post wwi issues over production increase unemployment racism and fear of outsiders league of nations...
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Post WWI Issues
• Over production• Increase unemployment• Racism and fear of
outsiders• League of Nations
divided the country• Deal with issues at
home
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Post WWI America
• Nativism – prejudice against foreign-born people
• Isolationism – staying out of world issues
• Communism – economic and political system based on a single-party gov ruled by a dictatorship
• Anarchist – opposition to any form of gov
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Fear of Communism
The “Red Scare”• 1919• Red = Communism• 70,000 ppl• Laborers• Spread wealth to everyonePalmer Raids • Hunted down communists,
socialists, and anarchists• Violated rights• Didn’t work
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Nativism
“Keep America for Americans”
Sacco and Vanzetti• Italian Immigrants• Anarchists• Sentenced to death for
“robbery and murder”• Little proof
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Nativism
• Ku Klux Klan– 4.5 million people by 1924– Drive out immigrants
• Quota System– 1921– Max. # of immigrants– 150,000 per year– No Japanese
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Isolationism
• G.B. & France had to pay back U.S. for WWI
• Fordney-McCumber Tariff– 60% on imports– G.B. and France couldn’t
sell anything to U.S.
• Dawes Plan – Help Europe get out of debt.1. U.S. loaned Germany $2.5
billion2. Germany paid G.B. &
France3. G.B. & France paid U.S.
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Prohibition
• Alcohol Caused:– Corruption– Crime– Abuse– Accidents– Social Problems
• 18th Amendment– Outlawed the manufacture,
sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
– 1919
• Gov couldn’t enforce it
Elliot Ness- Head Agent of the Untouchables.Incorruptible Federal Agents.Enforce Prohibition.
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Prohibition
• Speakeasies (quietly)– Underground– Hidden saloons/nightclubs
• Bootleggers – Smuggler’s carrying liquor in
boots– Canada, Cuba, West Indies
• Organized Crime– Chicago: Al Capone– $60 mil a year
• 21st Amendment– Repealed Prohibition– 1933
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Science v. Religion
• Fundamentalism– Protestant extremists– Literal interpretation of
the Bible– Skeptical of science
• Darwinism/Evolution
• Illegal to teach evolution in Tennessee– Biology teacher (Scopes)
did anyway– Arrested
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Science v. Religion
Scopes “Monkey” Trial• Clarence Darrow– Defense attorney
• William Jennings Bryan– Prosecutor
• Should science or religion be taught in school?
• July 10, 1925• Scopes was found guilty
and fined $100
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Women’s Suffrage
• Organized• Local, State, Federal• Wide base of supporters• Cautious lobbying• Ladylike behavior• 19th Amendment– 1920– Women’s right to vote
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Women
• Flapper – Emancipated young
woman– New fashions– Bobbed hair
• Double Standard– Greater sexual freedom to
men than women
• Work and Leisure time• Fewer children• More equality
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The “Roaring” 20s!
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“The business of America is business”
Automobile• Assembly Line– One person does same
task over and over
• Opened up America• Gas Stations, motels,
interstate system, etc• Urban Sprawl– Spreading cities– Easier to travel
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Airplane• Charles Lindbergh• Amelia Earhart• Travel, Transportation
(goods/people)
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Day to Day Life
• Average income – Increased from $522 to $705
• Appliances– Irons, Refrigerators, Cooking
ranges, Toasters
• Installment Plan– Buying on credit– Spent money they didn’t
have
• Advertisement– Billboards, Magazines– Play on emotions
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Cities
• “The” place to be!• 2-5 mil people– NYC largest
• Fast paced• Became impersonal and
dangerous
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Mass Communication
• More newspapers– Literacy
• Reader’s Digest• Radio– Wider world
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Art and Entertainment• George Gershwin
– Composer
• Georgia O’Keeffe– Painter
• Sinclair Lewis– Writer – Criticized materialism
• F. Scott Fitzgerald– Writer – “Jazz Age”– Negative side of 1920s
• Ernest Hemingway– Writer – Criticized glorification of war
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Harlem Renaissance
• Literary and artistic movement
• Celebrate A.A.• Harlem, NYC, NY• “Black is beautiful”
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Harlem Renaissance
• Great Migration– 100s of 1,000s A.A.
moved North
“Thinkers”• James Weldon Johnson– NAACP– A.A. rights
• Marcus Garvey– Jamaican immigrant– Build a separate society
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Harlem Renaissance
Writers• Claude McKay– Jamaican immigrant– Resist prejudice and
discrimination– Black ghetto life
• Langston Hughes– Poet– Lives of working-class
A.A.
