pottery production during the late jomon period insights from the chemical analyses of kasori b...

7/24/2019 Pottery Production During the Late Jomon Period Insights From the Chemical Analyses of Kasori B Pottery

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Pottery production during the Late Jomon

period: insights from the chemical

analyses of Kasori B pottery

Mark E. Hall)

Archaeology Department, Niigata Prefectural Museum of History, Sekihara-cho 1, Gongendo 2247-2, Nagaoka 940-2035, Japan

Received 4 January 2002; received in revised form 31 March 2003

Abstract

The minor and trace element chemistry of 175 Late Jomon pottery sherds was determined using energy dispersive X-ray

fluorescence (EDXRF). The sherds came from six contemporary sites in the Kanto region and belong to the Kasori B style of

pottery. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the number of variables and model-based cluster analysis was used

to find clusters in the PCA scores. Model-based clustering found two clusters in the data set; these two clusters correspond to the

local sedimentary raw materials near the sites.

2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF); Late Jomon pottery; Kanto region; Kasori B pottery; Model-based cluster analysis

1. Introduction

Kasori B pottery is a specific style of pottery used in

the Kanto region (i.e. Tokyo Bay region) during the

Late Jomon period.1 The decorative elements of Kasori

B pottery are characterized by cord marking within

sharply outlined areas, some use of comb marking, and

minimal use of raised relief and applique [22,29: pp.

169e225, pp. 278e280]. The style is further sub-divided

based on the decorative elements in use and their

location on the pot. Characteristic vessel shapes are deep

and shallow bowls, spouted pots, and some pedestaled

bowls and jars[22: pp. 196e210; 32: pp. 70e75]. Kasori

B is noted for being well-fired, having a fine fabric with

few visible inclusions or temper, and compared with

earlier Jomon pottery styles, it has thin walls [22:

p. 171]. There is no evidence that Kasori B pottery was

shell-tempered.

Compared to the preceding Middle Jomon period,

a number of changes are evident in the archaeological

record for the Late Jomon period ( for reviews in

English see [23: pp. 72e77; 18: pp. 111e125; 32]). The

most striking change is in the number of settlements.

For the Kanto and Chubu regions it is particularly

marked, going from several thousands of sites in the

Middle Jomon period to just more than two thousand in

the succeeding Late Jomon period [18: p. 95, 96; 23: p.

72]. In the Kanto region, during the Late and Final

Jomon periods, there is a trend towards riverine and

coastal settlements that exploited a variety of marine

resources[22: p. 169, 170; 23: p. 73; 36: p. 54] .

Archaeological materials suggest an increase in ritual

activity during the Late Jomon period. Ritual artifacts,

) Archaeological Research Facility, UC Berkeley, 2251 College

Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.Email address: [email protected] Depending on the scholar, the Late Jomon period is dated from

circa 2400e1000 BC [23] or circa 1500e1000 BC [31,32]. In part, the

discrepancies in dating are due to basing the chronologies off of the

pottery typologies and only minimally using radiocarbon dates.

Calibrated radiocarbon determinations place the floruit for Kasori B

pottery from 2300 to 1650 BC. The radiocarbon dates were compiled

from Keally and Muto [21]. The flourit was calculated using the SUM

function of the OxCal Radiocarbon Calibration Program, Version 3.6.

In the calibration, no constraints were placed on the dates. The

radiocarbon dates are from terrestrial materials like wood; a total of

five dates have been run from three different sites. Two radiocarbon

dates from shells were not included since there are currently no DR

values available for Japan.

Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (2004) 1439e1450

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas

0305-4403/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2004.03.004
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such as stone rods, stone phalli, and figurines, become

more common. Throughout Japan, burials became more

numerous and with new forms, such as stone lined

burial pits[36: p. 68]. A tradition of building small stone

circles also begins in eastern and northern Japan.

Since there is a dearth of stone resources in the Boso

peninsula, the lithic artifacts found there are believed tobe evidence of a trade/exchange network. From the

Earliest Jomon period onwards, marine products are

believed to have been traded for lithic raw materials.

Despite being hunter-gatherers, productive specializa-

tion is believed to have intensified during the Late

Jomon period. Sites devoted to salt production have

been excavated in Chiba Prefecture. It is believed that

the salt was traded to Jomon communities further

inland. Kidder[22: pp. 171e5], on the basis of the uni-

formity in size, shape and decoration of bowls and

spouted pots, has suggested that specialized pottery

production began during the Late Jomon period in the

Kanto region.

In this paper, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence

(EDXRF) was used to determine the minor and trace

element chemistry of 175 sherds of Kasori B style

pottery. Model-based cluster analysis was then used on

the principal component scores in order to determine

the number of geochemical clusters in the data set.

Afterwards, the relationship between site location and

the geochemical clusters was examined. If sherds from

different sites belong to the same cluster, then it can be

assumed that:

1. The potters utilized raw materials that were geo-

chemically similar, and prepared the paste in similar

fashion.

2. People were moving pottery between sites, possibly

part of a trade/exchange/re-distribution network be-

tween settlements. This could be evidence for pro-

ductive specialization.

2. Archaeological materials

In this study, the majority of the samples came from

excavations of Late Jomon shell midden sites in the

eastern Kanto region (Fig. 1). All the sites are located in

modern day Chiba Prefecture (Boso peninsula). While

Kamisinjuku is today well inland, it is in the drainage

basin of the Edo and Tone Rivers. During most of the

Jomon period, this region was a shallow bay or estuary

area [38]. The Danozuka Kofun (Naruto-cho), Kutsu-

kake, and Takeshi sites are located near rivers that criss-

cross the Boso peninsula [35]. Yahagi is near the coast

of Tokyo Bay, while Yoyama is situated on the Pacific

coast[6,7,25].

