power budget calculations

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Power Budget Calculations

Work Instruction



POWER BUDGET CALCULATIONS

CONTENTS

1. PURPOSE......................................................................................................3

2. SCOPE............................................................................................................3

3. POWER BUDGET CALCULATION.........................................................33.1. Radio Link Power Budget..............................................................5

3.1.1. General Information......................................................53.1.2. Receiving End...............................................................6

3.2. ell !i"e alculation.....................................................................1#3.2.1. ommon Information..................................................1#

3.2.2. $!%&231&$kumura&'ata .........................................2(3.2.3. $utdoor ) Indoor overage.........................................253.3. !low *ading +argin and Location Pro,a,ilit- !ingle ell/........32

4. DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY.......................................................38

5. REFERENCES............................................................................................39

Number/Version Date Page

NTCD /1.0 09.97 2(40)




1. PURPOSE

%0e uroe of t0i working itruction i to rovide t0e radio network

lanner t0e ,aic knowledge of t0e arameter and formula ued in t0e ower ,udget calculation Ecel 0eet.

2. SCOPE

%0i document can ,e alied to t0e network lanning 0ae w0ere ower ,udget calculation i needed.

3. POWER BUDGET CALCULATION

alculating t0e ower ,udget i a fundamental and ver- imortant

rocedure. %0e calculation i erformed to enure t0e ,alance in ulink anddownlink direction and to find out t0e re4uired ,ae tation tranmitter

ower. lo it rovide an idea of t0e cell i"e for a given location ro,a,ilit-. n E7EL work0eet alication i ued for G!+)8!19:: airinterface ower ,udget calculation. alculation are done in accordance wit0t0e E%!I G!+ recommendation :3.3: verion (.2.1 ;Radio <etworkPlanning ect=.

%0e ower ,udget calculation give t0e following ueful reult>

• BTS transmitter power i ad?uted to rovide a ,alanced radio link i.e.

ulink and downlink radio link erformance i t0e ame/ for given B%!and +! receiver erformance +! tranmitter erformance antennaand feeder ca,le c0aracteritic. %0i figure can ,e ued a t0e B%!tranmit ower in <P!)7.

• Isotropic path loss i t0e maimum allowed at0 lo ,etween B%!

and +! according to t0e given radio -tem erformance figure.

• Coverage threshold i t0e downlink ignal trengt0 at t0e coverage

area ,order for given location ro,a,ilit-. %0i t0re0old can ,e ued int0e coverage rediction in <P!)7.

• Cell range for indoor and outdoor coverage i a roug0 indication a,out

cell range in different area t-e and can ,e ued for networkdimenioning e.g. wit0 <et8im alication. It can alo ,e ued fortud-ing t0e effect of different e4uiment ecification and antenna0eig0t uon t0e cell range.


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radio wave roagation model i one of t0e met0od needed to etimatet0e cell range and in t0i ower ,udget calculation alication two ,aic

roagation model can ,e ued i.e. $!%&231&$kumura&'ata and $!%&231&@alfi0&Ikegami. $t0er factor affecting t0e cell range i t0e

tranmitting ower for +! and B%! t0e antenna gain for ,ot0 tranmitterand receiver and ot0er factor uc0 a ca,le loe and diverit- gain etc.

%0e ower ,udget calculation i divided into two calculation ection> RadioLink Power Budget alculation and ell !i"e alculation. Before definingt0e location ro,a,ilit- for a ingle iolated cell t0e arameter and formulain ,ot0 ection are elained in detail in order to give enoug0 ,ackgroundinformation for t0e reader to full- undertand 0ow t0e maimum cell range idefined and w0- t0e concet of location ro,a,ilit- i needed.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 4(40)




3.1. Ra!" L!#$ P"%&' B()&*

%o guarantee a good 4ualit- in t0e ,ot0 ulink and downlink/ direction t0etranmit ower of B%! and +! 0ould ,e in ,alance at t0e cell edge. %0e

main idea ,e0ind t0e radio link ower ,udget are to calculate t0e ,alancedB%! tranmit ower and to calculate t0e maimum allowed at0 lo

,etween tranmitter and receiver a a function of B%! and +! enitivit-level B%! and +! tranmit ower antenna gain R7 and %7/ diverit-gain ca,le loe and com,iner loe.

%0e radio link ower ,udget calculation i divided into t0ree earateection general information receiving end and tranmitting end. Inut andoutut arameter in all of t0e ection are decri,ed in t0e following

aragra0 a well t0e ued formula.

