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Page 1: POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST PERISHABLE … files/Publications/Outstanding-Awardees B… · POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA~ PERISHABLE CROPS EDITORS Ofelia K. Bautista,
Page 2: POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST PERISHABLE … files/Publications/Outstanding-Awardees B… · POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA~ PERISHABLE CROPS EDITORS Ofelia K. Bautista,
Page 3: POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST PERISHABLE … files/Publications/Outstanding-Awardees B… · POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA~ PERISHABLE CROPS EDITORS Ofelia K. Bautista,

SECOND EDmON

POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA~

PERISHABLE CROPS

EDITORS

Ofelia K. Bautista, PhD . Professor , Elda B. Esguerra, PhD . Research Associate Professor

PoSTHARVEST HORnCULTURE TRAINING AND RESEARCH CeNTER

Postharvest and Seed Sciences Division ' Crop Science Cluster

College of Agriculture· University of the Philippines Los Baiios

College, Laguna, PHIUPPINES

PuIusHED BY mE

-~ lJNMRsnY OF TIE PHnlPPJre Los BANos • COLLEGE, LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES

AND 11£

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DIllMAN, QUEZON CITY

PHILIPPINES

Page 4: POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST PERISHABLE … files/Publications/Outstanding-Awardees B… · POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA~ PERISHABLE CROPS EDITORS Ofelia K. Bautista,

ii

ISBN978-971 - 547 -250-0

The first edition of this book was written by Ofelia K. Bautista in 1990.

Copyright 2007 by the University of the Philippines Los Banos. All rights reserved. Other than for personal use, this book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, whether by mechanical or electronic means, without written permission from the copyright holder.

Cover layout: Drs. Kerry Phil K. Bautista and Kevin F. Yaptenco

Text layout: Dr. Kevin F. Yaptenco

Administrative support: Ms. Aileen Eusebio, Mr. Crispin Taeza, Jr., Ms. Ranee Mabesa, Ms. WellaAbsulio, Ms. Leslie Ann Cazar, Mr. Manuel Marcaida III, Ms. Adela L. Absulio

English editing: Mr. Frank Hilario

Illustrations: Mr. Gil Menorca

Printer: Multinational Printers

Front cover photos show the scope of the book: fresh produce (top) and postharvest technologies (bottom)

Page 5: POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST PERISHABLE … files/Publications/Outstanding-Awardees B… · POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA~ PERISHABLE CROPS EDITORS Ofelia K. Bautista,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

foREWORD [V)

PREFACE [vi)

ABouT THE AUTHORS [vii)

ExTERNAl REVIEWERS fix]

I. INTROOUCllON

1. OVERVIEW OF PosnIARVEST HANDUNG [3] OfelIa It Bautista • MatiIde v. MauNlhan

THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INVOLVED · NEED FOR POSTHARVEST HANDLING POSTHARVEST LOSSES • MILESTONES IN POsTHARVEST LOSS REDucnON . STATUS OF

PosTHARVEST HANDLING EFFORTS· SYSTEMS i'ERSPEC11VE OF POSTHARVEST HANDLING· THE FRESH PRODUCE AGRiBUSII'<"ESS SYSTEM· FACTORS AfFECTING THE FRESH PRODUCE AGRIBUSINESS SYSTEM

II. BASIS OF POSTHARVEST HANDUNG TECHNOLOGIES

2. MORPHO-ANATOMICAL BAsIS OF PosnIARV!Sl' TECHNOLOGIES [21]

PeI1ita A. Nuevo· Ofelia It Bautista

POSTHARVEST INTERACTIONS· MORPHO·ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE · SPECIAL MoRPHOLOGICAL PARTS· ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE· THE DERMAL SYSTEM· THE FUNDAMENTAL TISSUE SYSTEM · THE VASCULAR SYSTEM . MORP~ANATOMY AND PosTHARVEST HANDLING

