posttraumatic s tress disorder
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Posttraumatic S tress Disorder. How experiencing trauma can haunt us long after the crisis has passed. PTSD in general. The rare disorder in which the cause (trauma) is a necessary part of the diagnosis - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
How experiencing trauma can haunt us long after the crisis has passed
PTSD in general
• The rare disorder in which the cause (trauma) is a necessary part of the diagnosis
• Basically when a severe trauma causes severe stress followed by avoidance, the re-experiencing of trauma, numbness, anxiety and heightened arousal
• Around for millennia, finally merited recognition after Vietnam
Changes from DSMIV
• No longer need to experience horror, grave fear, or helplessness at the time of the event
• Many didn’t but later had necessary symptoms
• Definition of requisite trauma is narrowed – no longer are media reports enough
• Symptoms must commence after the event• Need avoidance but not numbness in DSM5
Arises from only BIG traumas
• Must have experienced or witnessed an event that involved actual or near death, severe injury or sexual violation
• Rape can bring it on• Most common precipitating event• 1/3 of the time, it does• Four categories of symptoms
Uncontrolled reexperiencing
• Intrusive, repetitive memories or nightmares of event
• Reminders of event cause heightened arousal• Dark alley, if similar to site of rape• Flat roof buildings if similar to site of sniper
attack
Avoidance of Stimuli
• Anything that recalls event is avoided• Afghan war vet avoids deserts• Survivor of train crash won’t get on again• Avoiding even thinking about event often
backfires, causing reexperience instead
Mood and/or Cognitive changes
• Inability to recall aspects of the event• Persistent negative mood/thoughts• Blaming self for event• Difficulty experiencing pleasure• Lack of interest in old activities• Estrangement from others
Increased Arousal
• Easily angered and/or aggressive• Trouble with sleep• Hypervigilance• Reckless or self-endangering behavior• Trouble concentrating • Exaggerated startle response• All confirmed by objective physiological tests
Other aspects
• Symptoms tend to be chronic • Increased risk of suicide, self hurt• Higher risk of early death due to medical,
accidental causes• Women 2x more likely to receive diagnosis• Most likely because sex abuse predisposes• Ethnic considerations also can play a role
Acute Stress Disorder
• For people who suffer similar symptoms 3 days to one month after event
• Doesn’t last as long• High risk of PTSD in next 2 years.• Changed by DSM5 to be very similar to PTSD• But isn’t it natural to have a reaction shortly
after a harrowing event?• Also, most who develop PTSD don’t get ASD.
Comorbidity
• If at 26 you have PTSD, 90+% chance of another condition before 21 – 2/3s anxiety
• • Other common comorbid conditions include
depression, substance abuse and conduct disorder
Etiology – just like anxiety
• Marked similarity with anxiety disorders – explaining why they are grouped so closely in DSM
• Genetic risk for one = risk for the other• Also, hyperactivity of fear circuit and amygdala• Too much attention to threat cues• Neuroticism predicts both both
Return to two-factor model
• The two-factor model for Phobias explains PTSD • Bagdad vet was attacked (UCS) while walking
through urban area with low rooftops (CS)• Now flat rooftops are so stressful he avoids them• The avoidance behavior is reinforcing (causes
feelings of belief) so it is engaged in repetitively • With no exposure to CS, extinction never occurs
Unique causal agents – severity
• More severe, higher chance• Fighting in Vietnam – 20% chance• POW in Nam – 50%• Assigned to collect body parts of dead – 65%• In WWII, incidence of PTSD correlated with
casualties in battalions• Prediction – 98% after 60 days of combat• Similar findings after 911
Another factor – Who’s responsible?
• Traumas caused by humans (war, rape, assault) are more likely to cause
• Challenge our assumption that humans are good or fair?
• Just world hypothesis flipped upside down?
The Brain’s role
• Amygdala too revved up• Medial prefrontal ineffective – failure to corral
the amygdala• Even more crucial may be the hippocampus,
our “gateway to memory”• Those with PTSD have a smaller hippocampus
which likely precedes the disorder
Coping with Trauma
• How we cope with the trauma both during and after effects whether PTSD will follow
• Avoiding thinking about the trauma backfires• Dissociation – event is split off from regular
consciousness• Those who drift away from trauma often
develop PTSD• Found true for rape victims and PTSD
Two things that help
• Intelligence – those with higher intelligence develop PTSD less
• Social Network – more high quality relationships to discuss and share experience, better chance of dodging PTSD
• Amazingly, some have used horrible traumas as a catalyst for personal growth
Treatment of PTSD & ASD
• Exposure – victims are encouraged and helped to face the memories and reminders of the original trauma to gain mastery
• Can either go to the actual scene or intentionally remember it – imaginal exposure
• Both work better than just meds or unstructured psychotherapy
• These are difficult, painful and time-consuming but they work
Medications & PTSD
• SSRIs have shown considerable effectiveness in helping overcome symptoms of PTSD in several controlled clinical trials
• However, once the meds stop, the problems return
Cognitive therapies
• Various cognitive strategies have helped victims overcome PTSD
• Cognitive Processing Therapy has shown success in decreasing self-blame and guilt
• But it is uncertain as to whether these provide benefits above and beyond exposure treatments
Treating ASD
• Using short-term cognitive behavioral techniques seems to prevent ASD from turning into PTSD
• Replicated 5 times• Risk drops from 58 to 32%• These gains can last for years