porosity & brake pads modulus - imsysinc.com
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ARTICLE INFOArticle ID: 05-11-01-0007Copyright © 2017 SAE Internationaldoi:10.4271/05-11-01-0007
HistoryReceived: 09 Mar 2018Published: 17 Sep 2017
CitationSriwiboon, M., Tiempan, N., Kaewlob, K., Rhee, S.K. et al., “Disc Pad Physical Properties vs. Porosity: the Question of Compressibility as an Intrinsic Physical Property,” SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. 11(1):2018,doi:10.4271/05-11-01-0007.
ISSN: 1946-3979e-ISSN: 1946-3987
Disc Pad Physical Properties vs. Porosity: the Question of Compressibility as an Intrinsic Physical PropertyMeechai Sriwiboon, Compact International (1994) Co., Ltd.
Nipon Tiempan and Kritsana Kaewlob, Compact International (1994) Co., Ltd.
Seong K Rhee, SKR Consulting, LLC
Donald Yuhas, Industrial Measurement Systems Inc.
AbstractDisc pad physical properties are believed to be important in controlling brake friction, wear and squeal. Thus these properties are carefully measured during and after manufacturing for quality assurance. For a given formulation, disc pad porosity is reported to affect friction, wear and squeal. This investigation was undertaken to find out how porosity changes affect pad natural frequencies, dynamic modulus, hardness and compressibility for a low-copper formulation and a copper-free formulation, both without underlayer, without scorching and without noise shims. Pad natural frequencies, modulus and hardness all continuously decrease with increasing porosity. When pad compressibility is measured by compressing several times as recommended and practiced, the pad surface hardness is found to increase while pad natural frequencies and modulus remain essentially unchanged. However, there is no consistent pattern in compressibility change with increasing porosity, and thus a question arises on the validity of compressibility measurement as an intrinsic physical property measurement. Also after 12-months of ageing at room temperature, all the proper-ties are found to change significantly, but property change trends with increasing porosity remain the same except for compressibility. A large number of samples were prepared and measured. The results are presented and discussed.
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Introduction
M. Sriwiboon et al. [1] reported that pad hardness and natural frequencies continuously decreased with increasing pad porosity, but pad compressibility
showed no consistent trends and no correlation to brake squeal. In addition, the authors reported that friction coeffi-cient, pad wear, disc wear and brake squeal were all influenced by pad porosity [2,3]. As many engineers still believe there is a close correlation between pad compressibility and brake squeal, and many others dispute this belief, this investigation was undertaken to generate additional data using a large number of samples to help clarify the situation. In addition to measuring pad natural frequencies, hardness and compress-ibility, modulus measurements were added using the latest ultrasonic technique in order to answer the question of compressibility being an intrinsic material property or not.
Experimental
Disc Pads2 production NAO formulas were selected for this investiga-tion; low-copper and copper-free. The pads were suitable for the twin-piston caliper of a 3,200 kg pickup truck. Experimental pads were fabricated by traditional hot press molding, oven curing and finish grinding. 3 porosity levels were achieved by adjusting molding temperature, pressure and time; 13 v%, 18 v% and 22 v% porosity for each formula. These pads had no underlayer, no scorching and no noise shims in order to minimize variables. The total thickness of the pad assembly was 15.5 mm; the backing plate 5.5 mm. and the friction material 10.0 mm.
Pad Physical Property MeasurementsPad thickness, pad-backing plate assembly natural frequen-cies, pad dynamic modulus, pad surface hardness and pad compressibility were measured. The measurement locations on the pad are shown in Figure 1.
Pad Dynamic Modulus MeasurementThe use of ultrasound to determine the mechanical properties of materials is based on the fundamental relationship between the ultrasonic velocity and the material elastic constants. These methods have been described in a number of books and review articles [4, 5, 6]. Equation 1 shows the relationship between the measured ultrasonic velocity and the dynamic modulus along the propagation path. Because the ultrasonic wave is in the MHz frequency regime, the dynamic modulus is measured using this technique.
E k V= r ^2 Eq.1
Where ρ is the density; V is the ultrasonic propagation velocity through the friction material, and the factor k is dependent upon the velocity mode (shear or longitudinal) and the Poisson's ratio. For shear modulus measurement, the value of k is unity. For Young’s modulus measurements the value of k is 1.21 based on the historical analysis of more than 100 friction material formulations using the complete SAE J2725 protocol for anisotropic friction materials.
The ultrasonic technique used in this study to measure the dynamic modulus is a through-transmission technique. As illustrated in Figure 1, a short burst of high frequency sound, (~ 1 MHz) is generated from the transmitting trans-ducer and propagates through the steel backing, then the friction material and finally to the receiving transducer. Precise measurements are made of the total time-offlight, ToFpad, from the transmitter to receiver. Ultrasonic velocity is calculated by combining this ToF measurement with the pad thickness. Using a signal digitization rate of 100 MHz, the precision of the ToF measurement is ~10 nanoseconds. Typical ToF for transmission through a brake pad is ~15 microseconds so the baseline precision of the method is on the order of 0.6%.
It is desirable to measure the properties of the friction material in an intact, as-manufactured brake pad. As described above, the baseline ToF is comprised of the transit-time through the steel backing, ToFsteel as well as the transit time through the friction material, ToFfm, as shown in Equation 2.
ToF ToFX
Cfm pad
steel
steel
= - Eq.2
Where Xsteel is the steel thickness and Vsteel is the steel backing ultrasonic velocity.
FIGURE 1 Pad property measurement locations.
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It is relatively straight forward to remove the influence of the steel backing as both the steel thickness and its velocity are known and well controlled. The velocity of the steel is typically 3 to 4 times that of the friction material while the thickness of the steel is about 2 times smaller than that of the friction material. Thus the elimination of the steel contribu-tion from the measured ToF is typically a 10% correction. More importantly, because the modulus and density in the steel backing is well controlled. Any variation in the ToF can be attributed to the friction material.
The velocity in the friction material is given in Equation 3 by:
VX
ToFfm
fm= Eq.3
Where Xfm = Xpad - XSteel is the thickness of the friction material.
This velocity is used in Equation 1 to compute the dynamic modulus.
For the dynamic modulus measurements a commer-cially available iETEK measurement instrument depicted in Figure 2 is used.4 For this system, the transmitting sensor is attached to a stepper motor driven actuator to provide a user-defined preload. The pre-load is measured using a load cell mounted on the bottom surface of the receiving sensor. As illustrated in Figure 1, the ultrasonic sensors are mounted in a co-linear configuration. The brake pad is inserted between the sensors and the user defined preload applied through the sensors. The “footprint” of the sensors is 15mm in diameter. The region influencing the ultrasonic propaga-tion is the cylindrical volume directly beneath the sensors. As such, only a portion of the brake pad is measured for a single position of the brake pad. In order to obtain an average of the dynamic modulus in the pad, multiple positions are measured in each pad.
The iETEK is capable of measuring the dynamic modulus using a single user defined pre-load or continuously over pre-loads from 100 N to 800 N on both the loading and unloading portion of the pre-load cycle as illustrated in Figure 2b.
Pad Property Measurement SequencePad thickness first, then the natural frequencies, surface hardness and compressibility by compressing once were measured. This sequence is designated as Cycle 1. Cycle 2 repeated the Cycle 1 on the same sample to detect any property changes taking place as the compressibility measurement technique requires 3 compressions. So the pad thickness, natural frequencies, modulus and hardness during the first cycle represent the pad properties before the first compression. The properties measured after the first compression appear in the second cycle, and so on.
Results and Discussion UNIBRITE DF5BTest results are summarized in Appendix 1-1 for 50 bars compression testing and Appendix 1-2 for 100 bars compres-sion testing. From Appendix 1-2 of 100 bars compression series, the pad natural frequencies, modulus, pad surface hardness and compressibility are graphically shown in Figure 4-1 for the low-copper samples and Figure 4-2 for the copper-free samples. The pad thickness data are not shown here as they showed no measurable variations. As can be seen, the natural frequencies, modulus and hardness all decrease continuously and measurably with increasing porosity while the compressibility shows no general trends. When the porosity increases from 13 to 18%, the compressibility stays more or less the same or goes down slightly, not up, and then at 22%, the compressibility goes up in the case of the low-copper samples, but stays more or less the same in the case of copper-free samples. After 5 compressions, the natural frequencies and modulus show no significant changes, but the compressibility decreases in all cases while the pad surface hardness shows an increasing trend, which suggests the possi-bility of pad surface being compacted during compression. The results of 50 bars compression series follow similar trends. As high-frequency squeals (disc squeals) are usually observed under 5-30 bars of brake line pressure while low-frequency squeals (caliper-knuckle assembly squeals) are observed under 5-60 bars, the pressure of 50 bars represents a reasonable pressure for measurements rather than 100 or 160 bars.
A limited number of samples were aged at room tempera-ture for 12 months and then the properties were measured in order to see ageing effects if any. The results are summarized in Appendix 2. As these samples came from a separate lot, there is some degree of uncertainty, but directional trends would be still valid. The data are presented graphically in Figures 4-1 and 4-2 (red lines). With ageing, the natural frequencies, modulus and hardness all increased, but the compressibility increased rather than decreasing. In the case of a high-copper formula as manufactured using a different process and scorched (not reported here), the hardness was
FIGURE 2 Measurement configuration for ultrasonic-based dynamic modulus measurements.
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4 Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018)
FIGURE 3 a) iETEK instrument; b) Typical data showing % modulus variation as a function of pre-loading for both loading and unloading of pad at a single position.
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FIGURE 4-1 Low-Copper NAO pad physical properties; 13 v%, 18 v%, 22 v%; 5 test cycles; compression 100 bars.
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Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018) 5
found to decrease, not increase, after 12 months. So one has to be careful not to generalize in terms of ageing effects.