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Harlem Renaissance
Performers• Paul Robeson
– Son of a slave– Actor– Moved to Soviet Union
• Louis Armstrong– Jazz singer– “scat”
• “Duke” Ellington– Jazz pianist– “scat”
• Bessie Smith– Female blues singer
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Struggling AgricultureDuring WWI • High demand– Increased price
After WWI• Low demand– Too much extra– Decreased price
• Farmers were broke
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Decrease in Spending
Late 1920s• Buying Less• Rising Prices• Stagnant (unchanging)
Wages• Overbuying on Credit• Huge gap between
super wealthy and average American
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1928 Election
Herbert Hoover• Keep the Prosperity!• Did little to help the
economy
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The Stock Market
• Stock – share “piece” of a company
• Stock Market – buying & selling stocks
• Buy low (cheap) and sell high (expensive)– Earn money
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Stock Problems
• Speculation – buying A LOT of stocks then selling individually– Hope for a quick profit– Buy A LOT increases
price– Sell make profit
• Buying on Margin – buying stocks with small % of personal $ and borrowing $ from bank to pay for remainder– Pay back with $ earned
from stock
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The Crash
“Black Tuesday”• October 29, 1929• Stock prices plummeted– 16.4 million shares
(stocks) sold
• People lost $• Margin buyers – didn’t
have $ to pay back
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Panic!
After 1929 Crash• Americans panicked• Withdrew $ from banks• Banks lost all the $ they
invested in the Stock Market– Didn’t have $ to give
people
• 1929 – 600 banks closed• By 1933 – 11,000 of
25,000
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Great Depression
Causes• Tariffs & War Debt• Low demand for goods• Farm Crisis• Credit• Wealth Gap
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Great Depression
• 1929-1940• National production
decreased 50%– $104-$59 billion
• 90,000 bankrupt businesses
• Unemployment increased– 1929- 3%– 1933- 25%
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Great Depression
• Homelessness• Hunger• Unemployment• Hoovervilles– Shantytowns – Shacks build out of scrap– 100s-1,000s of people– Named after Pres. Hoover
• “Let it be” • Did nothing
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Great Depression
• Soup Kitchens– Provided free or low cost food – Charity organizations
• Bread Lines– Lines of people waiting for
food
• Hoboes– Poor drifters– Hitched rides on Railroads– Teenagers– Some fathers/husbands who
couldn’t provide for families– 50,000 hurt or killed
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Great Depression
Rural Life• Some farmers grew
food for families• ½ million lost their land– Foreclosures
• Tenant farming• Faced a devastating
drought– Dust Bowl
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Dust Bowl
• Early 1930s• Great Plains area
– Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado
• Huge dust storms– Dust traveled 100s of miles– All the way to the East Coast
• Crops turned to dust = no food
• Fields blown away• Many farmers migrated to
California
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Effects of Great Depression
• Suicide increased 30%• Alcoholism• Mental hospitals• Kindness to strangers• Savings & Thriftiness
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President Hoover
Boulder (Hoover) Dam• $700 mil• World’s tallest• Electricity• Flood Control• WaterFederal Farm Board• Farm aidFederal Home Loan Bank Act• Homes and BusinessesFew others
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Bonus Army
• 1932• 15,000 WWI veterans• Demanded bonus pay– NOW!– Payable 1945
• Hoover – – “communists and
criminals”– “go home!”
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FDR
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt– Elected 1932
• New Deal– Relief for needy– Economic recovery– Financial reform
• FDR’s Fireside Chats– Radio talks about issues
of public concern– Clear, simple language
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New Deal – 1st 100 Days!
• Glass-Steagall Act (1933)– Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC)• Federal insurance for bank accounts• Up to $5,000
• Federal Securities Act (1933)– Held companies responsible for
all stocks sold
• Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) (1934)– Regulated the stock market– Prevented “rigging”– Inside information
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New Deal – 1st 100 Days!
• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)– Raise prices– Decrease production
• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)– Fix 5 existing dams– Build 20 new– 1,000s of jobs– Flood control– Power
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New Deal• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
– Men– 18-25– Infrastructure– Parks/Planting trees– Environment protection– 3 mil. men– $30 month
• National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)– Public Works Administration– $ for schools
• Civil Works Administration (CWA)– 4 mil jobs– Schools (40,000)– Roads (1/2 mil. Miles)
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New Deal
• National Recovery Administration (NRA)– Standardized prices– Lower unemployment
• Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)– Gov’t loans for foreclosures
• National Housing Act– Federal Housing Administration
(FHA)• Loans for homes
– Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)• $500 mil for direct relief
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Criticism
• Deficit Spending– Gov’t spending $ so Americans
can earn $
• Liberals – not enough action• Conservatives – too much
action• NIRA and AAA were repealed• Huey Long
– Senator from L.A.– Challenged New Deal
Programs