Excavations of the above-listed sites revealed no pit

houses dating to the Kasori B phase. The Kasori B

pottery from the Danozuka kofun was found in the soil

comprising the mound. Since the kofun is close to the

Naruto river, a Late Jomon site is suspected to have

been somewhere close to it [35].

Fig. 2illustrates some typical forms of Kasori B pots.

The majority of sherds that were analyzed were small

body sherds; the type of vessel they were from is uncer-tain. A few of the specimens were rims from some type

of bowl or jar. Decoration consists of cord marking,

comb marks and applique . The smudging on some of

the sherds is believed to be due to use in a cooking fire.

The geology of the northern half of the Boso penin-

sula consists of alluvial and marine sediment gravels,

muds, sands and volcanic ash [14: p. 15; 19]. There are

no stone resources in this area. Marine sediments of

a Holocene date encircle most of the Boso peninsula

including the Tone river basin.2 The interior of the

northern half of the Boso peninsula consists of Pleisto-

cene sediments. Kamisinjuku, Yahagi and Yoyama are

within 5 km of both sediments formed during both the

Pleistocene and Holocene[19]. The other sites involved

in this study are located on sediments formed during

Pleistocene and are over 5 km away from marine

sediments formed during the Holocene [19].

3. Analytical procedure

X-ray intensity data were generated using a Philips

PV9550 EDXRF machine equipped with a rhodium

X-ray tube, a 0.1 mm silver filter and an EDAX DX-4

X-ray analyzer. The X-ray tube was operated at 50 kV,100mA and generated an incident X-ray beam approx-

imately 1 cm in diameter. The Ka

andLa

intensity data

were collected for 500 s lifetime for the following ele-

ments: barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), gallium

(Ga), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni),

niobium (Nb), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), thorium

(Th), titanium (Ti), yttrium (Y), zinc (Zn), and zirconium

(Zr).3 The X-ray intensities are converted to concentra-

tion values using a Compton scatter matrix correction

and the linear regression of a set of Geological Survey of

Japan (GSJ) standards. Inter-element effects are ac-

counted for by using a Lucas-Tooth and Price correc-

tion. The methodology is similar to that described in

Davis et al. [8].

2 Most of Chiba Prefectures northern boundary is demarcated by

the Tone river.3 The accurate measurement of lighter elements such as Ca and K,

requires a fused sample to made, or a flat, polished surface. With this

in mind, the Ca values reported here should be considered only as

semi-quantitative. While surface morphology can have an effect on the

concentration values, work by Davis et al. [8] has demonstrated that it

is a minor source of error for the Fe, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sr, Ti, Y, Zn, and Zr

contents in obsidian.

1440 M.E. Hall / Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (2004) 1439e1450


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The estimated detection limits and the X-ray count-

ing and least squares linear regression fitting error

uncertainty estimates are listed in Appendix 1. Stand-

ards of known composition were always run with the

unknowns to monitor the performance of the EDXRF

machine. The results are presented in Appendix 2. The

accuracy and precision, as measured by the coefficient of

variation, is less than 20% for the majority of the

elements measured in this study.

Since the sherds examined in this study are classed

as cultural properties, destructive analyses were not

permitted. The cross-section of each sherd was prepared

as described in Hall [15: p. 62, 63]. While some may

question the validity of this approach, Anders et al. [1]

demonstrated the utility of EDXRF analyses on the

surface of earthenware ceramics.

Post-depositional chemical alteration could be a mi-

nor concern for some elements measured in this study.

The work by Hedges and McLellan [17] demonstra-

ted that Ca and Mn contents in ceramics could be

altered by groundwater. For the other elements

measured here, other factors must be kept in mind.

First, fired clay has a much lower cation exchange

capacity than raw clay[17]. Second, the majority of the

Fig. 1. Map of the sites on the Boso peninsula. Site names are in the bold type. The modern prefecture names and geographic features are in smaller

letters.

1441M.E. Hall / Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (2004) 1439e1450


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sherds came from shell middens; the surrounding soil

would have been basic or neutral. The mobility of Cu,

Rb, and Sr is dependent on factors such as pH, water

flow and the mineral species present [37]. Ga, Nb, Th,

Ti, Y and Zr are only mobile in extreme metamorphic

conditions [40].

4. Statistical methodology

For the statistical analyses, the elemental values were

first transformed to log base 10 values.4 For cases below

the detection limit, one half the detection limit was used

in the transformation and subsequent data analysis.

PCA wasthen used to reduce the dimensionality of the

data set.5

Model-based cluster analysis using the classification

maximum-likelihood approach was used to determine

the number of clusters in the PC scores. Mathematical

treatments, including discussions of the advantages and

disadvantages, of model-based clustering using the clas-

sification maximum-likelihood approach can be foundin Banfield and Raferty [4], Fraley [9,10], Fraley and

Raftery[11e13], and Papageorgiou et al. [30]. The clas-

sification maximum-likelihood approach fits multiva-

riate normal (MVN) groups to the data using the EM

algorithm. Initial groups are determined by hierarchical,

agglomerative clustering methods. Next, the EM algo-

rithm is then used to re-allocate cases to satisfy the

particular model (see below). Re-allocation is done to

Fig. 2. Drawings and photograph of Kasori B pottery. Deep bowls (A, D), shallow bowls (B, C, E), and a pedastaled bowl (F). Cord-markingdecoration is represented on two of the shallow bowls (B, C) and the pedastaled bowl. Comb-marking decoration is on the other vessels. The

photographs contain some of the sherds from the Yoyama site.