Based on all the data, one has to question the validity of the compressibility measurement technique as measuring an intrinsic pad property such as electrical conductivity or thermal conductivity, etc., which is repeatable whether measured once or several times. If an intrinsic property is not being measured by the technique, then what is being measured? In turn, one has to question the validity of trying to relate pad compressibility to brake squeal generation.
As pad properties are found to age with time, one has to find out when the aging process comes to completion (1 day, 1 week, 1 month or longer?) and decide on the length of time to wait for complete aging /curing before testing. In other words, one has to ensure brake testing is done with fully cure/aged pads for consistent results.
Summary and Conclusions 1. Pad natural frequencies, modulus and hardness
continuously decrease with increasing pad porosity. 2. Pad compressibility shows no clear trends vs. pad
porosity. One has to question the validity of this method for measuring intrinsic material properties.
3. As compressibility does not represent an intrinsic pad property, compressibility must not be used to relate to brake squeal.
4. Pad surface hardness increases with successive compression.
5. Pad natural frequencies and modulus remain essentially the same after increasing number of compressions, indicating physical changes taking place just on the surface of the pad after compression.
6. After 12-months of aging at room temperature, pad natural frequencies, modulus and hardness all increased, but compressibility showed no trends.
7. Fully cured/aged pads must be tested for consistent results.
8. The ultrasonic technique is a convenient method for detecting pad porosity and pad porosity variations, and modulus.
References 1. Sriwiboon, M., Rhee, S., Kaewlob, K., Tiempan, N. et al., “A
Study of Pad Properties vs. Friction, Wear and Brake Squeal: Processing/Porosity Effects,” SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. 10(1):26-33, 2017, doi:10.4271/2016-01-1915.
FIGURE 4-2 Copper-Free NAO pad physical properties; 13 v%, 18 v% and 22 v%; 5 test cycles; compression 100 bars.©
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6 Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018)
2. Sriwiboon, M., Tiempan, N., Kaewlob, K., and Rhee, S., “Influence of Formulation and Process Modifications on Brake Friction, Wear and Squeal: Low-Copper NAOs and Importance of Disc Wear,” SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2482, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-2482.
3. Sriwiboon, M., Tiempan, N., Kaewlob, K., and Rhee, S., “Brake Squeal and Wheel Dust vs. Disc Wear: No-Copper, Low-Copper and High-Copper NAOs,” SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. 9(1):112-117, 2016, doi:10.4271/2015-01-2660.
4. Every A.G., “Determination of the Elastic Constants of Anisotropic Solids”, NDT & E International 27(1):3-10, 1993, doi:10.1016/0963-8695(94)90003-5.
5. Chen, F., Tan, C., and Quaglia, R., “Disc Brake Squeal: Mechanism, Analysis, Evaluation, and Reduction/Prevention,” (Warrendale, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 2006), ISBN:978-0-7680-1248-4.
6. Malmassari C. M., Cucchi F., Yuhas, D. E., Vorres, C. L., and Remiasz, J.R., “Evolution of Brake Noise Performance and Its Relation to Variations in Friction Material Elastic Properties,” Proceedings of EuroBrake 2015, Paper # EB2015-NVH-011, Dresden Germany, May 4-6, 2015.
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Ap
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1-1
-1 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of l
ow c
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r 13%
por
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sam
ples
.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
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odul
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N (G
Pa)
Har
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RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1X
(um
)
Peak
1Pe
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Peak
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sitio
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tion
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sitio
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tion
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tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
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@ 5
0 b
ar
LC_1
3%N
ew S
ampl
e C
ycle
116
1454
38.7
1073
6.8
3.32
963.
4224
3.69
173.
4462
3.47
2589
.487
.091
.194
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442
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New
Sam
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Cyc
le 1
1614
5438
.610
736.
83.
3383
3.43
123.
7014
3.45
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4815
94.8
95.0
92.3
90.4
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4.6
49.8
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736.
83.
3323
3.42
513.
6946
3.44
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4752
92.5
90.3
95.2
88.1
91.5
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43.0
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1614
5438
.610
736.
83.
3281
3.42
103.
690
23.
4448
3.47
1092
.390
.395
.591
.192
.35.
240
.8
Avg
1614
5438
.610
736.
83.
3321
3.42
493.
6945
3.44
873.
4750
92.3
90.7
93.5
91.0
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0.01
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8.0
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216
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810
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73.
320
83.
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3.68
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3.46
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.188
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Cyc
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1614
550
8.8
1070
1.83.
3262
3.41
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6873
3.44
233.
4686
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91.1
92.4
91.1
91.3
1.944
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Cyc
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1614
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8.8
1066
6.7
3.31
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3.67
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3.45
9796
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.193
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840
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New
Sam
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Cyc
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1614
550
8.8
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6.7
3.32
503.
4173
3.68
583.
4411
3.46
7389
.792
.395
.197
.293
.67.
539
.3
Avg
1614
550
8.8
1067
5.48
3.32
243.
4148
3.68
313.
4385
3.46
4792
.890
.792
.590
.091
.57.
142
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Rang
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--
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0.0
090
0.0
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6.5
15.9
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8.8
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3.69
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3.44
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87.9
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96.0
93.5
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3.32
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3.46
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1 Cyc
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550
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1066
6.7
3.28
343.
3799
3.65
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4149
3.43
3798
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.291
.794
.296
.07.
542
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Avg
1614
550
8.8
1066
6.7
3.28
223.
3787
3.65
543.
4137
3.43
2594
.494
.691
.590
.592
.75.
145
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0.0
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0.0
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8.4
1.9
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1066
6.7
3.32
453.
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3.68
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63.
4668
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© SAE International
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8 Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018)
TAB
LES
1-1
-2 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of l
ow c
oppe
r 18%
por
osity
sam
ples
.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1X
(um
)
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 5
0 b
ar
LC_1
8%N
ew S
ampl
e C
ycle
114
03.
551
22.8
1017
52.
9118
2.85
09
2.38
832.
4461
2.64
9377
.572
.969
.667
.271
.810
.362
.6
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.89
482.
8341
2.37
422.
4317
2.63
3763
.364
.562
.260
.062
.54.
563
.6
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.90
302.
8421
2.38
102.
4386
2.64
1270
.574
.565
.465
.769
.09.
166
.7
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.86
832.
8082
2.35
242.
4093
2.60
9678
.378
.462
.164
.070
.716
.371
.7
Avg
140
451
22.8
1017
52.
8945
2.83
382.
3740
2.43
142.
6334
72.4
72.6
64.8
64.2
68.5
10.1
66.2
Rang
e-
--
0.0
434
0.0
427
0.03
590.
0368
0.03
9715
.013
.97.
57.
29.
311
.89.
1
LC_1
8%N
ew S
ampl
e1 C
ycle
214
03.
551
22.8
1017
52.
9137
2.85
252.
3890
2.44
682.
650
582
.674
.371
.479
.777
.011
.254
.5
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.90
142.
840
32.
3789
2.43
652.
6392
65.3
74.8
68.7
72.0
70.2
9.5
56.5
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.90
922.
8478
2.38
532.
4431
2.64
6374
.776
.670
.772
.873
.75.
960
.6
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.87
592.
8155
2.34
02
2.41
522.
6117
86.9
75.7
72.9
67.3
75.7
19.6
66.0
Avg
140
451
22.8
1017
52.
900
02.
8390
2.37
332.
4354
2.63
6977
.475
.470
.973
.074
.211
.659
.4
Rang
e-
--
0.03
780.
0371
0.0
489
0.03
160.
0388
21.6
2.3
4.2
12.4
6.8
13.7
11.5
LC_1
8%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
314
03.
551
22.8
1017
52.
9148
2.85
372.
390
02.
4480
2.65
1680
.279
.880
.875
.179
.05.
752
.0
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.90
192.
8410
2.37
942.
4369
2.63
9874
.077
.887
.877
.179
.213
.860
.5
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.90
852.
8473
2.38
452.
4424
2.64
5774
.595
.573
.071
.878
.723
.758
.3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.87
712.
8167
2.35
902.
4162
2.61
7272
.568
.972
.264
.369
.58.
264
.8
Avg
140
451
22.8
1017
52.
900
62.
8397
2.37
822.
4359
2.63
8675
.380
.578
.572
.176
.612
.958
.9
Rang
e-
--
0.03
780.
0371
0.03
100.
0319
0.03
447.
726
.615
.612
.89.
718
.012
.8
LC_1
8%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
414
03.
551
22.8
1017
52.
9160
2.85
492.
3907
2.44
872.
6526
88.8
67.9
77.7
62.7
74.3
26.1
53.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.90
562.
8445
2.38
192.
4398
2.64
3066
.061
.470
.467
.766
.49.
058
.7
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.91
392.
8525
2.38
882.
4466
2.65
05
69.5
71.8
77.3
77.7
74.1
8.2
60.6
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.88
492.
8242
2.36
502.
4223
2.62
4178
.080
.565
.865
.972
.614
.766
.5
Avg
140
451
22.8
1017
52.
9051
2.84
402.
3816
2.43
942.
6425
71.2
71.2
71.2
70.4
71.0
10.6
61.9
Rang
e-
--
0.03
120.
0307
0.02
570.
0264
0.02
8512
.019
.111
.511
.87.
76.
57.
8
LC_1
8%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
514
03.
551
22.8
1017
52.
9023
2.84
142.
380
82.
4384
2.64
0786
.670
.183
.476
.679
.216
.552
.5
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.89
08
2.83
01
2.37
112.
4284
2.63
0176
.876
.180
.278
.677
.94.
156
.9
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.90
072.
8398
2.37
942.
4369
2.63
9280
.290
.174
.276
.680
.315
.959
.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
140
3.5
5122
.810
175
2.86
412.
8042
2.34
942.
4063
2.60
6079
.878
.871
.269
.174
.710
.767
.8
Avg
140
451
22.8
1017
52.
