Posterior pituitary disorder

Romeo Singh

Posterior pituitary

Romeo Singh

Posterior pituitary

Romeo Singh

The posterior (back) lobe of the pituitary gland releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is also called vasopressin, helps the kidneys (and body) hold on to the appropriate amount water.

Posterior pituitary

Romeo Singh

ADH is produced to help the body conserve the water it contains. Inadequate ADH leads to excessive losses of water through urination. This can result in dangerous dehydration, high sodium levels, and increased thirst. This is a condition known as diabetes insipidus or DI. Too much ADH leads to excessive retention of water by the body and low sodium levels (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion or SIADH).

SIADH

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SIADH is when the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This is a hormone that normally helps the kidneys conserve the correct amount of water in the body. SIADH causes the body to retain water. This lowers the level of sodium in the blood. SIADH is rare. SIADH tends to occur in people with heart failure or with a brain injury that affects the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that works with the pituitary gland to make hormones

SIADH ..other causes

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Inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (meningitis)Inflammation of the brain (encephalitis )Brain tumor PsychosisLung diseaseHead injuryGuillain-Barré syndromeCertain medicines Damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland during surgeryLow amounts of thyroid/parathyroid hormonesHIVHereditary cause

Symptoms of SIADH

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Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each patient. In severe cases, symptoms can include:Nausea or vomitingCramps or tremorsDepressed moodIrritabilityMemory problemsPersonality changes, such as anger and confusionHallucinationsSeizuresComa

siadh

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These tests are done to check:Sodium levels in the bodyPotassium levels in the bodyAmount of substances dissolved in blood and urine (osmolality)

Siadh treatments

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The most common treatment for SIADH is limiting how much fluid and water patient has . If the condition is ongoing (chronic), patient may need to limit fluids for life. Treatment may also include:Use of medicine called vasopressin that blocks the action of ADHSurgery to remove a tumor that is making ADHOther medicines to help manage body fluid volume

diabetes insipidus

Romeo Singh

Diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by not enough antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body. ADH is also known as vasopressin. This is a hormone that helps the kidneys keep the correct amount of water in the body. The condition is also called “water diabetes.”

diabetes insipidus

Romeo Singh

ADH controls how much water is in urine that the kidneys make. ADH is secreted by the hypothalamus. It’s stored in the pituitary gland, and then released into the bloodstream when needed. ADH lowers the amount of water the kidneys make into urine. This helps prevent dehydration. With diabetes insipidus, too much water is pulled from the blood by the kidneys. This causes the body to create a lot of watery urine, and leads to thirst

diabetes insipidus

Romeo Singh

Central diabetes insipidus. With this type, not enough ADH is made or secreted. This is most often because of damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. Typical causes include injury to the brain and rare genetic disorders.Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. With this type, the kidneys don’t respond normally to ADH. This is most often because of medicines or chronic disorders. Some genetic disorders can affect the kidneys from birth. Other causes of kidney problems include kidney failure, sickle cell disease, and polycystic kidney disease.

diabetes insipidus Causes

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A hypothalamus gland that doesn’t make enough ADHA pituitary gland that doesn’t release enough ADH into the bloodDamage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland during surgery or radiation therapyBrain injuryBrain tumorTuberculosisBlockage in the arteries leading to the brainInflammation of the brain (encephalitis)Inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (meningitis)Sarcoidosis Family heredityCertain medicines such as lithium

diabetes insipidus Symptoms

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Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each patient . They can include:Excessive thirstExcessive urinationDehydrationBabies with diabetes insipidus may show signs such as:IrritabilityPoor feedingFailure to growHigh fevers

Test to confirm

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Urine tests.  For this test, a patient will not drink for several hours (or after midnight while asleep). He or she will then urinate twice within 1 hour. The second urine specimen can often diagnose the condition.Blood test. This is done to measure salt (sodium) levels in the blood.Water deprivation test. This test is done in the hospital. It checks if dehydration occurs while a patient doesn’t eat or drink.MRI. This test uses a large magnets and a computer to make detailed images of tissues in the body. The test is done to look for problems with the pituitary gland.

treatments

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Treatment depends on the cause. Treating the cause usually treats the diabetes insipidus.Treatment may be done with synthetic ADH. This may be taken as a pill, injection, or nasal spray. Other treatments include medicines that increase the body to make more ADH. This includes NSAIDs and chlorpropamide.Patient must also drink plenty of fluids. This is to make up for the amount of fluids lost by the body through excess urine.

oxytocin

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Oxytocin is a hormone to contract the uterus during childbirth and stimulate milk production.

If this hormone is not released during child birth then the uterus will not contract and thus can result in complication and even death

If oxytocin is deprive or absent in mothers that recently give birth there will be not production of milk,thus, unable to breast feed baby

Hypopituitarism

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 It is the decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland

Panhypopituitarism This term is used when there is a decreased secretion most of the hormone produced by the pituitary glandSheehan syndrome—ischemic infarct of pituitary following postpartum bleeding; usuallypresents with failure to lactate, absent menstruation, cold intolerance

Happy valentine week

Romeo Singh