portfolio laura van santen 2010
TRANSCRIPT
Laura van Santenborn 22.4.1985 in Leiden, the Netherlands
Molslaan 1552611 RL Delft
+31 (0) [email protected]
EDUCATION
2009 - 2010 Master of Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences : Archiprix Nominee Delft University of Technology - Nomads in No man’s land : an extraterritorial settlement for Burmese refugees in Thailand
spring 2009 Urban Emergencies Pilot Studio : Case Bangladesh Cordaid (International) - Workshop, Exhibition, Symposium, Publication : post disaster spatial redevelopment
fall 2008 Architectural Engineering Pilot Studio : Material Pavilion Delft University of Technology
spring 2008 Erasmus Exchange Program : Wood Program Helsinki University of Technology (Finland)
2005 - 2007 Bachelor of Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences : Hybrid Building Delft University of Technology - The Bridge as Urban Agora : a design for infrastructural intersections as places for street art
2004 - 2005 Propedeuse Architecture, Landscape and Design : Dwelling Settlement Leeds Metropolitan University (United Kingdom)
1998 -2003 International Baccalaureate Program Het Rijnlands Lyceum Oegstgeest International School
1994 - 1998 Middle School American Embassy School New Delhi (India)
QUALIFICATIONSAdobe Suite Illustrator / InDesign / PhotoshopMicrosoft Office Word / Excel / PowerPoint3D modelling Autodesk / Maya / Vectorworks
EXPERIENCE
fall 2009 Urbanism Internship : Industrial Ecology 2012 Architecten Rotterdam
spring 2007 Architectural Internship : Wood Architecture Onix Architecten Groningen
selection of 3 projects
architecture // nomads in noman’sland
urbanism // urban emergencies bangladesh
building sciences // material pavilion1
1119
1
2
Ethnic minorities (nearly half the population) have been fleeing Bur-mese militairy junta attacks into rela-tive safety in Thailand for fifty years. This has resulted in humanitar-ian border management since 1985 (hosting 200 000 refugees in camps, 2 000 000 illegal migrant workers) and formal and informal interweave.
3
4
A field study revealed the refugee can either choose to legally stay in a pro-tected refugee camp without right to work or move, or he can choose to il-legally work as an economic migrant risking deportation. Thailand does not honor the UN Rights of Refu-gees and a return to Burma is unsafe. Is there a potential between borders?
5
An extraterritorial floating settlement was pro-jected in the Moei River that divides the two countries. In order to create an environment of working and living, a garment factory was designed as a catalyst for settlement ; a parasite hanging underneath the Friendship Bridge...
6
The refugees from Burma are generally tradi-tioanlly nomads, and highly skilled in weaving textiles and as well as bamboo construction...
7
Colorful textiles protect the workers and the products from the wet season wind and rain. They also help orientation inside the factory. The products are cut on the second floor and sown on the ground floor. The textiles come from Burma and will be exported via Thailand.
8
Experienced bamboo builders hang the struc-ture between the existing concrete beams. The bamboo is reinforced with wood and bolts.
9
Important actors in the refugee world are the nongovernmental organisations, responsible for education, healthcare, often venturing into spatial planning. In this case the NGOs could implement sanitation blocks, which would dictate the form of the floating settement.
10
11
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20201975 1985 1995 2005 20151900 1910 1920 1930 19401800170016001500 2025
awami leaguere-elected government
british east india company1757-1857british crown1857-1947
independencepartition of india and east and west pakistan
abolishment offeudal system
language warurdu to bengali
split of east and west pakistan
1975 coup ofBNP party
1982military coup
1991 BNP party elected
awami leaguefirst elected government
mughal empire1500-1757
ggf
nd wnddtion
epe
nmemvernegogog
abola lfeudf d
hmeml syss
off
ndenn o ndia andd a
t pasaasaplitp oo t andat d weweeplitp t anat of east and westswteast akistana t
1 bilion dollars of donor aid annually:this equals 2,5% of the total incoming in-vestments.