8895
2.82
892.
3701
2.42
752.
6290
80.9
78.8
77.3
75.2
78.0
11.8
59.3
Rang
e-
--
0.03
820.
0373
0.03
140.
0321
0.03
489.
820
.012
.29.
55.
612
.415
.3
© SAE International
Downloaded from SAE International by Donald Yuhas, Thursday, April 12, 2018
Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018) 9
TAB
LES
1-1
-3 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of l
ow c
oppe
r 22%
por
osity
sam
ples
.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1X
(um
)
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 5
0 b
ar
LC_2
2%N
ew S
ampl
e C
ycle
113
33.3
4736
.897
19.3
2.18
692.
2952
1.933
01.9
436
2.0
897
68.2
72.7
48.3
57.5
61.7
24.4
57.1
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1556
2.26
231.9
053
1.915
72.
059
754
.867
.066
.462
.262
.612
.256
.5
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1333
.348
71.2
9929
.82.
1719
2.27
941.9
197
1.930
22.
0753
63.8
74.5
61.4
56.4
64.0
18.1
56.6
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1333
.348
71.2
9929
.82.
1622
2.26
921.9
112
1.921
62.
066
050
.173
.258
.149
.857
.823
.456
.2
Avg
1333
.348
04.
098
24.6
2.16
912.
2765
1.91
731.
9278
2.07
2759
.271
.958
.656
.561
.519
.556
.6
Rang
e-
--
0.03
130.
0329
0.02
770.
0279
0.03
00
18.1
7.5
18.1
12.4
6.2
12.2
0.9
LC_2
2%N
ew S
ampl
e1 C
ycle
213
33.3
4736
.897
19.3
2.18
792.
2964
1.933
61.9
442
2.0
905
66.6
69.8
52.4
52.1
60.2
17.7
51.2
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1592
2.26
621.9
082
1.918
62.
063
056
.670
.268
.866
.665
.613
.646
.9
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1671
2.27
451.9
152
1.925
72.
070
664
.872
.466
.654
.264
.518
.248
.7
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1649
2.27
221.9
132
1.923
72.
068
552
.168
.862
.152
.158
.816
.750
.1
Avg
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1698
2.27
731.
9175
1.92
802.
0732
60.0
70.3
62.5
56.3
62.3
16.6
49.2
Rang
e-
--
0.02
880.
0302
0.02
540.
0256
0.02
7514
.53.
616
.414
.56.
84.
64.
3
LC_2
2%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
313
33.3
4736
.897
19.3
2.17
572.
2598
1.918
31.9
157
2.0
674
65.8
74.2
56.8
60.2
64.3
17.4
49.1
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1471
2.23
01
1.893
11.8
905
2.0
402
55.5
68.8
66.4
60.1
62.7
13.3
58.9
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1559
2.23
921.9
00
81.8
982
2.0
485
66.3
74.2
66.1
60.2
66.7
14.0
48.0
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1515
2.23
471.8
969
1.894
42.
044
455
.569
.859
.852
.359
.417
.547
.8
Avg
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1576
2.24
101.
9023
1.89
972.
050
160
.871
.862
.358
.263
.315
.651
.0
Rang
e-
--
0.02
860.
0297
0.02
520.
0252
0.02
7210
.85.
49.
67.
97.
44.
211
.1
LC_2
2%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
413
33.3
4736
.897
19.3
2.17
132.
2551
1.914
51.9
119
2.0
632
65.5
55.5
52.8
47.1
55.2
18.4
50.0
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1419
2.22
461.8
886
1.886
02.
0353
57.5
61.2
62.7
62.2
60.9
5.2
46.0
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1533
2.23
641.8
986
1.896
02.
046
165
.164
.368
.850
.362
.118
.552
.1
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1519
2.23
501.8
975
1.894
92.
044
867
.972
.573
.954
.267
.119
.748
.0
Avg
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1546
2.23
781.
8998
1.89
722.
047
364
.063
.464
.653
.561
.315
.549
.0
Rang
e-
--
0.02
940.
030
60.
0259
0.02
590.
0280
10.4
17.0
21.1
15.1
11.9
14.5
6.1
LC_2
2%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
513
33.3
4736
.897
19.3
2.17
122.
2550
1.914
61.9
120
2.0
632
66.6
69.8
55.4
54.9
61.7
14.9
49.4
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1379
2.22
04
1.885
21.8
827
2.03
1658
.264
.460
.261
.161
.06.
244
.6
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1488
2.23
171.8
949
1.892
32.
041
964
.868
.856
.658
.962
.312
.247
.2
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1431
2.22
581.8
899
1.887
32.
0365
62.4
70.2
55.5
60.1
62.1
14.7
46.9
Avg
1333
.347
36.8
9719
.32.
1503
2.23
321.
8962
1.89
362.
043
363
.068
.356
.958
.861
.712
.047
.0
Rang
e-
--
0.03
330.
0346
0.02
940.
0294
0.03
178.
45.
84.
86.
21.
38.
74.
8
© SAE International
Downloaded from SAE International by Donald Yuhas, Thursday, April 12, 2018
10 Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018)
TAB
LES
1-1
-4 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of C
oppe
r Fre
e 13
% p
oros
ity s
ampl
es.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1 X
(um
)
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 5
0 b
ar
CF_
13%
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1649
.156
1411
157.
92.
7030
2.72
942.
5556
2.66
392.
6630
80.6
75.1
84.0
83.0
80.7
8.9
68.5
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1649
.156
1411
157.
92.
7034
2.73
01
2.55
612.
6643
2.66
3583
.980
.074
.575
.978
.69.
467
.6
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1649
.156
1411
157.
92.
6984
2.72
492.
5513
2.65
962.
6586
82.5
79.9
74.5
83.6
80.1
9.1
65.5
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1649
.156
1411
157.
92.
7167
2.74
342.
5687
2.67
742.
6766
80.6
76.8
80.6
86.3
81.1
9.5
75.6
Avg
1649
.156
14.0
1115
82.
7054
2.73
192.
5579
2.66
632.
6654
81.9
78.0
78.4
82.2
80.1
9.2
69.3
Rang
e-
--
0.01
830.
0185
0.01
740.
0179
0.01
803.
34.
99.
510
.42.
50.
610
.1
CF_
13%
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7077
2.73
442.
5599
2.66
862.
6676
84.0
79.7
85.2
94.7
85.9
15.0
68.8
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7073
2.73
392.
5595
2.66
822.
6672
88.4
81.0
76.1
72.6
79.5
15.8
67.0
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7312
2.75
792.
5821
2.69
172.
6907
82.7
81.5
87.7
80.9
83.2
6.8
64.7
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7179
2.74
452.
5694
2.67
832.
6775
87.1
75.6
78.7
74.0
78.9
13.1
66.2
Avg
1649
.156
14.0
110
532.
7160
2.74
272.
5677
2.67
672.
6758
85.6
79.5
81.9
80.6
81.9
12.7
66.7
Rang
e-
--
0.02
400.
0240
0.02
260.
0235
0.02
355.
75.
911
.622
.17.
19.
04.
1
CF_
13%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7084
2.73
512.
560
62.
6691
2.66
8382
.779
.682
.088
.883
.39.
270
.6
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7095
2.73
622.
5615
2.67
02
2.66
9377
.685
.483
.777
.581
.17.
967
.6
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
730
52.
7574
2.58
162.
6910
2.69
0181
.482
.710
0.0
91.4
88.9
18.6
64.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7217
2.74
842.
5730
2.68
222.
6813
76.3
78.7
73.1
79.9
77.0
6.8
69.1
Avg
1649
.156
14.0
110
532.
7175
2.74
432.
5692
2.67
812.
6773
79.5
81.6
84.7
84.4
82.6
10.6
68.0
Rang
e-
--
0.02
210.
0224
0.02
100.
0219
0.02
196.
46.
726
.913
.911
.911
.85.
8
CF_
13%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7134
2.74
00
2.56
512.
6740
2.67
3182
.682
.782
.990
.184
.67.
571
.9
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7134
2.74
00
2.56
512.
6740
2.67
3187
.192
.083
.973
.584
.118
.569
.2
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7366
2.76
352.
5872
2.69
712.
6961
77.1
78.3
78.9
78.8
78.3
1.866
.4
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7240
2.75
06
2.57
502.
6844
2.68
3583
.397
.082
.274
.884
.322
.271
.2
Avg
1649
.156
14.0
110
532.
7218
2.74
862.
5731
2.68
242.
6815
82.5
87.5
82.0
79.3
82.8
12.5
69.7
Rang
e-
--
0.02
330.
0235
0.02
210.
0231
0.02
3010
.018
.75.
016
.66.
320
.45.
5
CF_
13%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
6991
2.72
562.
5520
2.66
00
2.65
9285
.982
.183
.583
.283
.73.
868
.3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7018
2.72
832.
5547
2.66
272.
6619
88.1
86.5
78.0
78.0
82.7
10.1
67.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
720
62.
7473
2.57
232.
6813
2.68
04
95.4
89.9
94.7
79.5
89.9
15.9
64.2
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
7091
2.73
552.
5615
2.67
00
2.66
9078
.782
.690
.272
.481
.017
.865
.7
Avg
1649
.156
14.0
110
532.
7076
2.73
412.
5601
2.66
852.
6676
87.0
85.3
86.6
78.3
84.3
11.9
66.5
Rang
e-
--
0.02
150.
0217
0.02
030.
0212
0.02
1216
.77.
816
.710
.88.
914
.04.
1
© SAE International
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Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018) 11
TAB
LES
1-1
-5 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of C
oppe
r Fre
e 18
% p
oros
ity s
ampl
es.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1 X
(um
)
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 5
0 b
ar
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
00
842.
1989
2.39
902.
5521
2.28
9654
.361
.455
.857
.357
.27.
