

1995

-96

2000

-200

1

2002

-200

3

Pe

rce

nt

Mo

ve

rsSame county

Same state

Different state

SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 , Summary File3 [online].

U.S. Change in Residence, 1995-2000

same city12%

same county13%

same state10%

different state9%

Different house44%

Same house56%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]

United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000

National Mean

S o u r c e : U .S . C e n s u s . C e n s u s 2 0 0 0 ( S F 3 )

P o p u l a t i o n ( % ) L i v i n g i n a D i f f e r e n t H o u s e

1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0

0 . 3 5 - 0 . 4

0 . 4 - 0 . 4 5

0 . 4 5 - 0 . 4 60 . 4 6 - 0 . 5 5

0 . 5 5 - 0 . 6 5

Type of Movers, U.S. (%) - March 2002 to 2003

From different state19%

From abroad3%

Within same county59%

From different county, same state

19%

SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau. Geographical Mobility: Population Characteristics , March 2004.

National Mean

United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000“Different House, Same City or Town”

S o u r c e : U .S . C e n s u s . C e n s u s 2 0 0 0 ( S F 3 )

P o p u l a t i o n ( % ) L i v i n g i n a D i f f e r e n t H o u s e

1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0

0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 8

0 . 0 8 - 0 . 1 2

0 . 1 2 - 0 . 1 30 . 1 3 - 0 . 1 8

0 . 1 8 - 0 . 2 4

National Mean

United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000“Different House, Different City or Town, Same County”

S o u r c e : U .S . C e n s u s . C e n s u s 2 0 0 0 ( S F 3 )

P o p u l a t i o n ( % ) L i v i n g i n a D i f f e r e n t H o u s e

1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0

0 - 0 . 1

0 . 1 - 0 . 1 2

0 . 1 2 - 0 . 1 30 . 1 3 - 0 . 1 7

0 . 1 7 - 0 . 2 2

S o u r c e : U .S . C e n s u s . C e n s u s 2 0 0 0 ( S F 3 )

P o p u l a t i o n ( % ) L i v i n g i n a D i f f e r e n t H o u s e

1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0

0 - 0 . 0 4

0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 8

0 . 0 8 - 0 . 0 90 . 0 9 - 0 . 1 2

0 . 1 2 - 0 . 1 5

National Mean

United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000“Different House, Different City or Town,

Different County, Same State”

S o u r c e : U .S . C e n s u s . C e n s u s 2 0 0 0 ( S F 3 )

P o p u l a t i o n ( % ) L i v i n g i n a D i f f e r e n t H o u s e

1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0

0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 6

0 . 0 6 - 0 . 0 8

0 . 0 8 - 0 . 0 90 . 0 9 - 0 . 1 7

0 . 1 7 - 0 . 2 6

National Mean

United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000“Different House, Different City or Town,

Different County, Different State”

Region to Region Movement, March 1999 to 2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

# M

ove

rs

Northeast Midwest West

Movers to the South

Moved from

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

# M

ove

rs

Northeast South West

Region to Region Movement, March 1999 to 2000

Movers to the Midwest

Moved from

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]

Region to Region Movement, March 1999 to 2000

Movers to the Northeast

Moved from

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

# M

ove

rs

West Midwest South

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

# M

ove

rs

Northeast Midwest South

Movers to the West

Region to Region Movement, March 1999 to 2000

Moved from

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]

Beware the fallacy of absolute truth.

What is true at one scale may not be true at a different scale.