total population
awami leaguew a eire-elected- c
overnmeo n
awaw m aguea ed dente
re-go
1975 coup of5 uBNP partytB
19821 2ary coupymilitam t
1
nmentt
mmmilitary cy1
nmem
1 coup oof975 c5language warn eurdu to bengalid t grdudlangnlangualann
BNP party electeda dy couuouu
1
rural population
urban population
muslim population
hindu population
$
GDP per capita
$
GDP per capita against average$
percentage of world development aid
9999
popuu
1
iinnn
spssppsp
iss77iss7-7
eg00
hin100
500
2 500
5 000
7 500
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
50 000
Khulna
Barisal
Chittagong
Sylhet
Dhaka
Rajshahi
$$
ap
11 Nov 2007Cyclone Sidr3 500 casualties2 million people evacuated to storm shelters, damage estimated to $450 million
22 April 1991Cyclone Gorky140 000 casualties10 million people left homeless
12 November 1970Cyclone Bhola300 000 casualtiesThe Pakistani recieved severe critisism for its relief operation
11 June 2007Chittagong mudslides330 casualties8 000 people evacuated from the slums in the hillsides
The delta of Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to the flooding which is responsible for succesful agriculture, as well as to super cyclones that form on the Indian Ocean. With a population of 160 000 and a population density of 1100 Bengalis / km2, land and resources are scarce.
A three month field study was undertaken in a team of three students, investigating the post disaster spatial redevelopment along Bangla-desh’s coast. Academic interviews, bottom up investigations and humanitarian collabora-tions led to the resulting insights...
The fishing industry isn’t using any land to speak of but is based on the rivers of Bangladesh and the Bay of Bengal.
LIVING OF THE LANDLife in the countryside of Bangladesh is directly linked to the land itself. 90% of the area is used for agricultural production. Fishing, salt & shrimp farming, rice cultivation and stockbreeding are the most common livelihoods in the area. All livelihoods have different requirements, characteristics and coping mechanisms to deal with cyclones.
Land usage Requirements Coping mechanism
Fis
hing
Salt
& s
hrim
pR
ice
Stoc
kbre
edin
gSalt and shrimp farming requires a large investment to be profitable and are as a result run by large land lords. The sector requires salty water and is located close to the coast, often outside the embankment.
Rice cultivation has a reasonably low investment cost and is often done by small-scale farmers in combination with other work. The sector requires fresh water irrigation and is located inside the embankment.
Stockbreedng can be done at a small household scale. Chicken, goats and cattle are the most common animals.On this scale stockbreeding is rarely the main form of income but rather a complement.
Based on extracting fish from the rivers and the sea the fishing sector doesn’t have any specific land requirements.
Salt & shrimp farming is done at large fields close to the coast. Salty water is pumped into shallow pools, and as the water evaporates the salt is harvested. In the rainy period the same pools are used for shrimp cultivation.
Rice in Bangladesh is cultivated in wet paddies. The paddies require a high amount of fresh water for irrigation.
Smallscale stockbreeding can be done with just a small patch of land. This can be directly adjacent to the home. Stockbreeding requires fresh or dry food for the livestock.
The materials used for fishing (boats and nets) are the biggest concerns in relation to cyclones. To cope with the cyclones the fishing boats are anchored in coves in mangrove forests along the coast.
The salt from the salt fields can be stored in large sacks underground to protect it from the surge wave of the cyclones. No such possibility exists to protect the shrimps.
Due to the seasonal nature of harvesting rice there’s no effective way to protect the rice paddies from cyclones. The harvested rice can, however, be stored on suspended platform inside the home.
To protect the livestock from cyclones they can be brought to specific, raised platforms, killas. These protect the livestock from a storm surge up to a certain height.
THE EMBANKMENTDecisive in settlement patterns of Bangladesh is the embankment. This raised dike is Bangladesh’s first line of defense against cyclones, in particular the storm surge. The embankment divides the land in two, inside and outside. The embankment is largely constructed by the government and the land outside the embankment is usually governmental land, kash land.