169
.3
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
090
72.
2889
2.49
722.
6565
2.38
3353
.863
.262
.761
.560
.39.
473
.3
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
044
12.
2380
2.44
162.
7562
2.37
00
76.4
64.3
56.4
60.2
64.3
20.0
78.5
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
040
02.
2335
2.43
672.
5922
2.32
5665
.761
.267
.862
.064
.26.
687
.2
Avg
150
8.8
5263
.210
526
2.0
458
2.23
982.
4436
2.63
932.
3421
62.6
62.5
60.7
60.3
61.5
10.8
77.1
Rang
e-
--
0.0
822
0.0
900
0.0
982
0.20
410.
093
722
.63.
112
.04.
77.
113
.417
.9
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
035
82.
2286
2.43
122.
5860
2.32
04
57.6
56.6
74.1
61.3
62.4
17.5
63.6
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
088
42.
2863
2.49
402.
6529
2.38
04
53.2
65.8
66.4
73.5
64.7
20.3
65.6
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
150
8.8
5263
.210
561.4
2.0
419
2.23
542.
4384
2.59
372.
3274
71.7
77.0
62.0
60.6
67.8
16.4
70.0
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
045
22.
2388
2.44
232.
5980
2.33
1167
.064
.067
.164
.465
.63.
182
.4
Avg
150
8.8
5263
.210
535
2.0
529
2.24
732.
4515
2.60
772.
3398
62.4
65.9
67.4
65.0
65.1
14.3
70.4
Rang
e-
--
0.0
526
0.0
577
0.0
628
0.0
669
0.0
600
18.5
20.4
12.1
12.9
5.4
17.2
18.8
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
035
82.
2286
2.43
122.
5860
2.32
04
65.0
63.3
57.6
63.8
62.4
7.4
63.4
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
092
22.
290
42.
4985
2.65
762.
3847
57.0
70.6
64.6
77.8
67.5
20.8
64.4
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
150
8.8
5263
.210
568.
02.
021
92.
2135
2.41
462.
5684
2.30
4676
.382
.294
.566
.079
.828
.568
.4
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
059
22.
2542
2.45
912.
6156
2.34
7069
.978
.969
.468
.871
.810
.179
.2
Avg
150
8.8
5263
.210
537
2.0
523
2.24
672.
450
82.
6069
2.33
9267
.173
.871
.569
.170
.416
.768
.9
Rang
e-
--
0.07
020.
0769
0.0
839
0.0
892
0.0
801
19.3
18.9
36.9
14.0
17.3
21.1
15.8
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
041
92.
1543
2.50
492.
4161
2.27
9371
.867
.660
.162
.765
.611
.763
.1
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
092
32.
2073
2.56
642.
4757
2.33
5483
.063
.362
.766
.969
.020
.365
.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
150
8.8
5263
.210
561.4
2.0
485
2.16
132.
5128
2.42
392.
2866
70.4
71.6
73.8
67.1
70.7
6.7
70.9
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
049
82.
1626
2.51
452.
4254
2.28
8171
.271
.360
.465
.667
.110
.983
.4
Avg
150
8.8
5263
.210
535
2.0
581
2.17
142.
5246
2.43
532.
2974
74.1
68.5
64.3
65.6
68.1
12.4
70.8
Rang
e-
--
0.0
503
0.0
530
0.0
616
0.0
596
0.0
561
12.6
8.3
13.7
4.4
5.2
13.6
20.3
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
035
62.
2284
2.43
08
2.58
542.
320
071
.165
.365
.460
.165
.511
.063
.3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
092
92.
2910
2.49
892.
6580
2.38
5272
.766
.860
.368
.167
.012
.468
.1
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
150
8.8
5263
.210
561.4
2.0
369
2.22
972.
4322
2.58
692.
3214
72.7
71.1
75.1
68.8
71.9
6.3
70.3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
32.
028
02.
2365
2.43
952.
5948
2.32
4772
.771
.175
.168
.871
.96.
382
.7
Avg
150
8.8
5263
.210
535
2.0
484
2.24
642.
450
42.
6063
2.33
7872
.368
.669
.066
.569
.19.
071
.1
Rang
e-
--
0.0
649
0.0
626
0.0
682
0.07
260.
065
21.
65.
814
.88.
76.
56.
119
.4
© SAE International
Downloaded from SAE International by Donald Yuhas, Thursday, April 12, 2018
12 Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018)
TAB
LES
1-1
-6 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of C
oppe
r Fre
e 22
% p
oros
ity s
ampl
es.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1X
(um
)
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 5
0 b
ar
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
485
2.23
961.9
921
2.25
702.
1343
50.6
52.1
44.2
49.8
49.2
7.9
63.0
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
369
2.22
691.9
808
2.24
422.
1222
54.6
55.5
50.1
48.9
52.3
6.6
63.1
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1411
.449
5799
48.4
2.0
166
2.20
481.9
611
2.22
192.
1011
42.2
46.3
50.4
32.1
42.8
18.3
65.8
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
183
2.20
651.9
627
2.22
372.
1028
55.5
46.2
50.3
48.8
50.2
9.3
66.8
Avg
1431
.850
02.4
1011
92.
0301
2.21
941.
9742
2.23
672.
1151
50.7
50.0
48.8
44.9
48.6
10.5
64.7
Rang
e-
--
0.03
190.
0348
0.03
100.
0351
0.03
3213
.39.
36.
217
.79.
511
.73.
8
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
336
2.22
572.
024
72.
1952
2.11
9849
.855
.248
.650
.251
.06.
654
.3
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
131
2.20
322.
00
422.
1730
2.0
984
49.8
58.8
52.1
46.9
51.9
11.9
60.4
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1438
.650
17.5
9964
.91.9
975
2.18
621.9
887
2.15
632.
082
245
.245
.150
.236
.844
.313
.459
.3
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
1.990
22.
1782
1.981
42.
1483
2.07
4550
.149
.850
.647
.149
.43.
558
.8
Avg
1438
.650
17.5
1012
32.
00
862.
1983
1.99
982.
1682
2.0
937
48.7
52.2
50.4
45.3
49.1
8.9
58.2
Rang
e-
--
0.0
434
0.0
475
0.0
432
0.0
469
0.0
453
4.9
13.7
3.5
13.4
7.6
9.9
6.1
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
559
2.24
821.9
992
2.24
472.
1370
56.8
54.2
40.8
53.0
51.2
16.0
50.3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
422
2.23
321.9
859
2.22
972.
1227
58.6
60.9
45.1
49.6
53.6
15.8
58.6
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1438
.650
17.5
9948
.62.
024
32.
2136
1.968
52.
210
22.
1042
47.5
45.0
39.8
34.8
41.8
12.7
56.4
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
518
2.24
361.9
952
2.24
02
2.13
2756
.957
.052
.348
..355
.44.
758
.2
Avg
1438
.650
17.5
1011
92.
043
62.
2347
1.98
722.
2312
2.12
4255
.054
.344
.545
.850
.512
.355
.9
Rang
e-
--
0.03
160.
0346
0.03
070.
0345
0.03
2811
.115
.912
.518
.213
.611
.38.
3
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
516
2.24
331.9
951
2.23
992.
1325
58.9
58.2
59.6
50.8
56.9
8.8
52.5
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
396
2.23
02
1.983
42.
2267
2.12
00
54.3
60.7
52.5
50.5
54.5
10.2
59.5
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1438
.650
17.5
9964
.92.
019
72.
2084
1.964
02.
2050
2.0
993
49.6
48.6
41.4
40.2
45.0
9.4
55.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
185
2.20
711.9
628
2.20
362.
098
050
.156
.152
.054
.453
.26.
058
.1
Avg
1438
.650
17.5
1012
32.
0323
2.22
221.
9763
2.21
882.
1124
53.2
55.9
51.4
49.0
52.4
8.6
56.5
Rang
e-
--
0.03
320.
0363
0.03
230.
0362
0.03
459.
312
.118
.214
.211
.94.
27.
0
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
482
2.23
941.9
918
2.23
602.
1288
57.6
52.4
42.6
45.4
49.5
15.0
50.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
361
2.22
631.9
801
2.22
282.
1163
54.4
60.2
52.1
49.8
54.1
10.4
58.9
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1438
.650
17.5
9964
.42.
016
32.
2045
1.960
82.
2011
2.0
957
50.2
42.1
42.3
40.2
43.7
10.0
53.1
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
134
2.20
141.9
580
2.19
802.
092
752
.150
.249
.850
.150
.62.
357
.6
Avg
1438
.650
17.5
1012
32.
0285
2.21
791.
9727
2.21
452.
1084
53.6
51.2
46.7
46.4
49.5
9.4
55.1
Rang
e-
--
0.03
480.
0380
0.03
380.
0380
0.03
627.
418
.19.
89.
910
.412
.78.
1
© SAE International
Downloaded from SAE International by Donald Yuhas, Thursday, April 12, 2018
Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018) 13
Ap
pen
dix
1-2
: Phy
sica
l Pro
per
ties
of
Low
-Co
pp
er a
nd C
op
per
-Fre
e N
AO
Pad
s: 1
00
B
ars
Co
mp
ress
ion
TAB
LES
1-2
-1 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of l
ow c
oppe
r 13%
por
osity
sam
ples
.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1 X
(um
)
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 10
0 b
ar
LC_1
3%N
ew S
ampl
e C
ycle
116
1454
38.7
1073
6.9
3.17
983.
2893
3.16
923.
010
73.
1623
91.5
91.8
88.5
92.6
91.1
4.1
111.6
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1614
5438
.710
736.
93.
190
33.
1957
3.16
903.
4398
3.24
8782
.592
.984
.891
.688
.010
.493
.5
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1614
5438
.710
736.
93.
2190
3.35
953.
5093
3.39
453.
370
693
.795
.188
.887
.391
.27.