3. PHYSIO-CHEMICAL BAsIs OF PosntARVEST HANDUNG [33] !dralina P. SerraIIo • OfelIa It Bautista

CHARACTERISTICS OF PERISHABLES THAT DETERMINE POSTHARVEST LIFE . CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND COMMODITY RESPONSE· PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN HARVESTED COMMODITIES· STRESS IN FRESH PRODUCE

4. PHYsICAL PROPBmES OF FRESH PRODUCE FOR PosnwtVEST TECHNOLOGY D£vEloPMEJfT [55] Kevin F. YaptMcu

ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS· OPTICAL PROPERTIES· MECHANICAL PROPERTIES· THERMAL PROFERTIES . ACOUSTICiULTRASONIC PROFERTIES . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

m. PREHARVEST AND HARVEST FACTORS

AFfECTING POSTHARVEST QUAUlY

5. PREHARVfST MoDIFIERS OF Q\JAUlY [77]

Elda B. EIguem • Ofelia It llalllillll

QUALITY. GENETIC FACTORS . CLIMATIC FACTORS . PRODUCTION PRACTICES

6. HARVESTING [87] Eida L hlluem . ore&. It Bautista

PROPER STAGE OF MATURITY . MATURITY INDICES . CONSIDERATIONS IN HARVESTING· MECHANIZED HARVESTING

IV. PAOONGHOUSE OPERATIONS, SrRUCT\JRES & EQUIPMENT 7. TRIMMING, ClfANIIIG AND RDIovAi. OF Exass MOISTURE [113]

0feIiII It Balllillll . Elda 8. &g-.a

SPECIFIC TRIMMING PROCEDURES· OBJECTIVES OF TRIMMlNG · PuRPosES OF CLEANING· CHoosING THE CLEANING METHOD · CHEMICALS FOR THE W ASH WATER· SOuRCES OF CHLORINE FOR WASHING · PROBLEMS DURING WASHING · WATER EUMlNATION

8. CUlUII6 [121] 0feIa It Bautista • Gloria D .............

STAGES OF CURING· METHODS OF CURING· FACTORS AfFECTING CURING . A TrAINING CURING CONIl!TIONS

II. WAXING [127] !Ida 8. Elgu.ra • OfelIa It llautlsta

APPROPRIATE COATINGS· COMMODITIES WAXED· MATERIALS FOR WAX FORMULATIONS· FORMS OF WAXES . EFFECTS OF

WAXING · CONSIDERATIONS IN WAXING · MEnlODS OF WAXING

10. SrANDARDIZATION, GRADING AND INSPEC­TION [135] JOMPhille U. Agravante • OfelIa K. Balllillll

THE PROCESSES INVOLVED· BASIC PARTS OF A STANDARD· AGENCIES lNVOL YEO IN STANDAlUJIZAllON . CHARACTEQ)1X:S OF A GOOD STANDARD· quALITY CRITERIA OF STANDARDS . FORMULATION OF STANDARDS· CURRENT SITUATION Of STANDARDIZATION AND GRADING • BENEFITS Of GRADING . CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL GRADING· INSPECTION · CORRECTIVE ACTION AFTER INSPECTION

11. PACKAGING [153]

JONpbine U. Agravante • OfelIa It Bautlllla

FuNCTIONS OF A PACKAGE· CAUSES OF DAMAGE DuRlNG HANDLING· KINos OF MECHANICAL DAMAGE· SOURCES Of

DAMAGE· KINos OF PACKAGES· USAGE OF CONTAINERS . PACKAGE SELECTION· MEnlODSOf PACKAGING· GlJlllEI.MS FOR PACIONG BY HAND· IMPROVING IN-TRANsrr PACKAGE PERfORMANCE . PREPACIONG . LABELING