Storm surgeThe storm surge is a tidal wave created by the cyclone as the winds put pressure on the surface of the sea. As the cyclone moves inland the wave builds up. The impact of the storm surge is the most destructive aspect of a cyclone. The storm surge of a supercyclone can reach up to ten meters. The storm surge by cyclone Gorki had a height of six meters.
AforestationTo protect the embankment from erosion (mangrove) trees can be planted on the sea side of the embankment. Aforestation has the additional advantage that it lowers the impact of the wind from cyclones.
Road infrastructureThe embankment is, linear and raised above the rest of the land, the basis for the road network in Bangladesh. In the aftermath of a cyclone the embankment is used alongside waterways to bring in relief aid.
Sluice gateEssential for the embankment is a sufficient amount of functioning sluice gates. Insufficient sluice gates can lead to waterlogging during the rainy season while broken sluice gates form a risk during cyclones.
InclinationTo break the wave of the storm surge and protect the embankment against erosion the embankment is constructed with an inclination of 1:5 on the sea side and 1:3 on the inland side.
1
35
The essence of mixed-use cyclone shelters Five points of cyclonic architecture
MULTIPURPOSE CYCLONE SHELTERThe most visible sign of Bangladesh’ struggle against the elements is the cyclone shelters. These concrete buildings are raised above the land, acting as a safe haven during a cyclone and its storm surge. NGOs and the government are now trying to create hybrid functions for these cyclone shelters. For instance: cyclone shelter cum school, cyclone shelter cum mosque, and cyclone shelter cum office. The modernistic concept shows through the five points shown here.
=single purpose cyclone shelter
multi purpose cyclone shelter
concrete structure
Since the great cyclones of 1970 and 1991 a lot of single purpose cyclone shelters have been constructed. The cyclone shelters were only used during cyclones, and were therefore exclusively designed for that use. Due to the resulting lack of daily use outside the cyclone seasons, there was a lack of money to maintain the building. Cyclone shelters therefore deteriorated in due time, some of which had to be demolished later on.
Combining the need for specific functions with the cyclone shelters could optimize the use of cyclone shelters. These structures then become multi purpose cyclone shelters, opening the space for various functions for the community. These include: primary schools, madrasas, office spaces for NGOs, mosques, etc.
Concrete structures in Bangladesh are not very common, especially the rural areas of the country. These ”pucca” buildings could potentially provide shelter for people during cyclones, but most do not provide this option, so that both the cyclone shelters and the concrete structures are single purpose buildings.
primary school
=concrete struture used as cyclone shelter
single purpose school single purpose concrete building
... used also as...
... used also as...
pilotis against flooding
In order to protect the cyclone shelter from storm surges, the building has been raised 6 meters into the air by using pilotis made of concrete.
1roof terrace for extra capacaty
Since the cyclone shelters are often crowded during the disaster, the roof terrace can allow for extra capacity as well as rain water storage for drinking.
2concrete walls for protection
To make sure that all people using the cyclone shelter are safe and sound, the walls have to be strong enough to withstand the strong gusts of wind.
3free floor plan
The floorplan should be free enough, so that the shelter’s program can change all around the year. It can then be used as school or office for instance.
4windows with metal shutters
During a cyclone, the open windows should be protected from outside winds. Metal shutters make sure that everyone inside is safe and sound.
5150m
arsenic, As 33
Latrine pit
Shallow tube wellShallow tube wells are used to extract ground water for drinking. In most areas of Bangladesh shallow tube wells are a health risk due to high levels of arsenic in the ground.
Deep tube wellDeep tube wells are the most common source of fresh drinking water. In order to avoid arsenic poisoning deep tube wells are dug to a depth of 150 meters.
WATER AND THE LAND
Sanitation in the countryside of Bangladesh is solved by latrine pits adjacent to the homes. Latrine pits are usually constructed of concrete ring slabs, a floorplate and a small structure for privacy.
The availability of fresh drinking water is central to life in Bangladesh. With arsenic poisoning and epidemics caused by flash floods it’s the most critical health issue the country has to deal with.