889
.2
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1614
5438
.710
736.
93.
3099
3.47
453.
5678
3.23
743.
3974
87.6
93.8
93.8
93.4
92.2
6.2
85.0
Avg
1614
5438
.710
737
3.22
473.
3297
3.35
383.
270
63.
2947
88.8
93.4
89.0
91.2
90.6
7.1
94.8
Rang
e-
--
0.13
010.
2788
0.39
880.
4291
0.23
5111
.23.
39.
06.
14.
26.
326
.6
LC_1
3%N
ew S
ampl
e1 C
ycle
216
1454
03.
510
526.
33.
2034
3.34
203.
1980
2.96
03
3.17
5986
.990
.782
.096
.188
.914
.199
.7
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1614
540
3.5
1052
6.3
3.18
503.
1797
3.13
243.
3913
3.22
2184
.291
.778
.294
.087
.015
.887
.1
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1614
540
3.5
1052
6.3
3.21
713.
3622
3.51
123.
4030
3.37
3492
.397
.782
.192
.991
.315
.683
.2
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1614
540
3.5
1052
6.3
3.28
783.
5044
3.59
833.
2656
3.41
4096
.097
.277
.996
.691
.919
.379
.4
Avg
1614
5403
.510
526
3.22
333.
3471
3.36
00
3.25
513.
2964
89.9
94.3
80.1
94.9
89.8
16.2
87.4
Rang
e-
--
0.10
280.
3247
0.46
590.
4427
0.23
8111
.87.
04.
23.
74.
95.
220
.3
LC_1
3%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
316
1454
03.
510
526.
33.
1863
3.36
893.
2455
2.98
893.
1974
93.4
92.0
82.1
86.8
88.6
11.3
97.9
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1614
540
3.5
1052
6.3
3.20
743.
1967
3.18
073.
4869
3.26
7992
.495
.693
.096
.794
.44.
385
.2
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1614
540
3.5
1052
6.3
3.22
03
3.36
523.
5448
3.48
343.
4034
95.0
93.4
79.7
89.7
89.5
15.3
81.3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1614
540
3.5
1052
6.3
3.35
133.
5174
3.57
973.
3285
3.44
4297
.294
.489
.793
.493
.77.
576
.5
Avg
1614
5403
.510
526
3.24
133.
3620
3.38
773.
3219
3.32
8294
.593
.986
.191
.791
.59.
685
.2
Rang
e-
--
0.16
500.
3207
0.39
900.
4979
0.24
694.
83.
613
.39.
95.
811
.021
.4
LC_1
3%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
416
1454
03.
510
526.
33.
2381
3.41
353.
2876
3.0
359
3.24
3889
.491
.778
.893
.488
.314
.699
.3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1614
540
3.5
1052
6.3
3.27
553.
2317
3.18
883.
4659
3.29
05
92.2
90.6
88.0
86.3
89.3
5.9
86.5
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1614
540
3.5
1052
6.3
3.28
113.
4124
3.55
183.
5331
3.44
4697
.094
.686
.589
.491
.910
.581
.6
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1614
540
3.5
1052
6.3
3.39
413.
5952
3.62
723.
3252
3.48
5479
.896
.689
.096
.490
.516
.887
.1
Avg
1614
5403
.510
526
3.29
723.
4132
3.41
383.
340
03.
3661
89.6
93.4
85.6
91.4
90.0
12.0
88.6
Rang
e-
--
0.15
610.
3634
0.43
830.
4972
0.24
1717
.26.
010
.210
.13.
510
.917
.7
LC_1
3%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
516
1454
38.7
1073
6.9
3.25
813.
3476
3.22
00
2.98
593.
2029
91.5
95.2
81.3
94.5
90.6
13.9
98.6
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1614
5438
.710
736.
93.
2317
3.17
293.
1572
3.45
393.
2539
91.6
96.2
92.6
90.4
92.7
5.8
86.9
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1614
5438
.710
736.
93.
2143
3.37
603.
5317
3.51
323.
4088
96.0
93.0
94.0
91.1
93.5
4.9
82.1
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1614
5438
.710
736.
92.
9886
3.18
673.
1923
2.98
353.
087
889
.993
.590
.494
.892
.24.
979
.8
Avg
1614
5438
.710
737
3.17
323.
270
83.
2753
3.23
413.
2384
92.3
94.5
89.6
92.7
92.3
7.4
86.9
Rang
e-
--
0.26
950.
2031
0.37
450.
5297
0.32
106.
13.
212
.74.
42.
99.
018
.8
© SAE International
Downloaded from SAE International by Donald Yuhas, Thursday, April 12, 2018
14 Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018)
TAB
LES
1-2
-2 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of l
ow c
oppe
r 18%
por
osity
sam
ples
.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1X
(um
)
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 10
0 b
ar
LC_1
8%N
ew S
ampl
e C
ycle
114
03.
551
22.8
1017
5.4
2.50
522.
7318
3.13
642.
9568
2.83
2581
.274
.565
.669
.772
.815
.694
.6
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
6488
2.58
113.
070
63.
025
62.
8315
78.8
86.8
67.3
73.1
76.5
19.5
94.3
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
6942
2.74
483.
065
52.
9478
2.86
3179
.190
.073
.569
.678
.120
.491
.2
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
8622
2.86
682.
5718
2.61
112.
7280
69.4
69.8
70.0
77.7
71.7
8.3
98.1
Avg
1403
.551
22.8
1017
52.
6776
2.73
112.
9611
2.88
532.
8138
77.1
80.3
69.1
72.5
74.8
16.0
94.6
Rang
e-
--
0.35
700.
2856
0.56
460.
4145
0.13
5111
.820
.27.
98.
16.
312
.16.
9
LC_1
8%N
ew S
ampl
e1 C
ycle
214
03.
551
22.8
1017
5.4
2.48
762.
6787
3.12
822.
9730
2.81
6982
.185
.985
.971
.981
.514
.086
.7
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
6193
2.54
503.
095
02.
9610
2.80
5180
.784
.489
.972
.581
.917
.487
.4
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
6566
2.72
303.
015
02.
9472
2.83
5478
.490
.760
.469
.374
.730
.385
.5
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
8395
2.83
952.
5486
2.55
252.
6950
82.7
78.9
61.1
79.5
75.6
21.6
82.4
Avg
1403
.551
22.8
1017
52.
650
82.
6966
2.94
672.
8584
2.78
8181
.085
.074
.373
.378
.420
.885
.5
Rang
e-
--
0.35
190.
2945
0.57
960.
420
50.
140
44.
311
.829
.510
.27.
216
.35.
0
LC_1
8%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
314
03.
551
22.8
1017
5.4
2.51
812.
6789
3.18
483.
016
02.
8494
82.0
77.2
64.0
79.8
75.8
18.0
84.4
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
6848
2.57
673.
093
73.
00
872.
8410
79.2
85.4
62.7
81.3
77.2
22.7
84.0
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
6861
2.69
443.
1623
2.97
592.
8797
82.5
93.3
66.5
78.4
80.2
26.8
81.0
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
8566
2.84
752.
5749
2.53
652.
7039
68.4
69.8
80.0
84.3
75.6
15.9
79.4
Avg
1403
.551
22.8
1017
52.
6864
2.69
943.
003
92.
8843
2.81
8578
.081
.468
.381
.077
.220
.982
.2
Rang
e-
--
0.33
850.
270
80.
6099
0.47
950.
1758
14.1
23.5
17.3
5.9
4.6
10.9
5.0
LC_1
8%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
414
03.
551
22.8
1017
5.4
2.52
352.
6850
3.19
823.
028
32.
8588
87.3
89.7
61.9
84.2
80.8
27.8
88.7
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
6857
2.56
593.
1521
3.0
149
2.85
4686
.989
.071
.677
.981
.417
.483
.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
720
02.
7454
3.13
673.
020
32.
9056
84.5
89.3
76.4
78.3
82.1
12.9
80.0
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
9038
2.89
462.
6123
2.58
482.
7489
80.7
73.5
76.3
86.0
79.1
12.5
78.7
Avg
1403
.551
22.8
1017
52.
7083
2.72
273.
0248
2.91
212.
8420
84.9
85.4
71.6
81.6
80.8
17.7
82.8
Rang
e-
--
0.38
030.
3287
0.58
590.
4435
0.15
676.
616
.214
.58.
13.
015
.310
.0
LC_1
8%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
514
03.
551
22.8
1017
5.4
2.53
282.
6953
3.16
373.
016
02.
8520
84.4
90.0
64.3
74.5
78.3
25.7
85.5
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
6250
2.57
783.
1467
3.0
00
22.
8374
84.1
86.6
85.0
71.0
81.7
15.6
84.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
6971
2.73
913.
087
83.
098
02.
9055
78.0
86.5
85.2
87.4
84.3
9.4
80.2
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
140
3.5
5122
.810
175.
42.
8813
2.88
132.
5773
2.57
342.
7283
88.5
72.3
85.4
92.2
84.6
19.9
78.3
Avg
1403
.551
22.8
1017
52.
6840
2.72
332.
9939
2.92
192.
830
883
.883
.980
.081
.382
.217
.782
.2
Rang
e-
--
0.34
850.
3035
0.58
650.
5246
0.17
7210
.517
.721
.121
.26.
316
.37.
2
© SAE International
Downloaded from SAE International by Donald Yuhas, Thursday, April 12, 2018
Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018) 15
TAB
LES
1-2
-3 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of l
ow c
oppe
r 22%
por
osity
sam
ples
.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1 X
(um
)
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 10
0 b
ar
LC_2
2%N
ew S
ampl
e C
ycle
113
33.3
4738
.696
49.1
1.760
61.9
601
2.28
672.
1396
2.03
6767
.359
.840
.557
.056
.226
.813
8.3
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.7
224
1.532
32.