12. RIPENING, DEGRmoNG AND COloR ADDING [171] TIto J. Rlmando • Ofelia It Bautistl . !kla B. eso-ra THE ROLE Of ETHYLENE· CLASSES OF FRUITS ACCORDING TO RIPENING PATTERN· ADVANTAGES OF RIPENING REGULATION · RIPENING AND DEGREENING TECIINlQUES . RIPENING AND DEGREENING REQUIREMENTS· TREATMENT WID! ErnYLENE . TREATMENT wrrn ETHEPHON . TREATMENT WID! ACETYLENE · BIOETHYLENE . STRESS ETHYLENE . USE OF INCREASED TEMPERATURE· USE OF SMOKE· SLOWING DOwN RIPENING · COLOR ADDING· TINTING

13. EsTAiUSIIMEIfT OF A PACKIIIGHOUSE [1111] K .... F. Yaptenal

BASI(;CoNcEP1S FORA PACKING\IOtJSE· STEPS IN DESIGNING THE PACKINGHOUSE· OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PACKINGHOUSE· EXAMPLE OF A PACKINGHOUSE DESIGN AND

LAYOUT

iii

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14. PACICJMHOIISI EQuIPMENT AND HAllDUM Am5[207]

KMlF.V ...... SElJ!CTIN(J P AClaNGHOIJSE EQuIPMENr. EQuIPMENr {);sIGN

. BASIC PACKINGHOUSE EQUIPMENT · PACKINGHOUSE

EQuIPMENT FROM NON-ASEAN CouNnuEs

V. MANAGEMENT OF THE PHYsICAl ENVIRONMENT OF PRODUCE 15.PRE~[223J

KMI.F. V ...... • I ....... Q. AIMtDrIo· or.IIII K.a.utIIta

OBJECTIVE . BENEFITS . DRAWBACKS . METHODS .

DETERMINATION OF COOLING RATES LOW-COST ALTERNATIVES TO CoNVENTIONAL i'REcooLERs . STATUS OF

FRECOOLlNO IN SOOlHEAST AsIA

16. fuNDAMENTALS Of R!FRlGERAlION [235J KMI F. V8pl8nco • EmlMlllMl Q. AIMtDrIo 0!IlEC'lTVES . ilENEFITS . BASIc CoNCEPTS ONHEM1'RANsrnl . '!HE V APOR-CoMPREsSION REFlUG£lIATlON CYCLE · COLD

CHAIN SYSTEMS · BASIC REQuIREMENTS FOR REFlUOERAlllD

HANDLING· HEM LoAD CALCULATlONS

17. REFRlGERAliD TRANSPORT AND S'roRAGE [249] KMI F. v ....... or.IIII K. a.utIIta • Em ........ Q.AIMtDrIo O!'ERA:rlON AND MANAGEMENT · CAUSES OF LossEs DURING STORAGE . TERMINATING STORAGE . POST-STORAGE

CONSIDERATIONS . DECIDING ON REFRIGERATION FOR

TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NON-CONVENTIONAL REFRIGERATED STORAGE

18. TRANsPoRT [267J T1tD l. AI ....... EIdIII. &guemt • Sher-. M. OIavu·KMlF.V ...... TRANSPORT STAGES . TRANSPORT SYSTEMS· PROPER TRANSPORT PRACUCES . TYPEs OF STACKlNO TIERs . NON­

CONVENl10NAL TRANSPORT

19. SuPPLEMINlS TO REFRlGERAlION [277] ~ It. Art. . OfelIa K. a.utIIbI

IRRADIATION· CHEMICAL TREATMENTS · ATMOSPHERE

MODlFlCATlON . MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PA~AOlNG . CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE

20. ALliRNAlJVU TO REFRlGERAliD TRAIISPORT AND SToRAGE [299J OfelIa K. a.utIIbI . NokIII S. FIor • KIrvIn F. V8p1Mco

'!HE NEED FOR REFlUOERATlON ALTERNATIVES · DRAWBACKS OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS . EVAPORATIVE COOLING · VENl1LATED CooLING · STORAGE BELOW GROUND LEvEL . ATMOSPHERE MoolFlCAl10N AND OTHER SUPPLEMENTS TO REFRIGERAllON . LIGHT REGULATION · DELAYED OR LATE