PondsThe pond is the source of water for washing and irrigation. Ponds can be used by a single household or by the community. Pond filtration systems can be installed to provide fresh drinking water from ponds. This system is used in areas where drilling tube wells isn’t possible. If tube wells nor filtration systems are available the ponds might be used for drinking water. This is a big health risk, especially in combinations with flooding and low lying pit latrines. Diarrheal outbreaks occur annually due to this reason.
THE SALT FIELDS30 50
Joshi, fisherman
I go deep sea fishing for a week at a time with my crew of 8 men; we share profit. I own the boat, and it cost me 500,000TK (5000E). I am not insured against disaster. During the last cyclone I stored my boat inside a canal. Last year pirates robbed us.
Ibrahim, fisherman
I moved here 35 years ago when I lost my land through river erosion. I do river fishing now. I don’t own a boat. I also work on my landlord’s field. I sell my fish at the bazaar. My landlord sells his salt to a broker, who hires a boat to transport to the city.
During 1991 cyclone I didn’t believe the warning, and took shelter in a haystack. The shelter is 4 km from here. There was a 6-meter storm surge and three of my sons died in the storm. It took 6 months to repair my house and cost 20,000TK (200E).
Rasheda, housewife
My husband is a day laborer on other farms. He earns 150TK (1,50E) per day. The NGOs call us hardcore poor. I work in the household. Other women in the village think I’m crazy. We don’t have any money to repair our house, or make it stronger.
Razia, shrimp farmer
I used to live in a bamboo house but now we have built a brick and concrete house. Our relatives helped us with the costs. We do not own this land, and we work on our landlord’s land. In the wet season we cultivate shrimp and in dry season collect salt.
In the 1991 disaster I lost my parents and 6 siblings. It took us two years to repair the fields. We also migrated here 30 years ago due to river erosion. We never received any help from NGOs to build back as this is considered a high-risk disaster area.
Mumtaz, teacher
I work as a primary teacher in the cyclone shelter and receive training from an NGO. We have a lot of space. Children start school at age 4. School is free for girls and 50TK a month for boys. During a cyclone warning we evacuate furniture and books.
We would like a megaphone here to sound the alarm but we don’t have it. Our main problems in the shelter after a disaster are with water and sanitation. There are no separate toilets for men and women. We would like to store rainwater on the roof.
Nuran, rice farmer
It took us 3 years to restore the rice paddy after the cyclone in 1991. I employ 12 day-laborers, and share irrigation with other farmers. We moved here to be closer to the cyclone shelter where I am also teaching to pay for my children to attend college.
Ahmedullah, salt farmer
I survived the storm in 1991. There was a 6-meter storm surge but we heard didn’t know it was coming. I rebuilt my own house with my own hands. It is very strong and has central columns. We need a killa (plinth) to save our cattle in the next disaster.
rollled metal
shrimps rope
jute
fresh water
bamboo salt
sh
iimestone s
and m
etal metal rods cement
broken bricks
clay
bricks
bricks
clay
bamboo poles
bamboo mat sea water sh
salt water palm tree
The research in Bangladesh was con-ducted in four areas; the salt fields and harbor city of Chittagong, as well as the delta and resort of Barisal. The four sections are composed of a cloud of topics, personal interviews, building types and material flows.
13
The fishing industry isn’t using any land to speak of but is based on the rivers of Bangladesh and the Bay of Bengal.
LIVING OF THE LANDLife in the countryside of Bangladesh is directly linked to the land itself. 90% of the area is used for agricultural production. Fishing, salt & shrimp farming, rice cultivation and stockbreeding are the most common livelihoods in the area. All livelihoods have different requirements, characteristics and coping mechanisms to deal with cyclones.
Land usage Requirements Coping mechanism
Fis
hing
Salt
& s
hrim
pR
ice
Stoc
kbre
edin
g
Salt and shrimp farming requires a large investment to be profitable and are as a result run by large land lords. The sector requires salty water and is located close to the coast, often outside the embankment.