3693
2.0
963
1.93
0170
.469
.232
.745
.654
.537
.712
7.9
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.9
288
1.614
32.
2798
2.0
611
1.97
1062
.069
.455
.661
.962
.213
.813
3.2
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.6
702
1.651
42.
3498
1.970
71.
910
570
.070
.743
.346
.757
.727
.413
2.5
Avg
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.7
705
1.68
952.
3214
2.0
669
1.96
2167
.467
.343
.052
.857
.626
.413
3.0
Rang
e-
--
0.25
870.
4278
0.0
896
0.16
880.
1262
8.4
10.9
22.9
16.3
7.8
23.9
10.4
LC_2
2%N
ew S
ampl
e1 C
ycle
213
33.3
4738
.696
49.1
1.712
21.9
599
2.20
652.
060
31.
9847
62.4
64.8
50.9
51.6
57.4
13.9
126.
5
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.6
429
1.516
62.
3290
2.0
677
1.88
9078
.465
.932
.641
.054
.545
.811
7.0
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.8
863
1.599
12.
2853
2.0
143
1.94
6274
.669
.254
.658
.564
.220
.012
2.1
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.6
404
1.612
02.
3065
1.864
61.
8558
69.7
69.3
49.6
51.0
59.9
20.1
122.
9
Avg
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.7
204
1.67
192.
2818
2.0
017
1.91
9071
.367
.346
.950
.559
.025
.012
2.1
Rang
e-
--
0.24
590.
4433
0.12
240.
2031
0.12
8916
.04.
522
.017
.59.
731
.99.
5
LC_2
2%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
313
33.3
4738
.696
49.1
1.732
11.9
637
2.26
162.
093
02.
0126
70.9
57.4
51.1
65.2
61.2
19.8
122.
3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.6
986
1.519
72.
3834
2.0
699
1.91
7975
.172
.931
.251
.557
.743
.911
3.3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.9
158
1.615
32.
7238
2.0
490
2.07
6074
.079
.453
.164
.067
.626
.311
8.1
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.6
808
1.610
92.
3240
1.90
461.
8801
71.3
72.9
55.5
47.6
61.8
25.3
120.
4
Avg
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.7
568
1.67
742.
4232
2.02
911.
9716
72.8
70.7
47.7
57.1
62.1
28.8
118.
5
Rang
e-
--
0.23
500.
4440
0.46
220.
1884
0.19
594.
222
.024
.317
.610
.024
.19.
0
LC_2
2%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
413
33.3
4738
.696
49.1
1.733
72.
00
402.
2679
2.10
732.
0283
72.4
62.1
55.6
67.6
64.4
16.8
121.7
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.7
180
1.554
82.
3836
2.0
963
1.93
8270
.574
.539
.940
.556
.434
.611
6.1
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.9
242
1.633
92.
3165
2.0
612
1.98
3976
.070
.767
.462
.969
.313
.111
7.1
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.6
865
1.642
62.
3473
1.916
71.
8983
75.2
79.9
67.2
50.8
68.3
29.1
118.
6
Avg
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.7
656
1.70
882.
3288
2.0
454
1.96
2273
.571
.857
.555
.564
.623
.411
8.4
Rang
e-
--
0.23
770.
4493
0.11
570.
1907
0.13
00
5.5
17.8
27.5
27.1
12.9
21.5
5.6
LC_2
2%N
ew S
ampl
e 1 C
ycle
513
33.3
4738
.696
49.1
1.729
61.9
189
2.24
202.
092
91.
9959
75.0
61.1
64.8
65.5
66.6
13.9
121.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.6
876
1.499
52.
3651
2.0
608
1.90
3270
.076
.049
.553
.662
.326
.511
3.0
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.8
828
1.765
22.
2921
2.0
551
1.99
8868
.872
.270
.370
.170
.43.
411
7.4
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.6
526
1.628
02.
3088
1.918
91.
8771
70.2
79.1
50.6
57.3
64.3
28.5
119.
3
Avg
1333
.347
38.6
9649
.11.7
381
1.702
92.
3020
2.03
191.
9437
71.0
72.1
58.8
61.6
65.9
18.1
117.
9
Rang
e-
--
0.23
030.
4193
0.12
310.
1741
0.12
176.
218
.020
.816
.58.
125
.18.
8
© SAE International
Downloaded from SAE International by Donald Yuhas, Thursday, April 12, 2018
16 Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018)
TAB
LES
1-2
-4 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of C
oppe
r Fre
e 13
% p
oros
ity.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1 X
(um
)
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 10
0 b
ar
CF_
13%
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1649
.152
98.2
1070
1.82.
1190
2.19
492.
9267
2.47
562.
4291
72.3
75.0
66.0
69.7
70.8
9.0
150.
0
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1649
.156
1410
807
2.86
712.
8110
2.80
712.
7155
2.80
0280
.673
.771
.176
.075
.49.
512
8.6
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1649
.156
1410
807
3.0
848
3.0
324
2.92
183.
00
673.
0115
70.6
74.8
67.3
72.1
71.2
7.5
96.5
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1649
.156
1410
807
2.54
952.
600
12.
5646
2.70
662.
6052
77.2
77.2
73.0
80.0
76.9
7.0
154.
9
Avg
1649
.155
35.1
1078
12.
6551
2.65
962.
8050
2.72
612.
7115
75.2
75.2
69.4
74.5
73.5
8.3
132.
5
Rang
e-
--
0.96
580.
8376
0.36
210.
5311
0.58
2410
.03.
57.
010
.36.
12.
558
.4
CF_
13%
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1649
.155
43.9
1070
1.82.
240
82.
3390
2.81
812.
4326
2.45
7672
.077
.758
.870
.969
.918
.915
2.8
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1649
.156
1411
017
.52.
9133
2.87
492.
860
62.
6978
2.83
6774
.266
.671
.474
.771
.78.
112
6.4
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1649
.156
1411
017
.53.
045
32.
9687
2.89
02
2.94
382.
9620
78.2
73.2
77.1
76.8
76.3
5.0
90.5
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1649
.156
1411
052
.62.
560
12.
5964
2.58
422.
7147
2.61
3976
.078
.968
.881
.376
.312
.515
2.1
Avg
1649
.155
96.5
1094
72.
6899
2.69
482.
7883
2.69
722.
7175
75.1
74.1
69.0
75.9
73.5
11.1
130.
5
Rang
e-
--
0.80
450.
6297
0.30
590.
5112
0.50
446.
212
.318
.310
.46.
513
.962
.3
CF_
13%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1649
.155
43.9
1070
1.82.
2597
2.30
352.
7894
2.43
912.
4479
69.3
76.5
69.3
71.4
71.6
7.2
151.2
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1649
.156
1410
982.
52.
9496
2.87
202.
8911
2.69
08
2.85
08
74.5
73.3
71.4
79.2
74.6
7.8
127.
3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1649
.156
1410
982.
53.
0715
2.98
382.
8568
2.92
412.
9590
79.0
75.0
78.7
79.0
77.9
4.0
88.4
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1649
.156
1410
947.
42.
5566
2.63
412.
560
62.
7372
2.62
2176
.881
.572
.479
.277
.59.
115
1.4
Avg
1649
.155
96.5
1090
42.
7093
2.69
832.
7745
2.69
782.
720
074
.976
.673
.077
.275
.47.
012
9.6
Rang
e-
--
0.81
180.
6803
0.33
05
0.48
510.
5111
9.7
8.2
9.4
7.8
6.3
5.1
63.0
CF_
13%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1649
.155
43.9
1070
1.82.
2431
2.32
762.
7533
2.40
222.
4316
80.8
85.5
64.0
83.1
78.4
21.5
151.3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1649
.156
1410
982.
52.
900
42.
8386
2.83
862.
6644
2.81
05
75.4
71.8
66.2
84.0
74.4
17.8
124.
7
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1649
.156
1410
982.
53.
033
32.
9721
2.86
462.
9030
2.94
3370
.870
.268
.783
.273
.214
.588
.2
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1649
.156
1410
947.
42.
5211
2.55
662.
5486
2.68
492.
5778
85.3
84.0
64.9
80.5
78.7
20.4
151.5
Avg
1649
.155
96.5
1090
42.
6745
2.67
372.
7513
2.66
372.
690
878
.177
.966
.082
.776
.218
.612
8.9
Rang
e-
--
0.79
020.
6446
0.31
600.
500
80.
5117
14.5
15.3
4.7
3.5
5.5
7.0
63.3
CF_
13%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1649
.155
43.9
1070
1.82.
2217
2.31
862.
7775
2.39
282.
4276
74.4
75.6
69.3
84.2
75.9
14.9
147.
4
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1649
.156
1410
982.
52.
9133
2.84
182.
8512
2.67
202.
8196
70.1
76.0
63.1
78.8
72.0
15.7
123.
5
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1649
.156
1410
982.
53.
066
22.
9687
2.87
102.
9144
2.95
5163
.673
.375
.674
.171
.712
.086
.1
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1649
.156
1410
947.
42.
5119
2.55
152.
5277
2.65
882.
5625
85.2
75.8
78.8
84.8
81.2
9.4
148.
6
Avg
1649
.155
96.5
1090
42.
6783
2.67
022.
7568
2.65
952.
6912
73.3
75.2
71.7
80.5
75.2
13.0
126.
4
Rang
e-
--
0.84
450.
6501
0.34
340.
5216
0.52
7421
.62.
715
.710
.79.
56.
362
.5
© SAE International
Downloaded from SAE International by Donald Yuhas, Thursday, April 12, 2018
Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018) 17
TAB
LES
1-2
-5 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of C
oppe
r Fre
e 18
% p
oros
ity.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
NH
ardn
ess
- HRR
Com
pres
sibi
lity
1X
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 10
0 b
ar
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 1
150
8.8
5263
.210
842.
11.0
728
1.056
61.0
712
1.067
91.0
671
59.3
60.1
67.3
60.5
61.8
8.0
135.