4 Like many other pottery studies, it is assumed here that the log 10

transformation normalizes the geochemical data, and that there are

multivariate normal groups in the log-transformed data. As noted by

Pollard [33], this assumption has not been rigourously tested.

5 The PC scores were calculated using the MULTIV library [28] in

R for Windows, Version 1.1.0.



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maximize the conditional probability that a given case

belongs to its assigned cluster for the given number of

clusters.

To determine the appropriate number of clusters and

clustering model, the Bayesian Information Criterion

(BIC) is calculated for all possible cluster configurations

[13,20]. The higher the BIC value, the stronger theevidence for the model.6 In comparing models, a differ-

ence of 2 to 6 is positive evidence, from 6 to 10 is strong

evidence, and greater than 10 is considered very strong

evidence[20].

MCLUST [10] as implemented in R for Windows,

Version 1.1.0 [34] is used in this study. Multivariate

normal models with the following conditions can be fit

with MCLUST: (1) spherical distributions with equal

volume and shape (EI); (2) spherical distributions with

variable volume, but equal shape (VI); (3) ellipsoidal

distributions with equal orientation, shape, and volume

(EEE); (4) ellipsoidal distributions with variable volume,

shape and orientation (VVV); (5) ellipsoidal distribu-

tions with equal shape and volume, but variable orienta-

tion (EEV); and (6) ellipsoidal distributions with variable

volume and orientation, but fixed shape (VEV).7 The

algorithms for the program have been published in

Fraley[9].

Discriminant analysis with cross-validation was

done on the log-transformed variables in order to assess

the validity of the clusters obtained from the model-

based clustering. Discriminant analysis was done us-

ing the MASS library in R for Windows, Version 1.1.0

[39].

5. Compositional data and statistical analysis

Table 1contains the minor and trace element data for

each sherd. All values, except for Ca and Fe, are listed in

parts per million (ppm).

PCA was done on the covariance matrix of the log-

transformed data. Before the log transformation was

done, the Ca and Fe values were converted to the ppm

level. The eigenvalues are listed inTable 2. The first five

principal components account for over 90% of the

variation in the data. The first two principal compo-nents, which account for nearly 63% of the variance,

have their respective scores plotted inFig. 3.

Outliers were sought in the PC scores using the

boxplot method (see [5]). Thirteen cases were found to

be outliers; they are noted inTable 1.

From 1 to 10 clusters were sought in the PC scores.

The BIC values for the three most likely solutions are

listed inTable 3.There is very strong evidence for the

existence of two elliptical clusters of equal size, orienta-tion, and shape in the PC scores.

The classified cases and their clusters are listed in

Table 1.Fig. 3is a plot of the first two PC scores with

ellipses representing the 90% confidence level for mem-

bership in each group. In all bi-variate projections of

the PC scores, there is some overlap between the two

clusters at the 90% confidence level. Despite the overlap,

more than 75% of the 162 cases have an uncertainty of

classification less than 1% (see[12: p. 6]).

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with cross-

validation using the log-transformed variables correctly

classifies 97% of the cases for the two cluster model.

Only five cases out of 162 are misclassified.

Table 4 lists the average elemental values for each

group. For a significance level of 90% (a 0:10) and

a power of 0.8 (b 0:8), a two-sided difference of means

test indicates that there are significant differences

between the Ba, Ca, Cu, Rb, Sr, and Y contents of the

two clusters.

6. Discussion

Statistically significant differences exist in the Ba, Ca,Cu, Rb, Sr, and Y contents of the two clusters. While

these differences could be due to alteration, some things

must be kept in mind. First, for clays originating in

a marine environment, the Ba content of the clay can be

dependent on the formation processes of the sediment

[27]. The Ca content can reflect minerals in the parent

clay or the tempers added to the clay, such as lime or

carbonates. Also, sediments forming in a marine envi-

ronment generally have a higher Ca content than non-

marine sediments.8 As noted above, the mobility of Cu,

Rb, and Sr is dependent on a variety of factors such as

pH, water flow, and mineral species present. Finally, Y

is generally immobile in aqueous environments.A contingency table examining site location and the

geochemical clusters present at each site is in Table 5.

The chi-square statistic for this contingency table is

135.9 and is highly significant (p!2:2!1016). This

chi-square indicates that there is a significant association

between the chemical cluster and site location.

The relationship between the types of sediments near

the sites and the two clusters can also be examined. A

2!2 table created from Table 5 (rows are sediment

6 The definition of the BIC value is reversed in MCLUST; most

other authors and programs want the BIC value minimized. The

reasons for this can be found in Fraley and Raftery [11: p. 6].7 While some simulation studies have been done [4], the effect of

large and numerous deviations from normality on the MCLUST

program has not been examined. Given the way the program is coded,

the answer in part depends on the number of cases and variables.

Furthermore, the program terminates with error messages when

groups with singular covariance matrices are found. 8 Thanks are in order to the reviewer who pointed this out.