Rice cultivation has a reasonably low investment cost and is often done by small-scale farmers in combination with other work. The sector requires fresh water irrigation and is located inside the embankment.
Stockbreedng can be done at a small household scale. Chicken, goats and cattle are the most common animals.On this scale stockbreeding is rarely the main form of income but rather a complement.
Based on extracting fish from the rivers and the sea the fishing sector doesn’t have any specific land requirements.
Salt & shrimp farming is done at large fields close to the coast. Salty water is pumped into shallow pools, and as the water evaporates the salt is harvested. In the rainy period the same pools are used for shrimp cultivation.
Rice in Bangladesh is cultivated in wet paddies. The paddies require a high amount of fresh water for irrigation.
Smallscale stockbreeding can be done with just a small patch of land. This can be directly adjacent to the home. Stockbreeding requires fresh or dry food for the livestock.
The materials used for fishing (boats and nets) are the biggest concerns in relation to cyclones. To cope with the cyclones the fishing boats are anchored in coves in mangrove forests along the coast.
The salt from the salt fields can be stored in large sacks underground to protect it from the surge wave of the cyclones. No such possibility exists to protect the shrimps.
Due to the seasonal nature of harvesting rice there’s no effective way to protect the rice paddies from cyclones. The harvested rice can, however, be stored on suspended platform inside the home.
To protect the livestock from cyclones they can be brought to specific, raised platforms, killas. These protect the livestock from a storm surge up to a certain height.
THE EMBANKMENTDecisive in settlement patterns of Bangladesh is the embankment. This raised dike is Bangladesh’s first line of defense against cyclones, in particular the storm surge. The embankment divides the land in two, inside and outside. The embankment is largely constructed by the government and the land outside the embankment is usually governmental land, kash land.
Storm surgeThe storm surge is a tidal wave created by the cyclone as the winds put pressure on the surface of the sea. As the cyclone moves inland the wave builds up. The impact of the storm surge is the most destructive aspect of a cyclone. The storm surge of a supercyclone can reach up to ten meters. The storm surge by cyclone Gorki had a height of six meters.
AforestationTo protect the embankment from erosion (mangrove) trees can be planted on the sea side of the embankment. Aforestation has the additional advantage that it lowers the impact of the wind from cyclones.
Road infrastructureThe embankment is, linear and raised above the rest of the land, the basis for the road network in Bangladesh. In the aftermath of a cyclone the embankment is used alongside waterways to bring in relief aid.
Sluice gateEssential for the embankment is a sufficient amount of functioning sluice gates. Insufficient sluice gates can lead to waterlogging during the rainy season while broken sluice gates form a risk during cyclones.
InclinationTo break the wave of the storm surge and protect the embankment against erosion the embankment is constructed with an inclination of 1:5 on the sea side and 1:3 on the inland side.
1
35
The essence of mixed-use cyclone shelters Five points of cyclonic architecture
MULTIPURPOSE CYCLONE SHELTERThe most visible sign of Bangladesh’ struggle against the elements is the cyclone shelters. These concrete buildings are raised above the land, acting as a safe haven during a cyclone and its storm surge. NGOs and the government are now trying to create hybrid functions for these cyclone shelters. For instance: cyclone shelter cum school, cyclone shelter cum mosque, and cyclone shelter cum office. The modernistic concept shows through the five points shown here.
=single purpose cyclone shelter
multi purpose cyclone shelter
concrete structure
Since the great cyclones of 1970 and 1991 a lot of single purpose cyclone shelters have been constructed. The cyclone shelters were only used during cyclones, and were therefore exclusively designed for that use. Due to the resulting lack of daily use outside the cyclone seasons, there was a lack of money to maintain the building. Cyclone shelters therefore deteriorated in due time, some of which had to be demolished later on.
Combining the need for specific functions with the cyclone shelters could optimize the use of cyclone shelters. These structures then become multi purpose cyclone shelters, opening the space for various functions for the community. These include: primary schools, madrasas, office spaces for NGOs, mosques, etc.
