postmodern terms

7/28/2019 Postmodern Terms

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AAura:

Definition coming soon.

BBody without Organs:Definition coming soon.

CCamp:

A sensibility that revels in artifice, stylization, theatricalization, irony, playfulness,

and exaggeration rather than content, as Susan Sontag famously defined the term in

her short essay, "Notes on 'Camp.'" According to Sontag, "Camp sensibility isdisengaged, depoliticizedor at least apolitical"; however, some postmodernists,

feminists, and queer theorists have explored the ways that camp (for example, thedrag show) can trouble the belief that gender is "natural" or inherent, and cantherefore work against heteronormativity. As Sontag argues, "Not all homosexuals

have Camp taste. But homosexuals, by and large, constitute the vanguardand the

most articulate audienceof Camp." By exaggerating sexual characteristics andpersonality mannerisms, such queer-inflected camp could be said to contend that

all behavior is really performative. Camp is also tied to postmodernism. As Sontag

puts it, "Camp sees everything in quotation marks. It's not a lamp, but a 'lamp'; not

a woman, but a 'woman.'" In this way, the term resembles Linda Hutcheon's verysimilar understanding of parody, which Hutcheon offers as one of the major

characteristics of postmodern art. (See the Hutcheon module on parody.) Camp's

relationship tokitsch is a close one; camp could be said to be a self-conscious kitsch. As Sontag writes, "Many examples of Camp are things which,

from a 'serious' point of view, are either bad art or kitsch," though she also

acknowledges that "some art which can be approached as Camp... merits the mostserious admiration and study." Sontag also distinguishes between "pure camp,"

which amounts to a kitsch that takes itself so seriously that we can now see it as

hilarious (in other words, the camp sensibility is on the side of the audience not theauthor of the work), and "Camp which knows itself to be camp" and is, therefore,

already making fun of itself. (Click here for Sontag's article.)

Cyberspace:


Cyborg:Definition coming soon.

DDifferend:


Dystopia (dystopic):

An imagined universe (usually the future of our own world) in which a worst-case
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scenario is explored; the opposite of utopia. Dystopic stories have been especially

influential on postmodernism, as writers and film-makers imagine the effects ofvarious aspects of our current postmodern condition, for example, the world's take-

over by machines (The Matrix); the social effects of the hyperreal (Neuromancer);

a society completely run by media commercialism (The Running Man); the triumph

of late capitalism (Blade Runner); bureaucratic control run amok (Brazil, 1984);and so on. For a Lesson Plan that ties such stories to postmodern theory, see

the Postmodernism: Lesson Plans: Matrix/Neuromancerpathway.

EEthnicity:


FFashion:


future antrieur:


GGames:


HHistoriographic Metafiction:


Hypertext:


IIncommensurability:


Indeterminacy:


Irony:


J

KKitsch:

The reduction of aesthetic objects or ideas into easily marketable forms. Some

theorists of postmodernism see the "kitschification" of culture as one symptom of
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the postmodern condition. The term can be as difficult to define as its companion

term, "camp," since there are so many disparate examples that can be cited askitsch. Jean Baudrillard provides us with a useful definition: "The kitsch object is

commonly understood as one of that great army of 'trashy' objects, made of plaster

of Paris [stuc] or some such imitation material: that gallery of cheap junk

accessories, folksy knickknacks, 'souvernirs', lampshades or fake African maskswhich proliferate everywhere, with a preference for holiday resorts and places of

leisure" (Consumer Society 109-10). As Baudrillard goes on, "To the aesthetics of

beauty and originality, kitsch opposes its aesthetics of simulation: it everywherereproduces objects smaller or larger than life; it imitates materials (in plaster,

plastic, etc.); it apes forms or combines them discordantly; it repeats

fashion without having been part of the experience of fashion" (ConsumerSociety 111). My class on the Holocaust (HONR 199K) defined kitsch onJanuary

23,2001 by way of Spielberg's film,Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: 1) kitsch

tends to simplify and trivialize complex ideas by reducing them to black-and-white

stereotypes, as Dale Fresch explained (for example, Sean Connery's speech about

the "armies of darkness"); 2) it is oriented to the masses and thus tends towards alowest-common denominator so that anyone can relate; 3) it tends to be tied to

mass consumption and thus to profit-making entertainment. As Baudrillard puts it,"This proliferation of kitsch, which is produced by industrial reproduction and the

vulgarization at the level of objects of distinctive signs taken from all registers (the

bygone, the 'neo', the exotic, the folksy, the futuristic) and from a disordered excessof 'ready-made' signs, has its basis, like 'mass culture', in the sociological reality of

the consumer society" (Consumer Society 110); 4) kitsch remains, on the whole,

completely unselfconscious and without any political or critical edge. When kitschbecomes especially self-conscious it begins to tip over intocamp. The one point in

theLast Crusade where kitsch could be said to tip over into camp is when Hitler

himself signs Indiana Jones' book in the film.