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Table 1

Minor and trace element composition of the Kasori B sherds

Sample Site Ca (%) Ti Mn Fe (%) Ni Cu Zn Ga Pb Th Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Ba Group

ka:006a Kamisinjuku 2.08 6579 1351 5.38 32 82 134 22 14 9 63 186 19 127 19 1077 1

ka:006b Kamisinjuku 1.97 6766 874 5.00 93 89 130 35 13 10 48 137 18 136 21 752 1

ka:006c Kamisinjuku 2.33 7453 814 2.60 32 84 140 26 21 16 98 293 19 190 18 1874 1

ka:007a Kamisinjuku 1.83 4890 538 3.00 22 81 88 32 17 15 59 171 26 119 30 832 1

ka:017a Kamisinjuku 2.06 5826 721 2.87 36 94 148 29 14 10 69 177 15 160 16 1705 1

ka:021a Kamisinjuku 1.95 6182 672 2.26 62 75 104 29 18 13 67 202 22 150 27 1186 1

ka:025a Kamisinjuku 2.07 5029 638 2.54 74 73 92 33 22 14 47 183 29 109 34 985 1

ka:025b Kamisinjuku 2.16 5715 667 3.89 26 106 103 33 11 10 53 199 20 135 23 1149 1

ka:c:007b Kamisinjuku 1.98 5454 757 3.68 69 71 96 27 23 12 44 146 27 105 36 736 1

ka:c:25b Kamisinjuku 2.24 5410 571 3.41 25 63 99 24 31 14 45 169 24 116 31 890 1

ka:c:25c Kamisinjuku 2.05 5628 640 3.38 65 69 89 28 15 11 46 147 24 119 31 964 1

ka:c21a Kamisinjuku 1.92 6083 795 3.84 47 80 113 34 30 13 72 169 20 135 21 1284 1




ku:001 Kutsukake 1.23 6906 617 3.24 36 131 112 44 40 13 27 84 20 141 25 823 2

ku:002 Kutsukake 1.24 5078 641 1.88 94 91 103 32 20 19 36 75 30 123 41 601 2

ku:003 Kutsukake 0.82 6643 715 4.44 81 88 100 24 10 11 36 70 19 134 30 676 2

ku:004 Kutsukake 1.15 7386 1034 4.63 54 177 131 33 11 10 57 95 17 144 13 1154 2

ku:005 Kutsukake 1.46 4848 476 1.46 101 180 117 27 24 17 55 76 27 132 36 931 outlier

ku:006 Kutsukake 1.11 7666 573 3.46 49 128 96 24 12 12 37 63 18 164 24 814 2

ku:007 Kutsukake 1.40 7963 667 3.05 21 108 102 35 17 11 38 92 21 133 24 828 2

ku:008 Kutsukake 1.18 4432 533 1.75 64 81 100 35 22 18 34 70 31 106 44 666 2

ku:009 Kutsukake 1.14 5295 519 2.74 145 102 78 25 16 15 32 72 22 117 33 660 2

ku:010 Kutsukake 1.34 6919 570 3.01 107 96 109 32 32 12 38 87 20 117 24 859 2

ku:011 Kutsukake 1.31 5884 643 2.46 64 115 136 38 40 18 48 74 21 146 31 898 2

ku:012 Kutsukake 1.37 7602 966 2.87 145 149 100 45 55 18 38 65 25 124 35 891 2

ku:013 Kutsukake 1.40 6623 626 2.39 121 115 147 27 18 13 52 108 23 114 29 1023 1

ku:014 Kutsukake 1.15 7366 860 3.54 35 83 85 31 34 11 31 90 14 155 22 958 2

ku:015 Kutsukake 1.06 5710 658 2.61 24 93 77 26 17 11 43 59 25 132 33 832 2

ku:016 Kutsukake 1.27 5220 657 2.54 125 84 81 33 25 14 31 65 25 102 34 843 2

ku:c0001 Kutsukake 1.01 6004 613 3.75 60 106 111 33 16 10 24 63 20 117 28 848 2

ku:c0002 Kutsukake 1.52 6026 530 2.73 76 78 143 22 20 9 46 156 23 127 29 2242 1

ku:c0003 Kutsukake 1.30 8549 577 3.15 40 133 199 28 22 9 36 117 16 171 18 2061 2

ku:c0004 Kutsukake 1.14 7603 718 3.25 26 113 91 40 26 11 42 60 14 161 18 1130 2

ku:c0005 Kutsukake 1.16 5408 716 2.73 137 83 72 47 57 17 42 81 26 107 36 1348 2

ku:c0006 Kutsukake 1.22 7424 496 2.15 46 141 85 30 18 11 25 84 25 126 32 625 2

ku:c0007 Kutsukake 0.71 7322 675 3.37 199 108 115 48 58 22 49 140 25 155 34 2021 2

ku:c0008 Kutsukake 0.98 5159 493 3.88 50 85 135 16 bdl bdl 44 84 13 118 11 784 2

ku:c0009 Kutsukake 1.29 6014 500 2.68 68 100 96 27 17 11 40 89 20 101 31 818 2

ku:c0010 Kutsukake 0.88 9152 1492 4.63 90 134 293 47 57 14 50 330 17 157 12 4284 outlier

ku:c0011 Kutsukake 1.21 8015 544 2.96 75 97 121 37 17 10 38 139 19 170 15 2116 1

ku:c0012 Kutsukake 0.95 6173 496 3.85 56 101 107 25 9 12 36 93 22 113 25 1013 2

ku:c0013 Kutsukake 1.06 6479 758 2.71 72 118 93 37 61 18 31 63 26 125 38 775 2

ku:c0015 Kutsukake 1.38 5992 583 2.11 105 82 73 28 21 11 38 98 19 127 27 842 2

n:001 Naruto-cho 0.77 3017 767 3.02 68 36 29 13 33 13 33 60 24 119 32 538 2

n:002 Naruto-cho 1.28 6174 621 1.85 43 73 47 42 43 15 45 87 20 160 30 632 outlier

n:003 Naruto-cho 0.89 5219 446 2.40 19 68 66 28 13 12 39 54 21 135 30 521 2

n:004 Naruto-cho 0.80 7644 629 4.35 30 83 90 34 bdl bdl 39 86 16 169 19 695 2n:005 Naruto-cho 0.68 4267 746 2.87 20 86 64 27 58 16 35 49 22 116 36 432 2