Concrete structures in Bangladesh are not very common, especially the rural areas of the country. These ”pucca” buildings could potentially provide shelter for people during cyclones, but most do not provide this option, so that both the cyclone shelters and the concrete structures are single purpose buildings.
primary school
=concrete struture used as cyclone shelter
single purpose school single purpose concrete building
... used also as...
... used also as...
pilotis against flooding
In order to protect the cyclone shelter from storm surges, the building has been raised 6 meters into the air by using pilotis made of concrete.
1roof terrace for extra capacaty
Since the cyclone shelters are often crowded during the disaster, the roof terrace can allow for extra capacity as well as rain water storage for drinking.
2concrete walls for protection
To make sure that all people using the cyclone shelter are safe and sound, the walls have to be strong enough to withstand the strong gusts of wind.
3free floor plan
The floorplan should be free enough, so that the shelter’s program can change all around the year. It can then be used as school or office for instance.
4windows with metal shutters
During a cyclone, the open windows should be protected from outside winds. Metal shutters make sure that everyone inside is safe and sound.
5150m
arsenic, As 33
Latrine pit
Shallow tube wellShallow tube wells are used to extract ground water for drinking. In most areas of Bangladesh shallow tube wells are a health risk due to high levels of arsenic in the ground.
Deep tube wellDeep tube wells are the most common source of fresh drinking water. In order to avoid arsenic poisoning deep tube wells are dug to a depth of 150 meters.
WATER AND THE LAND
Sanitation in the countryside of Bangladesh is solved by latrine pits adjacent to the homes. Latrine pits are usually constructed of concrete ring slabs, a floorplate and a small structure for privacy.
The availability of fresh drinking water is central to life in Bangladesh. With arsenic poisoning and epidemics caused by flash floods it’s the most critical health issue the country has to deal with.
PondsThe pond is the source of water for washing and irrigation. Ponds can be used by a single household or by the community. Pond filtration systems can be installed to provide fresh drinking water from ponds. This system is used in areas where drilling tube wells isn’t possible. If tube wells nor filtration systems are available the ponds might be used for drinking water. This is a big health risk, especially in combinations with flooding and low lying pit latrines. Diarrheal outbreaks occur annually due to this reason.
THE SALT FIELDS30 50
Joshi, fisherman
I go deep sea fishing for a week at a time with my crew of 8 men; we share profit. I own the boat, and it cost me 500,000TK (5000E). I am not insured against disaster. During the last cyclone I stored my boat inside a canal. Last year pirates robbed us.
Ibrahim, fisherman
I moved here 35 years ago when I lost my land through river erosion. I do river fishing now. I don’t own a boat. I also work on my landlord’s field. I sell my fish at the bazaar. My landlord sells his salt to a broker, who hires a boat to transport to the city.
During 1991 cyclone I didn’t believe the warning, and took shelter in a haystack. The shelter is 4 km from here. There was a 6-meter storm surge and three of my sons died in the storm. It took 6 months to repair my house and cost 20,000TK (200E).
Rasheda, housewife
My husband is a day laborer on other farms. He earns 150TK (1,50E) per day. The NGOs call us hardcore poor. I work in the household. Other women in the village think I’m crazy. We don’t have any money to repair our house, or make it stronger.
Razia, shrimp farmer
I used to live in a bamboo house but now we have built a brick and concrete house. Our relatives helped us with the costs. We do not own this land, and we work on our landlord’s land. In the wet season we cultivate shrimp and in dry season collect salt.
In the 1991 disaster I lost my parents and 6 siblings. It took us two years to repair the fields. We also migrated here 30 years ago due to river erosion. We never received any help from NGOs to build back as this is considered a high-risk disaster area.
Mumtaz, teacher
I work as a primary teacher in the cyclone shelter and receive training from an NGO. We have a lot of space. Children start school at age 4. School is free for girls and 50TK a month for boys. During a cyclone warning we evacuate furniture and books.
We would like a megaphone here to sound the alarm but we don’t have it. Our main problems in the shelter after a disaster are with water and sanitation. There are no separate toilets for men and women. We would like to store rainwater on the roof.