LLanguage Games:


Late Capitalism:


MMetafiction:


NNostalgia:


O
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PParody:


Pastiche:

Definition coming soon.petits rcits:


phrase regimens:


Postmodern Condition:


Q

RReality Principle:Definition coming soon.

Rhizome:


SSchizophrenia:


Secondary Orality:

Definition coming soon.Self-Reflexivity:


Simulacrum (simulacra):

Something that replaces reality with its representation. Jean Baudrillard in "ThePrecession of Simulacra" defines this term as follows: "Simulation is no longer that

of a territory, a referential being, or a substance. It is the generation by models of a

real without origin or reality: a hyperreal.... It is no longer a question of imitation,nor duplication, nor even parody. It is a question of substituting the signs of the

real for the real" (1-2). His primary examples are psychosomatic illness,

Disneyland, and Watergate. Fredric Jameson provides a similar definition: the

simulacrum's "peculiar function lies in what Sartre would have calledthe derealization of the whole surrounding world of everyday reality" (34).

Spatiality:


Sublime:



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TTelevision:


UUncertainty:Definition coming soon.

VVirtual Reality:


WWorld Wide Web:


Alterity Alterity is a philosophical principle of exchanging one's own perspective for that of the

"other".

A lack of personal identity.

See Wikipedia, Alterity,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterity (Jan 2007)

Aporia An aporia is a philosophical puzzle, paradox, or impasse often used in conjunction with

'deconstruction'. A state of wonder and awe due to contemplating the mysteries of life and the universe.

See Wikipedia, Aporia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporia(Jan 2007)

Bricolage Bricolage is a processes by which traditional objects or language are given a new, often

subversive, meaning and context.

Art technique where works are constructed from various available materials ("found

items" or mass-produced "junk").

See Wikipedia, Bricolage, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricolage(Jan 2007)

Catharsis A form of emotional cleansing, first described by Aristotle, which occurs simply from the

passive act of viewing a tragedy.

A postmodern analogy is that the media's focus on violence is the method by which

society cleanses its collective psyche.

See Wikipedia, Catharsis, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis(Jan 2007)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricolagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricolagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis


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Commodification Term used in Marxist economics when economic value is assigned to something not

traditionally considered a commodity.

Examples of commodification include: ideas, culture, identity, and even the human body.

See Wikipedia, Commodification,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodification(Jan 2007)

Constructivism Term attributed to Jean Piaget, who described how knowledge is assimilated and

internalized during the process of learning.

Postmods contend that the process of matching internal models to the real world is

inherently colored by the bias of the observer.

See Wikipedia, Constructivism,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism (Jan 2007)

Cybernetics Cybernetics is a process by which a biological organism enhances its abilities by the

integration of technology.

So called "cyborgs" are a common feature of science fiction (Popular examples include:

Robocop and the Borg).

In postmodernism, much philosophical weight is given to this merging (and

interdependence) of man and technology.

Many consider there to be similar impact due to reliance on everyday items like glasses

or hearing aids.

See Wikipedia, Cyborg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg(Jan 2007)

Cyberpunk Cyberpunk is a science fiction genre based in the near-future and often set in post-

industrial dystopias.

The focus of Cyberpunk has been described as "high tech and low life": technology run

amok with gritty film noir motifs.

Its name is a synthesis of Cybernetics and Punk and often features body modification.

Plots often involve hackers, artificial intelligences, and mega corporations.

Popular examples include: Snow Crash and Neuromancer

See Wikipedia, Cyberpunk,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk(Jan 2007)

Cyberspace A term coined by William Gibson in Neuromancer and Burning Chrome to describe an

all-encompassing, virtual reality internet.

"A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every

nation... A graphic representation of data abstracted from banks of every computer in the

human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind,

clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding..."

A similar term, Metaverse, was used by Neal Stephenson in Snow Crash
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(learning_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(learning_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborghttp://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0553380958?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0553380958http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0441569595?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0441569595http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunkhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=William%20Gibson&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=Neal%20Stephenson&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(learning_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborghttp://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0553380958?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0553380958http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0441569595?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0441569595http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunkhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=William%20Gibson&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=Neal%20Stephenson&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325


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See Wikipedia, Cyberspace,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace(Jan 2007)

Dadaism Dadaism was a cultural movement which attempted to reject and destroy the prevailing

standards in art through anti-art. It was a reaction to the horrors of World War I, which its followers believed was due to the

reason and logic of the modernists.

Dada strove to have no meaning and its works are often described as random or without

organization.

Ironically, Dada became an influential movement in modern art (examples include

Duchamp's "readymades" found objects)

See Wikipedia, Dada, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada(Jan 2007)

Deconstruction Deconstruction is a term coined by the French philosopherJacques Derrida for a process

of critiquing literature and language.

It analyzes the built in bias of language and questions its ability to represent reality.

Critics see deconstruction as oversimplified and "sloppy" intellectual approach to

attacking modernism.