United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000

National Mean

S o u r c e : U .S . C e n s u s . C e n s u s 2 0 0 0 ( S F 3 )

P o p u l a t i o n ( % ) L i v i n g i n a D i f f e r e n t H o u s e

1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0

0 . 3 5 - 0 . 4

0 . 4 - 0 . 4 5

0 . 4 5 - 0 . 4 60 . 4 6 - 0 . 5 5

0 . 5 5 - 0 . 6 5

S o u r c e : U . S . C e n s u s B u r e a u , C e n s u s 2 0 0 0 ( S F 3 )

P o p u l a t i o n ( % ) L i v i n g i na D i f f e r e n t H o u s e

1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0

0 .2 - 0 . 4

0 .4 - 0 . 4 6

0 .4 6 - 0 . 4 7

0 .4 7 - 0 . 5 5

0 .5 5 - 0 . 6 3

National Mean

South Carolina: Changing Residence 1995-2000

S o u r c e : U .S . C e n s u s . C e n s u s 2 0 0 0 ( S F 3 )

P o p u l a t i o n ( % ) L i v i n g i n a D i f f e r e n t H o u s e

1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0

0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 6

0 . 0 6 - 0 . 0 8

0 . 0 8 - 0 . 0 90 . 0 9 - 0 . 1 7

0 . 1 7 - 0 . 2 6

National Mean

United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000“Different House, Different City or Town,

Different County, Different State”

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Northeast Midwest South West

Movers to South Carolina1995-2000

Moved from a Different State

S o u r c e : U . S . C e n s u s B u r e a u , C e n s u s 2 0 0 0 ( S F 3 )

P o p u l a t i o n ( % ) L i v i n g i na D i f f e r e n t H o u s e

1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0

0 . 0 3 - 0 .0 6

0 . 0 6 - 0 .0 8

0 . 0 8 - 0 .0 9

0 . 0 9 - 0 .1 7

0 . 1 7 - 0 .3 1

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]

1. On the Census Bureau Home Page, locate American FactFinder

2. Select Data Sets

3. Select Summary File 3 and Detailed Tables

4. Select the Geographic Scale you want to examine.

5. Then select one or more Geographic Areas for which you want data and click “Add,” then “Next.”

6. Scroll through the list of tables to locate Table PCT 21; click “Add.” Add additional tables if desired, then click “Show Results.”

7. The data is presented as a table that can be printed or downloaded as an Excel file.

Questions to Guide Analysis• How does your state compare to the rest of the country

in term of mobility rates? Is it above or below the national mean?

• What factors may account for your state’s mobility status?

• Describe patterns of mobility within your state. • Which counties have experienced above average

mobility? Which fall below average? How do you account for these patterns?

• Examine patterns of mobility within your county or city. Visit areas of unusually high or low mobility. Observe characteristics that may influence mobility.

Questions (continued)

• How might patterns of mobility affect political and economic trends in your state, county, or community?

• Did your parents grow up in your community or are they a part of the mobility pattern?

• If your parents are “local,” how has your state, county, or community changed since they were in high school? Which changes are a product of mobility trends?

Activity Space:

Mobility at the Local Scale

Population Mobility in the

United States, Part 2

Movement at the individual scale is affected by three factors:

• Accessibility, i.e., “where you are”• Opportunities• Distance

• Mobility, i.e., “who you are”• Age• Income• Availability of car or public transportation

• Mental maps, i.e., “what you know”• Perception of what is where• Perception of danger

Evaluating Personal Activity Space

• Have students keep a diary of their movements for 24 hours on a school day and on a weekend day. [chart provided]

• Using a piece of quarter-inch graphing paper, have students chart their movements for each day.

• What factors limit their movement?• How is their activity space different on a

weekend day compared to a school day?

• Have students interview people in different age groups (e.g., a 7-year old, a college student, a parent, an elderly relative) concerning their movements over a 24 –hour period.

• Have them repeat the graphing activity.• How does age affect mobility?• What factors limit or enable the mobility of

persons in different age groups?

Evaluating Activity Space - Extension

Activity Space Resources

• Fellmann, Getis, and Getis. Human Geography, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2005. pp. 71-76.

• Kuby, et al. Human Geography in Action, 1st edition. John Wiley, 1998. chapter 5.

Web resource:• http://www.colorado.edu/geography/cartpro/cartography2

/spring2001/dettloff/time/prism_map.html