Japan and ChinaPost WWI to Pearl Harbor

Japan: WWIJapan rising as a world power (Meiji restructure)From potential colony to colonizer (Korea/Taiwan) Reduced competition during war = new markets in

AsiaBuilds 3rd largest navyRebuild Tokyo with steel and reinforced concrete

(1923)

Democratic?? 1929 great Depression spurs shift to Dictatorship (US & China use Protective measures)1913-1929 world trade had tripled…now down

50%

China: WW1 China falling into disarray (torn apart by imperialism…unequal treaties,

sovereignty, internal conflict)

1914-Japan, as an ally of France and England, seized German territory in China (want foreign influences out)

China enters WWI (w/ Entente) under belief…return of Shandong

**China sent 140,000 laborers to France to help with the war effort.

Treaty of VersaillesBoth China and Japan expected to gain from

the Treaty.

Japan was given the control of Shandong – a province that Germany had controlled before the war.

* even though promised to China *Chinese reps ignored by “Big 3” *Wilson’s self-determination overlooked * Japan appeased…need support for league

of nations

Shandong, China

May Fourth Movement 1919 Started by students in China in response to Shandong (workers & merchants join)

Goals: Nationalism, progress, patriotism, science, democracy, and freedom

Opposed to: Imperialism, feudalism, war lords, autocracy, patriarchy, and blind adherence to tradition

Two opposing forces (Nationalists & Communists join together for good of nation)

Nationalists- fundamental nature of society does not need to be changed. (Sun Yat-sen)

COMMUNISTS- fundamental nature of society needs to be changed. (Mao)

By 1925 alliance over…tensions return (Sun dies…replaced by Chiang Kai-shek)

Shanghai Massacre (Chiang pretends to support alliance…but attacks communists thousands killed)

Long March…(90-9 thousand)

Communists vs. Nationalists

Nationalists…New Life movement

Mix of Confucianism and Social DarwinismFascist practices…militarization of daily lifeSacrifice for the nationDress code for womenCondemnation of casual sexCampaign against spitting/urination/smokingSaw peasants as backwardsDidn’t see revolutionary potentialWhite WolfCommunists use this to their advantage

Japan’s Conquests :Expansionist Goals

1931-36 Manchuria Jehol & Appeasement *Rise of militarism (unsanctioned attacks and Seizures) * condemned by L.O.N (Japan withdraws)Reign of Terror in Japan (promotes national religion

and divine nature of the Emperor Hirohito)1937 Conquest of China *goal New Asian Order (who better) *said they were anticolonial and pan-Asian *An “Asia for Asians” *But in reality…(demands resources, racial purity, forced labor /prostitution)

Further expansion in Asia?

Germany’s swift occupation of Western Europe…Leaves the colonies of the occupied at Japan’s mercy1940-Pact with Germany1941- Japan occupies French IndochinaMakes demands on Dutch East indies for oil & Rubber

Chief threat to expansion in Pacific is US (interests in China, Philippines, etc)U.S threatens sanctions if they will not retreat to pre

1931 borders…(Japan needs U.S oil & iron) * dilemma….give up SE Asia’s resources or US’s

resources (decision= attack U.S & Euro colonies)

Japan’s conquest of Manchuria –anti Japanese sentiments and boycotts by Chinese

* Mid 30’s begin to extend to Northern China * Chiang decides to appease them (govern the

North) b/c sees Communists as bigger threat * 1936…ends communist threat focuses on Japan * 1937…Clash in Beijing leads to full scale

conflict

Rape of Nanjing (Japan takes the capital)

Japanese Conquest of China

Up to 100 women a day were kidnapped, raped and killed.

By the end of the war (1945) 80,000 “women had been raped, sexually mutilated, and murdered.”

This information is largely the result of Western and Japanese journalists working in Nanjing at the time of the occupation.

Source: www.centurychina.com

Rape of Nanjing

Japanese Conquest

Japan’s GoalsJapanese diplomat declared that “Japan was

fighting for two goals: to prevent Asia from falling completely under the white man’s domination, as in Africa, and to save China from communism.”

The Rising Sun, John Toland, page 48

US ConcernsSF Chronicle suggested that it was:

“ a pressing world-wide issue as to whether the high-standard Caucasian races or the low-standard Oriental races would dominate the world.”

America condemns Japanese expansion into SE Asia Japan’s reaction is that the Japanese takeover of Manchuria (bandit infested) is no different than US intervention in the Caribbean.

The Rising Sun, John Toland, page 55

NegotiationsUS and Japan negotiated from the summer of 1941

until the end of November of that year. While negotiating, Japan had a fallback position that they would attack in the beginning of Dec, 1941.

May have been able to reach agreement if both sides had believed the other

US expected Japan to attack in SE Asia (Thailand, Singapore). Did not expect direct attack on American territory such as Philippines or Guam, and certainly not on Hawaii.

Source: The Rising Sun by John Toland.

Japan and the United States Pearl Harbor http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt13c3olXkU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqbAzj8SVIA&feature=related

Japanese expectations: other war victories 1894 and 1904