Nuran, rice farmer
It took us 3 years to restore the rice paddy after the cyclone in 1991. I employ 12 day-laborers, and share irrigation with other farmers. We moved here to be closer to the cyclone shelter where I am also teaching to pay for my children to attend college.
Ahmedullah, salt farmer
I survived the storm in 1991. There was a 6-meter storm surge but we heard didn’t know it was coming. I rebuilt my own house with my own hands. It is very strong and has central columns. We need a killa (plinth) to save our cattle in the next disaster.
rollled metal
shrimps rope
jute
fresh water
bamboo salt
sh
iimestone s
and m
etal metal rods cement
broken bricks
clay
bricks
bricks
clay
bamboo poles
bamboo mat sea water sh
salt water palm tree
14
15Next to organizing an interdiscipli-nary workshop in Bangladesh, as well as an exhibition, symposium, publi-cation back in the Netherlands, we designed a game to express complex-ities in designing suitable dwellings. Bangla Roulettes’ players experience the architectural dilemmas related to local customs, materials and disaster.
Cyclones hit Bangladesh in the transitional pe-riods before and after the wet season. The wet season brings floods, and cholera outbreaks are common during this time. In order to survive the extreme storm surge of a cyclone, houses and livelihoods have to be adequate
17
The game is played in around the seasons, and each player must build up his house. He makes money according to his livelihood, and can purchase his materials at the bazar. Fate is an important aspect of the cycle, and Insha’Allah cards are a must be drawn as part of the game.
Bangladesh relies heavily on humani-tarian aid and has the largest amount of registerd nongovernmental organ-izations in the world. Unfortunately many of these organizations operate parallel to eachother and there is no central planning in place for disaster relief, rehabilitation or preparedness. NGOs are accountable to the donor.
16
The four players represent the four case stud-ies, an urban and a rural person from both the east and the west. The direction of the cyclone is unpredictable and may strike either side. Saving lives has improved over the last years as Gorki caused 150 000 deaths vs Sidr’s 3500.
18
Pucca (permanent) and katcha (non perma-nent) materials can be bought at the bazar. The game looks at specifically at the rehabilitation period: how to build back better, as the relief phase is covered by cyclone shelters, and long term preparedness involves coastal protection.
19
20
The material pavilion is designed for architec-ture students to research material properties as well as a storage for the sample library. A pro-gram for the sensual experience of the material properties was added.
The pavilion is expressed as wall of drawers, and can be entered when the drawers contain-ing the samples are pulled out. The focus of the project was on the succesful transforma-tion from conceptual design to prototype.
21
The metal drawer system was tested using the Finite Element Method in iDIANA software. This program guided structural design aspects.
The acoustic space where material samples can be tested was designed using BOA software. This program guided us in the choice of wood.
22
The foam insulated heating elements were tested using TRISCO software, in order to de-sign the optimal directional heat.
A prototype was built in the workshop of a composite sandwich beam in an unusual shape. The prototype was built full scale.
23
The beam was designed as a composite of foam and metal. The two were connected with a lot of glue, many C-profiles and bolts!
24
The design and manufacture of the prototype was carried out in a team of two. Skills such as welding, bending and spinning were applied.
25
26In the flat landscape of the Netherlands, large dol-mans have always repre-sented marking points in the landscape. The stones, deposited here during the ice age are places of orienta-tion, ‘eyecathers’. The large stones are still sold in the area where the brief was developed and are a symbol engrained in local culture.
27
28
The design was inspired both by these marking stones, as well as the way they have been piled up to rep-resent a new landscape. The large openings provide lighting shafts for the office interiors. The contrast in materialisation of rough rubble con-crete with glass creates contrast like a precious gem with rough exterior.
29
30A lamp is sometimes a lan-tern, a flashlight, a focused light, or a reading light. This design lets the lamp fold out according to need, and the electrical wiring makes a connection at the hinges which are cast into four U-profile composites. This enables a design with natural fibre, giving a beau-tifully soft glow of light.