n:006 Naruto-cho bdl 6720 921 5.61 33 135 80 30 11 13 38 67 19 135 20 577 2

n:007 Naruto-cho 1.07 5030 804 1.46 51 79 62 33 21 18 43 57 29 149 39 535 2

n:008 Naruto-cho bdl 5471 834 4.10 23 85 74 33 32 13 38 53 17 142 24 517 2

n:009 Naruto-cho bdl 7646 536 4.63 30 70 105 33 bdl 9 35 80 19 161 21 607 2

n:010 Naruto-cho 0.99 6953 990 4.16 21 104 85 32 21 10 40 74 19 137 23 673 2

n:011 Naruto-cho 0.95 7284 1368 5.14 30 138 108 23 bdl bdl 55 89 14 145 13 702 outlier

n:012 Naruto-cho 0.93 5567 413 2.93 16 77 61 22 14 13 39 82 22 141 31 606 2

n:013 Naruto-cho 1.27 4126 474 1.46 44 68 62 47 55 15 35 52 24 123 38 610 2

n:014 Naruto-cho 0.86 5859 1472 2.93 51 112 79 29 13 14 43 65 20 155 25 757 2

n:015 Naruto-cho bdl 7061 557 4.36 22 89 66 19 12 bdl 48 85 11 166 8 719 outlier

n:016 Naruto-cho 0.73 6391 739 3.26 17 74 59 28 14 10 36 69 18 153 27 626 2

n:017 Naruto-cho 1.06 6515 921 2.41 38 74 67 42 31 14 47 73 20 150 29 673 2

n:019 Naruto-cho 1.12 6209 888 3.59 68 93 242 37 50 10 45 68 25 122 32 538 2



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Table 1 (continued)


n:020 Naruto-cho 0.70 6913 672 3.80 27 94 72 21 12 8 55 68 18 160 23 590 2


n:022 Naruto-cho 0.58 5895 562 3.47 18 61 51 20 10 10 37 57 15 154 23 554 2

n:023 Naruto-cho 0.85 4338 571 1.99 66 76 66 31 17 11 40 65 29 114 41 482 2

n:026 Naruto-cho 0.93 5247 722 2.74 105 96 87 29 22 17 35 66 31 111 40 670 2

n:027 Naruto-cho 1.13 6623 791 2.92 229 109 84 45 30 18 34 58 25 117 33 819 2

n:028 Naruto-cho bdl 6347 906 5.24 44 111 99 37 bdl 8 41 62 14 132 16 610 outlier

n:029 Naruto-cho 1.03 6705 632 2.59 105 94 60 32 19 13 32 49 24 137 29 742 2

n:030 Naruto-cho 1.13 4940 633 1.68 49 77 58 30 16 12 43 82 24 149 34 609 2

n:031 Naruto-cho 0.79 7031 1085 4.09 160 103 86 27 14 13 34 71 24 129 30 663 2


n:034 Naruto-cho 0.79 7992 637 3.13 33 90 654 20 12 11 41 58 17 129 29 666 2

n:035 Naruto-cho 1.19 7955 662 3.19 18 77 90 29 11 9 38 116 13 187 16 683 2

n:036 Naruto-cho 0.92 5274 610 3.04 53 123 76 27 12 9 43 55 24 133 26 542 2

n:037 Naruto-cho 0.82 6747 1062 3.82 19 97 70 24 15 8 34 53 17 144 20 672 2

n:038 Naruto-cho 1.02 5446 669 2.36 23 83 67 20 15 8 32 59 21 119 26 504 2

n:039 Naruto-cho 0.79 6369 895 3.50 59 82 76 26 15 8 35 66 20 132 28 567 2

t:001 Takeshi 1.17 4938 536 2.32 88 157 84 40 21 15 27 59 27 126 36 569 2

t:002 Takeshi 1.22 4083 600 1.89 115 99 78 33 40 15 29 67 26 95 41 594 2

t:003 Takeshi 1.15 6475 962 2.85 76 88 108 34 17 12 40 94 26 151 34 660 2

t:004 Takeshi 0.93 7375 1153 4.12 58 124 156 28 12 13 56 81 24 142 28 698 2

t:005 Takeshi 1.13 8192 1377 3.95 106 109 167 21 11 10 48 106 10 195 8 1086 2

t:006 Takeshi 1.30 6725 474 2.13 70 105 65 29 18 15 33 97 24 130 34 576 2

t:007 Takeshi 1.43 5411 430 1.57 36 79 61 24 21 14 30 81 27 105 37 517 2

t:008 Takeshi bdl 6465 881 4.55 83 102 79 22 12 bdl 37 69 14 135 20 752 outlier

t:009 Takeshi 0.86 3972 484 1.96 103 115 136 29 16 17 59 59 25 140 40 709 outlier

t:010 Takeshi 1.35 5139 527 1.67 115 79 79 40 21 18 29 60 29 116 44 490 2

t:011 Takeshi 1.00 6178 670 2.57 105 130 129 31 27 17 46 59 22 147 33 854 2

t:012 Takeshi 0.96 4745 541 1.89 82 81 91 28 17 18 41 50 32 120 44 519 2

t:013 Takeshi 1.32 6780 554 1.75 107 117 79 33 18 13 27 77 24 125 32 693 2

t:014 Takeshi 0.95 6604 729 2.98 33 119 70 26 12 11 39 67 19 136 27 665 2

t:015 Takeshi 1.16 5460 735 2.74 59 99 105 37 15 13 43 84 28 118 32 727 2

y:0005 Yoyama 0.96 7480 855 3.79 169 114 177 36 30 18 64 105 8 133 bdl 1248 outlier