8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 1
150
8.8
5263
.210
842.
11.0
580
1.141
11.1
629
1.150
11.1
280
58.2
55.3
53.4
57.1
56.0
4.8
104.
2
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 1
150
8.8
5263
.210
912.
31.1
521
1.134
11.1
217
1.128
81.1
342
69.8
64.9
60.4
66.3
65.4
9.4
131.2
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 1
150
8.8
5263
.210
982.
51.1
300
1.110
01.0
00
01.0
00
01.0
600
57.0
54.9
64.5
66.1
60.6
11.2
157.
6
Avg
150
8.8
5263
.210
912
1.113
41.1
284
1.094
91.0
929
1.107
461
.758
.459
.463
.260
.78.
513
1.0
Rang
e-
--
0.0
941
0.03
100.
1629
0.15
010.
0742
12.8
10.0
11.1
9.2
9.3
6.4
53.4
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 2
150
8.8
5263
.210
491.2
1.060
61.0
638
1.068
71.0
494
1.060
662
.462
.956
.857
.259
.86.
112
7.3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 2
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
31.0
724
1.10
921.1
682
1.116
11.1
165
62.8
51.6
61.1
53.5
57.3
11.2
95.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 2
150
8.8
5263
.210
350.
91.1
582
1.165
61.1
206
1.124
11.1
421
62.2
56.8
5457
.457
.68.
212
5.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 2
150
8.8
5263
.210
982.
51.0
816
1.093
40.
9837
0.96
801.0
317
58.9
5465
.971
.462
.617
.414
7.7
Avg
150
8.8
5263
.210
588
1.093
21.1
080
1.085
31.0
644
1.087
761
.656
.359
.559
.959
.310
.712
4.2
Rang
e-
--
0.0
977
0.10
180.
1845
0.15
610.
110
53.
911
.311
.917
.95.
311
.351
.9
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
150
8.8
5263
.210
350.
91.0
658
1.078
91.0
839
1.056
11.0
711
67.6
70.1
55.9
57.3
62.7
14.2
125.
5
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
31.0
652
1.073
31.1
601
1.122
41.1
053
5755
.263
.151
.356
.711
.894
.6
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
31.1
621
1.156
61.1
367
1.120
81.1
441
68.3
61.4
64.9
70.1
66.2
8.7
124
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
31.1
019
1.090
01.0
028
0.98
811.0
457
60.3
59.4
68.3
69.9
64.5
10.5
146
Avg
150
8.8
5263
.210
482
1.098
71.0
997
1.095
91.0
719
1.091
563
.361
.563
.162
.262
.511
.312
2.5
Rang
e-
--
0.0
969
0.0
833
0.15
730.
1343
0.0
984
11.3
14.9
12.4
18.8
9.5
5.5
51.4
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
150
8.8
5263
.210
350.
91.0
439
1.066
31.0
811
1.048
61.0
600
64.3
64.8
61.2
59.5
62.5
5.3
130.
7
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
31.0
429
1.035
01.1
462
1.091
91.0
790
58.7
50.2
50.1
61.5
55.1
11.4
95.3
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
31.1
548
1.173
31.1
297
1.119
21.1
443
6378
.789
.967
.674
.826
.912
5
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
31.1
035
1.10
350.
9976
0.97
03
1.043
757
.954
.464
.571
.362
.016
.914
4.2
Avg
150
8.8
5263
.210
482
1.086
31.0
945
1.088
61.0
575
1.081
761
.062
.066
.465
.063
.615
.112
3.8
Rang
e-
--
0.11
200.
1383
0.14
870.
1489
0.10
05
6.4
28.5
39.8
11.8
19.7
21.6
48.9
CF_
18%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
150
8.8
5263
.210
350.
91.0
711
1.066
21.0
678
1.036
01.0
603
6159
.952
.662
.559
.09.
912
3.6
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
31.0
732
1.083
11.1
729
1.125
81.1
137
53.2
57.5
60.5
52.4
55.9
8.1
92.2
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
31.1
246
1.145
91.1
00
41.1
176
1.122
172
.456
.351
.972
63.2
20.5
120.
7
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
150
8.8
5263
.210
526.
31.0
713
1.071
30.
960
80.
9622
1.016
457
.657
.360
.776
.963
.119
.614
1.3
Avg
150
8.8
5263
.210
482
1.085
01.0
916
1.075
51.0
604
1.078
161
.157
.856
.466
.060
.314
.511
9.5
Rang
e-
--
0.0
535
0.07
980.
2121
0.16
360.
1057
19.2
3.6
8.8
24.5
7.3
12.4
49.1
© SAE International
Downloaded from SAE International by Donald Yuhas, Thursday, April 12, 2018
18 Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018)
TAB
LES
1-2
-6 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
, 4th
cyc
le a
nd 5
th c
ycle
of C
oppe
r Fre
e 22
% p
oros
ity.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1X
(um
)
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 10
0 b
ar
CF_
22%
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1438
.645
61.4
9614
1.993
12.
068
31.8
678
1.913
71.
9607
25.7
35.0
35.2
45.2
35.3
19.5
141.2
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1438
.645
61.4
9614
2.0
229
2.17
421.8
012
1.933
51.
9829
27.7
30.1
37.8
45.2
35.2
17.5
129.
7
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1438
.647
01.8
9859
.62.
1793
2.17
591.9
950
1.995
02.
086
333
.926
.949
.061
.642
.934
.713
4.8
New
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1438
.647
01.8
9614
1.945
51.9
455
1.945
51.8
690
1.92
6438
.233
.736
.540
.837
.37.
115
1.0
Avg
1438
.646
31.6
9675
.42.
0352
2.0
910
1.90
241.
9278
1.98
9131
.431
.439
.648
.237
.719
.713
9.2
Rang
e-
--
0.23
380.
230
50.
1938
0.12
600.
1599
12.5
8.1
13.8
20.8
7.7
27.6
21.3
CF_
22%
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1438
.649
47.4
1010
5.3
1.952
82.
031
61.8
573
1.875
81.
9294
24.8
39.2
41.3
50.5
39.0
25.7
129.
7
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1438
.650
17.5
1018
9.3
2.0
177
2.17
481.8
172
1.979
61.
9973
25.9
29.3
32.1
44.2
32.9
18.3
119.
.1
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.12
732.
1664
1.958
01.9
751
2.0
567
32.5
29.1
47.2
61.3
42.5
32.2
128.
0
New
Sam
ple1
Cyc
le 2
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
1.927
01.9
437
1.927
01.8
363
1.90
8542
.031
.843
.237
.238
.611
.413
9.2
Avg
1438
.650
00.
010
161
2.0
062
2.07
911.
8899
1.91
671.
9730
31.3
32.4
41.0
48.3
38.2
21.9
132.
3
Rang
e-
--
0.20
030.
2311
0.14
08
0.14
340.
1482
17.2
10.1
15.1
24.1
9.7
20.8
11.2
CF_
22%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1438
.649
47.4
1010
5.3
1.958
92.
050
21.8
603
1.889
61.
9397
26.9
33.9
29.9
43.7
33.6
16.8
127.
8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
189
2.17
611.8
208
1.975
11.
9977
27.1
30.3
33.9
45.8
34.3
18.7
119.
7
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.33
08
2.35
182.
150
32.
1816
2.25
3633
.026
.351
.959
.342
.633
.012
6.8
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 3
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
1.936
21.9
530
1.930
61.8
447
1.91
6136
.338
.335
.745
.539
.09.
813
8.8
Avg
1438
.650
00.
010
158
2.0
612
2.13
281.
940
51.
9727
2.02
6830
.832
.237
.948
.637
.419
.612
8.3
Rang
e-
--
0.39
460.
3988
0.32
950.
3368
0.33
759.
412
.022
.015
.69.
023
.219
.1
CF_
22%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1438
.649
47.4
1010
5.3
1.932
72.
007
31.8
439
1.867
51.
9128
42.9
46.8
39.0
52.0
45.2
13.0
129.
0
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
124
2.14
571.8
054
1.986
11.
9874
26.3
26.7
32.2
49.9
33.8
23.6
117.
7
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.13
01
2.15
281.9
607
1.989
42.
058
330
.032
.533
.959
.639
.029
.612
3.5
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 4
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
1.944
91.9
226
1.925
41.8
323
1.90
6335
.536
.630
.848
.437
.817
.614
1.7
Avg
1438
.650
00.
010
158
2.0
050
2.0
571
1.88
381.
9188
1.96
6233
.735
.734
.052
.538
.921
.012
8.0
Rang
e-
--
0.19
740.
2302
0.15
530.
1572
0.15
2016
.620
.18.
211
.211
.416
.624
.0
CF_
22%
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1438
.649
47.4
1010
5.3
1.925
92.
038
71.8
428
1.861
11.
9171
34.3
34.7
42.5
55.9
41.9
21.6
125.
2
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.0
061
2.17
151.8
126
1.954
21.
9861
24.9
31.3
45.0
45.8
36.8
20.9
116.
1
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
2.13
222.
1452
1.965
31.9
739
2.0
541
28.6
37.0
49.5
60.3
43.9
31.7
122.
5
New
Sam
ple
1 Cyc
le 5
1438
.650
17.5
1017
5.4
1.914
41.9
255
1.898
11.7
968
1.88
3733
.247
.337
.346
.041
.014
.113
4.7
Avg
1438
.650
00.
010
158
1.99
472.
0702
1.87
971.
8965
1.96
0330
.337
.643
.652
.040
.922
.112
4.6
Rang
e-
--
0.21
780.
2460
0.15
270.