See Wikipedia, Deconstruction, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction (Jan 2007)

Dystopia Dystopias are societies usually characterized by decay and/or oppressive governments.

Relevant authors include Kurt Vonnegut and William Gibson

See Wikipedia, Dystopia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia(Jan 2007)

Flattening of Affect Flattening of affect is a scientific term describing a person's detachment and lack of

emotional reactivity.

Used in the postmodern literature to describe technology's dehumanizing impact.

A key example is the move 2001, where the main characters lose their humanity

whereas the computer HAL gains "his".

See Wikipedia, Blunted affect, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunted_affect(Jan 2007)

Hyperreality Hyperreality is a symptom of postmodern culture where a person loses their ability to

distinguish reality from fantasy.

The hyperreal world is often thought of as an idealized enhancement of reality, much

preferable to the real life equivalent.

Present day examples could include reality television, pornagraphy, or multi-player online

games.

See Wikipedia, Hyperreality,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperreality(Jan 2007)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadahttp://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=Jacques%20Derrida&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstructionhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=kurt%20vonnegut&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=william%20gibson&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopiahttp://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00005ASUM?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B00005ASUMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunted_affecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunted_affecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperrealityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperrealityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperrealityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadahttp://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=Jacques%20Derrida&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstructionhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=kurt%20vonnegut&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=william%20gibson&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopiahttp://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00005ASUM?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B00005ASUMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunted_affecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperreality


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Kitsch Kitsch was originally a German term used to categorize art that is considered an inferior

copy of an existing style.

Art (often commercially mass-produced) that is done in bad taste or tries to be overly

campy or sentimental. From Baudrillard: "one of that great army of 'trashy' objects, made of plaster of Paris or

some such imitation material".

See Wikipedia, Kitsch, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch(Jan 2007)

Modernism Mordenism is associated with the period of the mid 20th century.

It is associated with constant change in the pursuit of progress, achievable through

rationality and logic.

In contrast, Postmodernism takes a less optimistic view where constant change becomes

the status quo and progress obsolete.

See Wikipedia, Postmodernism,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism(Jan 2007)

Panopticon Panopticon is derived from the Greek opticon (see) and pan (all).

A type of prison designed to allow the guards to observe all prisoners without their

knowledge.

The goal is to convey a feeling of "invisible omniscience" over the minds of the prisoners.

The panopticon is a symbol in many dystopian novels, most notably George

Orwell's 1984

See Wikipedia, Panopticon, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon(Jan 2007)

Pastiche Pastiche is a tongue-in-cheek imitation or tribute used in literature, art, music, movies,

etc.

Performed with respect to, or in homage to, other works (as opposed to parody which is

done in ridicule or sarcasm).

A popular example is the cartoon The Simpsons, known for its pop culture references

and recycled plots.

See Wikipedia, Pastiche,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastiche(Jan 2007)

Punctuated Equilibrium A theory in evolutionary biology by which otherwise slow evolutionary change happens

during sporadic periods of great change.

Postmodernism analogy of technological or cultural change, often used in conjunction

with "tipping point" or "singularity".

See Wikipedia, Punctuated

equilibrium, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium (Jan 2007)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0451524934?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0451524934http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastichehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastichehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastichehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernismhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0451524934?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0451524934http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastichehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium


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Simulacra A simulacra is a copy of a copy, so far removed from its original, that it can stand on its

own and even replace the original.

Term defined by Jean Baudrillard in "The Precession of Simulacra" from Simulacra and

Simulation"It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperreal.... substituting the

signs of the real for the real".

Examples included Disneyland, psychosomatic illness, and the Watergate scandal.

Another example is the cartoon Betty Boop, who has now become an icon for the long

forgotten actresses she was based on.

See Wikipedia, Simulacrum, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulacrum(Jan 2007)

Semiotics Semiotics is the study of signs, symbols, and how meaning is constructed and

understood.

Linguist Ferdinand de Saussure proposed the deferentiation between the spoken word

(signifier) and mental concept (signified).

See Wikipedia, Semiotics,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics(Jan 2007)

Steampunk Steampunk is an off-shoot of cyberpunk set in the steam-powered Victorian era.

A type of speculative fiction where fictional and real technologies occur at an earlier date.

See Wikipedia, Steampunk,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steampunk(Jan 2007)

Virtual Reality Virtual Reality is a simulation technology providing an immersive computer-generated

environment.

The environment may be real (medical applications) or imagined (the Matrix).

See Wikipedia, Virtual Reality, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality (Jan 2007)
http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=jean%20baudrillard&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0472065211?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0472065211http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0472065211?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0472065211http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulacrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steampunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steampunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_realityhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&keywords=jean%20baudrillard&tag=postmod-20&index=books&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0472065211?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0472065211http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0472065211?ie=UTF8&tag=postmod-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0472065211http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulacrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steampunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality

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