y:0006 Yoyama 1.85 6138 644 2.75 45 71 100 37 19 16 55 157 21 150 26 1355 1

y:0007 Yoyama 2.21 5999 670 2.30 102 83 72 33 47 13 68 208 24 125 26 1620 1

y:0008 Yoyama 2.10 6016 482 2.51 17 61 74 32 59 13 62 289 25 146 27 1866 1

y:0009 Yoyama 2.47 5991 733 2.49 60 61 74 35 18 13 68 232 23 139 27 1688 1

y:0010 Yoyama 2.03 4409 432 1.56 89 61 63 26 40 17 40 202 30 118 42 1439 1

y:0013 Yoyama 1.63 4101 523 2.05 14 78 94 29 21 15 33 87 37 109 46 449 2

y:0014 Yoyama 2.49 5745 535 3.32 73 69 143 19 12 13 83 311 21 140 19 2523 1

y:0015 Yoyama 1.76 6024 458 2.39 40 78 134 34 16 15 46 206 29 114 37 1512 1

y:0016 Yoyama 2.23 4105 453 2.16 74 53 87 25 30 15 37 187 32 98 39 1203 1

y:0018 Yoyama 2.42 7331 658 3.05 84 91 95 29 25 14 46 232 24 130 20 1723 1

y:0156 Yoyama 0.19 8043 3360 2.26 29 131 173 25 13 bdl 38 115 19 134 bdl 1183 outlier

y:0305 Yoyama 2.04 5007 610 2.41 98 111 139 34 25 16 46 218 30 111 38 1720 1

y:0307 Yoyama 2.53 6004 715 2.38 58 50 116 20 15 11 56 299 20 157 21 2169 1

y:0310 Yoyama 2.09 5913 638 2.89 77 75 112 26 18 16 49 220 27 119 32 1954 1

y:0334 Yoyama 1.81 4957 647 2.75 30 93 115 26 29 14 48 192 27 121 36 1454 1

y:0352 Yoyama 2.01 5417 771 1.87 174 88 160 42 48 20 46 218 31 110 39 1652 1

y:0361 Yoyama 2.11 5753 440 2.60 16 64 119 23 15 12 53 241 27 140 25 1552 1y:0361 Yoyama 2.11 5753 440 2.60 16 64 119 23 15 12 53 241 27 140 25 1551 1

y:0368 Yoyama 1.88 6533 761 3.95 35 105 190 28 17 12 48 200 16 143 20 1637 1

y:0372 Yoyama 1.90 5015 718 2.27 166 100 99 37 29 18 34 144 29 100 41 1673 1

y:0376 Yoyama 2.13 5724 584 2.24 18 65 94 22 15 16 44 224 27 128 35 1806 1

y:0377 Yoyama 2.20 5229 485 3.30 78 73 101 31 23 18 36 192 28 93 39 1331 1

y:0378 Yoyama 2.05 4918 488 1.98 bdl 56 90 32 15 16 67 187 25 131 31 1447 1

y:0381 Yoyama 2.06 6237 692 3.85 25 63 91 31 16 10 39 229 19 135 20 2001 1

y:0388 Yoyama 2.26 6547 578 2.17 66 61 97 28 43 12 43 211 25 124 31 1440 1

y:0391 Yoyama 1.98 6271 624 3.03 119 112 129 39 28 14 47 220 26 124 33 2237 1

y:0392 Yoyama 2.28 6188 727 1.97 48 65 124 27 22 12 54 220 21 139 31 1623 1

y:0517 Yoyama 0.75 7376 1884 7.37 111 125 144 35 40 11 40 86 18 128 23 1165 outlier

y:c0001 Yoyama 2.12 7018 693 2.52 90 92 151 43 64 14 55 385 22 154 21 5065 1

y:c0006 Yoyama 2.71 6829 512 3.08 72 65 80 45 23 13 48 233 27 124 32 1638 1

(continued on next page)



8/12

types and the columns are the geochemical clusters)

has a chi-squared statistic of 131.1. This indicates that

there is a significant association between the chemical

cluster and the types of sedimentary materials available

to the site inhabitants. Cluster 1 consists primarily of

sherds from the sites of Kamisinjuku, Yahagi, and

Yoyama. All three of these sites are close to both

Holocene and Pleistocene sedimentary deposits, and in

the Late Jomon period, close to marine environments.

Table 1 (continued)