HARVEST· CooLINO wrrn A HEAT SINK . EvAPORATIVE­VENTR.ATED COOLERs

VI. PosTHARVEST PEsr MANAGEMENT

Iv

21. PomIARvur INSECT PUT SuPPllESSJON AND DlslHFUTAlION [321] EIdIII. Esg1*TIl • or.IIII K. II8uIIItII PosniARvEsT IMPACT OF INSECT PESTS . IMPORTANT INSECT PEsTS OF HORTICULTURAL PERISHABLES . SANITARY AND

PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES · TERMINOLOGIES USED IN DISINFESTATION · CHARACTERISTICS OF A GooD TRE.m.!ENr . 1'REATME:NTS . FREVENl10N OF REINFESTATION

22. PomIARYEsr DIsEAsE CotmtoL [337J Bd8 I. &guemt • OfelIa K. IIeutI8tII

TYPEs OF PoSTHARVEST DISEASES· SouRCES OF INocULA . Mooos OF ENTRy . CoMMoorrYFACTORS FAVORING DISEASE

DEvELoi>MENr . ENvlRONMENTAL FACTORS FAVORABLE FOR DISEASE DEvELo!>ME:Nr . MAJOR Posn!ARvEsT DISEASES OF

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES AND THEIR CONTROL

PREREQUISITES FOR EFFEcnVE CoNTROL OF POSTHARVEST DISEASES· STRATEGIES FOR DISEASE CONTROL · CHEMICAL

TREATMENTS· PHYSICAL TREATMENTS . BIOLOGICAL CoNTROl

VII. QUALITY AssuRANCE & PREPARATION OF FRESH ClJTS 23. PREPARAlIOM AND HANOUNG OF FRESH CuTs [367] NokIa S. FIor • EIdIII. &guern • GIort8 D. M ........ n TYPEs OF FRESH CUTS . ADVANTAGES OF FRESH Curs·

SrruATION . FRESH Curs AND INTACT 1'RooucE . CHANoES IN FRESH Curs . PRODUCT i'REPARAllON

24. QuAuTY AssuRANCE PROGRAM fOR FRESH PRODUCE [383] EId8 S. fig...,.. . 0hIIII K. II8utIIIa • PertIt8 It. N_

RELATED PRAcnCES AND PROGRAMS . AsPECTS · BENEFITS .

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION . ELEMENTS OF A PROGRAM FOR SAFETY . MAJOR FOOD SAFETY CONCERNS ·

IiAzARDANALYSlSANDCRmCALCONTROLPoDITS · ~ALlTY STANDARDS OR NORMS . AUDITING AND CERTIFICATION . STATUS OF COUNTRY PROGRAMS

VIII. PosTHARVEST Soao-ECONOMICS 25. ECONOMIC YJAlJurv Of PomtARYEsr HANDUNG OPERAlJONS AND TECHNOLOGJU [399] MIIIIIde Y. M8uMIIMI • DonnIta R. dill c.m- . ear- T. AnIgDn

IMPoRTANCE OF EcoNOMIC VlABR.lTY . FACTORS AFFECTING

EcONOMIC VIABlLlTY . EsTlMATlNG PRomABlLlTY· REcoRD KEEPING · EcONOMIES OF ScALE

26. SoaAL DlMENSJON Of PomIARYEsr SYsTEMS IMPROVEMENT [415] DonnIta R. .... c:.rn- . ot.IIII K. .......

COMPONENTS OF THE POSTHARVEST SOCIAL SYSTEM · CoNSlDERAllONS FOR SYSTEMS IMPROVEMENT . FACTORS

AFFECTING PARTICIPANTS' DECISIONS AND ACTIONS ·

ALLIANCES OF MAJOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE CHAIN · ORGANIZATIONS AND/OR INSTITUTIONS . SUPPORTING INSTInmONS AND ORGANlZATlONS

UNITS [427]

GLOSSARY [428]

ScIENTIAC AND CoMMON NAMES OF PROOUCE [437]

INDEX [441]