1771
0.17
04
9.4
16.0
12.2
14.5
7.1
17.6
18.6
© SAE International
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Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018) 19
Ap
pen
dix
2: P
hysi
cal P
rop
erti
es o
f Lo
w-C
op
per
and
Co
pp
er-F
ree
NA
O P
ads;
Ag
ed
at R
oo
m T
emp
erat
ure
for
12 M
ont
hsTA
BLE
S 2
-1-1
1st
cyc
le, 2
nd c
ycle
, 3rd
cyc
le o
f low
cop
per 1
8% p
oros
ity s
ampl
es.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1 X
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 10
0 b
ar
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1537
.253
96.8
1059
6.5
3.82
713.
730
33.
1770
2.86
623.
4002
78.0
80.2
76.5
73.2
77.0
710
2.2
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1543
.954
03.
510
596.
53.
3233
3.44
03
3.47
05
3.40
463.
4097
73.9
81.9
81.4
81.7
79.7
811
1.0
Avg
1540
.55
540
0.2
1059
6.5
3.57
523.
5853
3.32
383.
1354
3.40
4976
.081
.179
.077
.578
.47.
510
6.6
Rang
e-
--
0.50
380.
290
00.
2935
0.53
830.
00
954.
11.7
4.9
8.5
2.8
1.08.
8
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 2
150
8.8
5368
.410
491.2
3.71
783.
5918
3.0
334
2.70
643.
2623
83.7
82.2
72.0
64.3
75.6
19.4
100.
2
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 2
1543
.954
03.
510
701.8
3.27
793.
3229
3.45
153.
2014
3.31
3476
.083
.581
.684
.881
.58.
899
.8
Avg
1526
.35
5386
.010
596.
53.
4979
3.45
743.
2425
2.95
393.
2879
79.9
82.9
76.8
74.6
78.5
14.1
100.
0
Rang
e-
--
0.43
980.
2689
0.41
820.
4950
0.0
511
7.7
1.3
9.6
20.5
5.9
10.6
0.4
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 3
150
8.8
5368
.410
491.2
3.72
853.
6553
3.0
631
2.76
913.
3040
87.9
86.7
70.9
69.2
78.7
18.7
93.3
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 3
1543
.954
03.
510
596.
53.
3275
3.38
523.
5112
3.31
623.
3850
74.5
85.0
85.5
80.1
81.3
1199
.7
Avg
1526
.35
5386
.010
543.
93.
5280
3.52
023.
2871
3.0
427
3.34
4581
.285
.978
.274
.780
.014
.996
.5
Rang
e-
--
0.40
100.
2701
0.44
810.
5471
0.0
810
13.4
1.714
.610
.92.
67.
76.
4
© SAE International
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20 Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018)
TAB
LES
2-1
-2 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
of l
ow c
oppe
r 22%
por
osity
sam
ples
.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1 X
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 10
0 b
ar
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1473
.752
44.4
1042
1.13.
1912
3.12
602.
4479
2.75
592.
8802
78.6
69.8
66.6
68.3
70.8
1293
.1
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1473
.752
44.4
1042
1.13.
00
233.
0736
2.87
562.
7966
2.93
7076
.270
.965
.570
.770
.810
.793
.1
Avg
1473
.752
44.4
1042
1.13.
096
83.
099
82.
6617
2.77
632.
9086
77.4
70.4
66.1
69.5
70.8
11.4
93.1
Rang
e-
--
0.18
890.
052
40.
4278
0.0
407
0.0
568
2.4
1.11.1
2.4
0.0
1.3
0.0
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 2
140
3.5
5157
.999
64.9
3.15
02
3.0
921
2.60
982.
6754
2.88
1982
.583
.467
.067
.575
.116
.481
.6
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 2
140
3.5
5157
.999
64.9
2.86
972.
9789
2.93
582.
7885
2.89
3280
.583
.468
.068
.575
.115
.481
.6
Avg
1403
.551
57.9
9964
.93.
010
03.
0355
2.77
282.
7319
2.88
7581
.583
.467
.568
.075
.115
.981
.6
Rang
e-
--
0.28
05
0.11
310.
3260
0.11
310.
0114
2.0
0.0
1.01.0
0.0
1.00.
0
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 3
140
3.5
5157
.995
143.
043
02.
9926
2.59
982.
6140
2.81
2484
.283
.661
.369
.974
.822
.980
.7
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 3
140
3.5
5157
.995
143.
011
62.
9819
2.95
332.
6377
2.89
6182
.883
.263
.469
.674
.819
.880
.7
Avg
1403
.551
57.9
9514
3.02
732.
9872
2.77
662.
6259
2.85
4283
.583
.462
.469
.874
.821
.480
.7
Rang
e-
--
0.03
140.
0107
0.35
340.
0237
0.0
838
1.4
0.4
2.1
0.3
0.0
3.1
0.0
© SAE International
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Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018) 21
TAB
LES
2-2
-1 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
of C
oppe
r Fre
e 18
% p
oros
ity s
ampl
es.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1 X
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 10
0 b
ar
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
160
456
0.7
110
27.6
3.23
423.
2113
2.91
463.
084
23.
1111
75.2
70.6
74.9
69.5
72.6
5.7
140.
2
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 1
1614
5614
1084
2.1
3.27
563.
3051
2.94
473.
00
573.
1328
77.3
78.9
67.7
61.9
71.5
1713
8.6
Avg
160
930
87.4
1093
4.9
3.25
493.
2582
2.92
973.
045
03.
1219
76.3
74.8
71.3
65.7
72.0
11.4
139.
4
Rang
e-
--
0.0
413
0.0
938
0.03
010.
0785
0.02
172.
18.
37.
27.
61.1
11.3
1.6
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 2
1578
.955
08.
811
052
.63.
084
23.
1058
2.85
172.
9494
2.99
7871
.973
.979
.273
.874
.77.
312
3.0
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 2
1578
.954
73.7
1084
2.1
3.18
463.
1846
2.83
552.
8977
3.02
5674
.479
.173
.462
.072
.217
.112
0.9
Avg
1578
.954
91.3
1094
7.4
3.13
443.
1452
2.84
362.
9236
3.01
1773
.276
.576
.367
.973
.512
.212
2.0
Rang
e-
--
0.10
04
0.07
890.
0161
0.0
517
0.02
782.
55.
25.
811
.82.
59.
82.
1
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 3
1578
.955
08.
811
052
.63.
027
33.
037
72.
8395
2.91
152.
9540
74.9
74.8
71.0
68.3
72.3
6.6
120.
2
Old
Sam
ple
Cyc
le 3
1578
.954
73.7
1091
2.3
3.20
213.
2021
2.84
552.
9525
3.0
506
75.4
73.3
66.4
75.3
72.6
912
2.0
Avg
1578
.954
91.3
1098
2.5
3.11
473.
1199
2.84
252.
9320
3.0
023
75.2
74.1
68.7
71.8
72.4
7.8
121.1
Rang
e-
--
0.17
490.
1645
0.0
061
0.0
410
0.0
966
0.5
1.5
4.6
7.0
0.3
2.4
1.8
© SAE International
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22 Sriwiboon et al. / SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. / Volume 11, Issue 1 (March 2018)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE International.
Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE International. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper.
TAB
LES
2-2
-1 1
st c
ycle
, 2nd
cyc
le, 3
rd c
ycle
of C
oppe
r Fre
e 22
% p
oros
ity s
ampl
es.
Sam
ples
Nat
Fre
q(kH
z)M
odul
us @
100
N (G
Pa)
Har
dnes
s - H
RRCo
mpr
essi
bilit
y 1 X
Peak
1Pe
ak 2
Peak
3Po
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gPo
sitio
n 1
Posi
tion
2Po
sitio
n 3
Posi
tion
4Av
gRa
nge
@ 10
0 b
ar
Old
Sa
mpl
e C
ycle
1
150
8.8
5112
.810
421.1
2.38
412.
3730
2.26
292.
3511
2.34
2850
.554
.654
.447
.951
.96.
713
3.7
Old
Sa
mpl
e C
ycle
1
150
8.8
5052
.610
175.
42.
1392
2.19
332.
290
42.
2732
2.22
4050
.751
.757
.952
.153
.17.
213
9.7
Avg
150
8.8
5082
.710
298.
32.
2616
2.28
312.
2766
2.31
212.
2834
50.6
53.2
56.2
50.0
52.5
7.0
136.
7
Rang
e-
--
0.24
490.
1797
0.02
750.
0779
0.11
880.
22.
93.
54.
21.
30.
56.
0
Old
Sa
mpl
e C
ycle
2
1432
.651
57.9
1042
1.12.
3051
2.28
432.
230
02.
2167
2.25
9065
.360
.856
.262
.661
.29.
111
7.6
Old
Sa
mpl
e C
ycle
2
1473
.750
87.7
1031
5.8
2.11
00
2.15
04
2.24
162.
3033
2.20
1358
.853
.653
.954
.755
.35.
213
0.0
Avg
1453
.1551
22.8
1036
8.5
2.20
762.
2173
2.23
582.
260
02.
2302
62.1
57.2
55.1
58.7
58.2
7.2
123.
8
Rang
e-
--
0.19
510.
1338
0.01
160.
086
60.
057
76.
57.
22.
37.
96.
03.
912
.4
Old
Sa
mpl
e C
ycle
3
1438
.651
57.9
1042
1.12.
3357
2.30
02
2.25
882.
310
82.
3014
71.3
69.8
66.6
72.6
70.1
611
9.6
Old
Sa
mpl
e C
ycle
3
1473
.750
87.7
1031
5.8
2.0
953
2.13
532.
2621
2.28
262.
1938
60.2
52.3
53.8
58.6
56.2
7.9
138.
4
Avg
1456
.1551
22.8
1036
8.5
2.21
552.
2177
2.26
04
2.29
672.
2476
65.8
61.1
60.2
65.6
63.2
7.0
129.
0
Rang
e-
--
0.24
030.
1650
0.0
033
0.02
820.
1075
11.1
17.5
12.8
14.0
13.9
1.9
18.8
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