y:c0011 Yoyama 2.41 6327 559 2.81 47 100 107 40 18 14 56 259 22 142 26 1924 1

y:c0183 Yoyama 2.05 5417 612 2.05 59 84 139 34 37 17 50 166 29 136 36 2032 1

y:c0316 Yoyama 2.52 6531 657 2.70 53 75 123 30 30 12 43 287 25 133 29 1828 1

y:c0317 Yoyama 2.27 6204 659 2.73 103 103 163 36 32 15 44 288 30 116 32 2393 1

y:c0318 Yoyama 2.16 5622 557 2.32 57 93 111 38 46 15 44 226 25 121 33 1539 1

y:c0325 Yoyama 2.20 5636 747 2.47 169 82 117 48 52 21 36 167 29 112 37 1711 1

y:c0332 Yoyama 1.90 5456 428 3.11 38 85 110 29 15 13 44 217 21 118 30 1479 1

y:c0341 Yoyama 1.96 5242 670 2.09 120 92 86 38 31 17 46 169 25 133 37 1913 1

y:c0343 Yoyama 1.92 5776 755 3.51 56 88 145 45 45 18 35 219 23 128 27 2134 1

y:c0364 Yoyama 1.68 6016 898 4.96 107 101 134 33 15 12 49 219 25 121 30 2100 1

y:c0369 Yoyama 2.46 6394 758 3.20 183 83 124 40 25 15 49 198 23 131 30 1624 1

y:c0386 Yoyama 2.47 7535 668 3.69 19 75 110 34 32 14 56 274 18 163 7 2253 1

ya:27_100 Yahagi 1.95 5418 662 2.02 78 71 82 27 16 12 37 153 25 103 33 826 1

ya:27_109 Yahagi 1.77 5252 464 2.42 19 75 92 27 22 12 37 163 22 124 28 771 1

ya:27_79 Yahagi 1.97 6487 830 2.32 117 106 100 35 20 13 34 149 40 113 41 575 1

ya:27_80 Yahagi 2.29 7717 1438 2.82 68 122 118 32 43 21 44 200 34 145 33 769 1

ya:27_82 Yahagi 1.71 4779 1670 2.20 18 122 100 35 16 16 42 159 27 117 38 698 1

ya:27_83 Yahagi 1.72 4864 719 3.19 90 88 132 23 13 14 82 156 26 103 33 758 1

ya:27_84 Yahagi 1.75 5080 994 1.95 48 94 103 31 21 15 50 210 23 150 30 849 1

ya:27_85 Yahagi 2.36 5585 548 2.11 76 104 108 26 17 14 243 98 30 98 30 943 1

ya:27_87 Yahagi 1.61 6097 606 4.03 53 100 139 30 14 14 40 154 19 132 21 1032 1

ya:27_88 Yahagi 2.01 4897 594 1.57 142 102 103 49 66 24 51 166 36 123 44 713 1

ya:27_91 Yahagi 1.87 6442 852 2.64 267 78 116 44 22 15 40 164 25 127 36 730 1

ya:27_93 Yahagi 1.70 5623 723 4.01 85 75 122 26 13 12 33 163 27 104 33 529 1

ya:27_95 Yahagi 1.54 5578 978 3.45 203 88 122 33 16 16 51 163 33 94 42 725 1

ya:27_96 Yahagi 1.86 6701 609 3.73 104 92 111 29 27 12 40 183 25 140 25 767 1

ya:27_97 Yahagi 1.84 6358 743 2.86 48 84 130 29 18 13 44 188 20 157 23 1006 1

ya:27_99 Yahagi 1.80 5588 642 1.94 137 88 97 30 23 14 44 153 31 119 36 869 1

ya:28_104 Yahagi 1.88 5879 532 3.14 24 96 111 27 13 9 57 173 19 139 23 866 1

ya:28_111 Yahagi 1.96 6565 951 2.70 71 156 104 33 38 14 49 174 22 127 27 976 1

ya:28_112 Yahagi 1.75 5787 841 3.03 66 142 107 35 37 20 54 125 29 143 37 709 2

ya:28_113 Yahagi 1.75 6286 571 2.46 27 85 99 28 14 9 39 153 25 111 33 703 1

ya:28_114 Yahagi 1.98 6591 678 3.77 28 86 115 20 11 10 61 226 18 149 19 1064 1

ya:28_116 Yahagi 2.05 6840 606 2.83 57 107 89 28 15 10 36 135 24 125 29 636 1

ya:28_119 Yahagi 1.91 5633 574 3.53 65 85 116 32 35 14 37 134 30 98 40 531 1

ya:28_127 Yahagi 1.62 6322 1000 4.32 24 95 103 23 14 bdl 40 137 16 113 13 1072 1

ya:28_128 Yahagi 1.64 7189 635 2.32 69 127 88 28 14 13 53 110 20 167 24 987 2

ya:28_129 Yahagi 1.92 6354 660 3.06 74 89 113 33 20 9 39 189 24 123 26 885 1

ya:28_130 Yahagi 1.83 7814 1095 2.68 52 84 111 20 13 11 43 171 16 171 20 894 1

ya:28_131 Yahagi 2.42 4637 1513 2.14 184 98 112 38 29 17 42 165 34 93 40 973 1

ya:28_132 Yahagi 1.62 5948 563 2.62 32 110 115 22 12 11 67 152 19 171 27 911 1

ya:28_133 Yahagi 2.18 5930 688 2.73 17 68 93 31 17 12 95 235 15 188 12 1263 1

ya:28_134 Yahagi 1.73 4765 701 1.77 60 85 86 38 33 15 42 145 30 134 37 829 1

ya:28_135 Yahagi 2.17 8172 803 4.13 43 129 130 31 23 11 37 191 20 144 22 877 1

ya:28_136 Yahagi 1.76 5942 780 3.47 39 97 156 31 17 8 57 193 21 137 19 1090 1

ya:28_138 Yahagi 2.50 6985 709 2.37 11 98 106 30 21 9 46 179 17 175 21 985 1

ya:28_139 Yahagi 1.27 4299 578 1.69 34 77 83 34 53 18 40 82 34 100 45 458 2

ya:28_140 Yahagi 1.39 5167 845 2.69 108 97 93 38 19 15 51 135 27 122 36 701 1

All values except Ca and Fe, are in parts per million (ppm). The last column is the group assignment from the model-based clustering of the first five

PC scores. The specimen numbers for the sherds from Kamisinjuku, and Yahagi are based on the excavation unit numbers. The alphabetical prefixwas added by the author. All other sherd numbers were assigned by the author and inscribed on the sherd with India ink.

Table 2

Eigenvalues and percent of total variance explained

Component Eigenvalue % Variance % Cumulative variance

1 25.96 33.44 33.44

2 22.37 28.82 62.26

3 10.98 14.14 77.40

4 7.12 9.18 86.58

5 4.15 5.35 91.93



9/12


10/12

could be due to alteration or the use of a different clay

source.

7. Conclusions

Two clusters were found in the PC scores of the data

using a model-based clustering algorithm. The two

clusters are believed to reflect regional clay deposits in

the Boso peninsula that were used by the Late Jomoninhabitants. Cluster 1 consists of pottery sherds found

predominately at Kamisinjuku, Yahagi, and Yoyama.

These three sites are near Holocene marine sediments;

the higher Ca content leads one to suspect that marine

sediments were used in the making of this pottery. The

majority of the sherds forming Cluster 2 were found at

inland sites (Kutsukake, Naruto-cho, and Takeshi)

located on Pleistocene sediments. These sites were

farther than 5 km from Holocene marine sediments.

The results presented here raise questions on Kidders

statements concerning productive specialization of

pottery. For the three sites near marine sediments

(Kamisinjuku, Yahagi and Yoyama), 87 out of 94sherds belong to Cluster 1 and less than 8% of the

sherds were made with some other clay.11 For the three

inland sites, 84% (68 out of 81 sherds) of the sherds

are made of clay characterized by Cluster 2. Sixteen

percent of the sherds were made from some other clay.12

These results point to there being limited transport

of pottery between Late Jomon sites on the Boso

peninsula.

If productive specialization did occur, it could be

limited only to a specific type of item, such as spouted

pots or pedastaled bowls. These items, while not rare on

Late Jomon sites, comprise only a small percentage ofthe ceramic assemblage and are considered to be

ceremonial in nature. Alternatively, it is possible that

pottery produced on the Boso peninsula was traded

to other parts of the Kanto region. As noted above,

given the dearth of lithic resources on the Boso

peninsula, it is believed that marine products were

traded for lithic resources. To resolve this issue more

conclusively, future research on Kasori B pottery needs

to address:

1. Looking for chemical groups in specific types of

Kasori B vessels. As noted above, it is possible that

productive specialization did occur for the manu-

facture of spouted pots or pedastaled bowls. While

most museums and cultural property centers regard

these items as artwork and do not want them

sampled, non-destructive EDXRF can be used toanalyze these artifacts.

2. Chemical analyses of Kasori B pottery from other

sites in the Kanto region, particularly those in the

east (Tokyo to and Saitama Prefecture) and north

(Ibaraki Prefecture), need to be done to see if they

belong to either of the chemical groups found in this

study.

Table 4

Mean elemental values with the standard deviation for the two groups

and the outliers

Element Group 1 (N 91) Group 2 (N 71)

Ca 2.02G 0.28 (%) 1.06G 0.29 (%)

Ti 5957G 793 6137G 1182

Mn 702G 218 703G 208

Fe 2.85G 0.75 (%) 2.94G 0.87 (%)

Ni 69G 48 65G 44

Cu 85G 19 99G 25

Zn 112G 23 99G 74

Ga 31G 10 31G 7

Pb 24G 12 23G 14

Th 13G 3 13G 4

Rb 38G 7 38G 7

Sr 194G 49 75G 19

Y 24G 5 22G 5

Zr 131G 21 134G 21

Nb 29G 8 30G 8

Ba 1360G 646 742G 285

All values, except Ca and Fe, are in parts per million (ppm). The

number of cases forming each group is represented by N.

Table 5Contingency table of the sites versus each cluster

Site Types of sediments Cluster 1 Cluster 2

Kamisinjuku Pleistocene and Holocene 15 0

Yahagi Pleistocene and Holocene 33 3

Yoyama Pleistocene and Holocene 40 1

Naruto-cho Pleistocene 0 29

Kutsukake Pleistocene 3 25

Takeshi Pleistocene 0 13

The chi-squared statistic equals 135.99 and the p-value is less than

2:2!1016. The statistic is highly significant for five degrees of

freedom. Doing a 2!2 table, looking only at the geological materials

versus each cluster is also highly significant. The chi-squared statistic

equals 131.11 and the p-value is less than 2:2!1016.

Table 3

The three highest BIC values and their associated models

Model Number of clusters BIC value

EEE 2 61.68

EEE 1 76.88

VVV 1 76.88

11 For these three sites, three were outliers and four sherds belonged

to Cluster 2.12 Ten of the sherds were identified as outliers, while three belonged

to Cluster 1.



11/12

Acknowledgements

Financial support for this project and the author was

provided by the Japanese Society for the Promotion of

Science (JSPS). Research for this paper was done while

the author was a JSPS post-doctoral scholar at the

National Museum of Japanese History. Special thanksare in order to the Chiba Prefectural Bunkazai Center,

particularly to H. Nishikawa and his staff, and H. Shitara

of the National Museum of Japanese History for pro-

viding the pottery samples analyzed here. The assistance

of the following people at the National Museum

of Japanese History is also greatly appreciated: H.

Harunari, M. Imamura, M. Sahara, and T. Saito. This

paper has benefited immensely from conversations and

correspondence with M. Baxter (Nottingham Trent Uni-

versity), J. Habu (University of California, Berkeley), and

Y. Nishida (Niigata Prefectural Museum of History).

The comments from the reviewers are also appreciated;

they were quite useful in helping to focus and clarify

several sections.

Appendix 1

Estimated detection limits and X-ray counting and

least squares linear regression error. The detection limits

are the smallest amounts that can be quantitatively

measured. These limits are defined as the signal that is

six standard deviation units above the background. For

Ca, Fe, Ga and Ti though, these are the lowest con-centrations in the GSJ standards used to calibrate the

EDXRF unit. All values except Ca are in ppm; Ca is in

weight percent. The error values should be considered as

a 95% confidence interval for the values inTable 1(i.e.,

for the Ti value of sample ka:006a, the concentration is

6579G300 ppm).

Appendix 2

Elemental values for two GSJ standards run with the

unknowns. All values are in parts per million (ppm). The

term nd stands for not detected, while na stands

for not available [16]

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