3.1.1. G&#&'a+ I#,"'-a*!"#

In t0e General Information ection of t0e radio link ower ,udget t0e uerdefined inut +! la according to t0e E%!I G!+ recommendation:5.:5 and t0e ued !-tem G!+ or 8! 19:: can ,e elected. )1)

*re4uenc- in +'" i udated according to t0e given -tem. If t0e -tem iG!+ t0e fre4uenc- i #:: +'" and if t0e -tem i 8!&19:: t0efre4uenc- i 19:: +'". +aimum oi,le cell range deend on t0efre4uenc- and it i alo needed w0en ower i converted to field trengt0 orvice vera. )3)

In t0e following dBm to dBµA)m converion formula i reented>

If Aeff i t0e a,ortion cro ection of an iotroic antenna and P u i t0ereceived ower denit- t0e received ower P r i given ,-

P dBm P dBm m Ar u eff / ) / log /= + ⋅2

1:1:

w0ere

A wavelength meff = =λ

π λ

2

( /.

P dBm m E dB V mu ) / ) / log /

2

1:1: 12: #:= − ⋅ − µ π t0u

P dBm E dB V mr / ) / log / log= − ⋅ − + ⋅

µ π

λ

π 1: 12: #: 1:

(1: 1:

2

Equation 3!


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E4uation 3 &1 can ,e imlified to get t0e contant t0at 0a to ,e added toiotroic ower to get t0e correonding field trengt0.

E dB V m P dBm f

P dBm "

r #$%

r

) / / . log /

/

µ = + + ⋅= +

2 2: 1:

Equation 3&

w0ere f #$% tand for fre4uenc- in +'". *or eamle if t0e fre4uenc- i

#:: +'" t0e value for C i 2 2: #:: 136291:. log / .+ ⋅ = .

3.1.2. R&&!/!#) E#

Receiving end include t0e arameter t0at will affect t0e +! and B%!receiver function. %0i include arameter> R7 R*&Inut !enitivit-dditional *at *ading +argin a,le and onnector loe R7 ntennaGain 8iverit- Gain Iotroic Power and *ield !trengt0.

3.1.2.1. BTS a# MS R0 RFI#(* S&#!*!/!*

!enitivit- level for t0e +! i udated according to t0e elected +! cla ,aed on t0e E%!I G!+ recommendation :5.:5. %0e B%! enitivit- leveli alo ,aed on t0e E%!I G!+ recommendation :5.:5 ,ut it mut ,ead?uted according to t0e information from B%! roduct line. In t0i t0eit0e ued enitivit- level for t0e B%! i &1:6 dBm according to t0e currentinformation from B%! roduct line/ and for t0e +! &1:2 dBm G!+#::/

and &1:: dBm G!+19::/. It 0ould ,e noted t0at t0e correct B%!enitivit- value i t0e ingle ,ranc0 no diverit-/ enitivit- in all definedmultiat0 condition ecified ,- E%!I> %D5: R25: and '%1::/.

%0e receiver enitivit- for t0e +! can ,e calculated from t0e receiver noie

figure and t0e minimum needed E ' ( : . %0e receiver noie figure

re4uirement i 1: dB for t0e +! and t0e minimum E ' ( : i 9 dB including

fat fading in a t-ical ur,an area. %0e multiat0 rofile for t0e t-ical ur,anarea i %D5: a defined in E%!I G!+ recommendation :5.:5 wit0 12 ta

and 5 µ ece dela-. %0e noie figure ) of a receiver wit0 t0e enitivit-

S i and inut noie ower ' i i defined ,- t0e following e4uation. )1)

) S '

S '

S *T +

E ' ' *T + i i i

(

i= = =: :

:

:

:

Equation 33


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w0ere E ' ( : i t0e receiver outut ignal to noie ratio * i t0e Bolt"man

contant T : i 2#: ) i t0e noie figure for t0e receiver and + i

,andwidt0 of 21 k'" 5( dB/. %0e enitivit- of t0e +! receiver can now ,e calculated

S E

' )*T + dB dB dBm dB

S dBm

i

(

idB

= ⋅ = + − +

= −:

: 9 1: 1( 5(

1:2

%0e enitivit- of t0e B%! can ,e calculated from E4uation 3 &3 ,- ad?utingt0e noie figure value. %0e enitivit- level of ,ot0 t0e +! and B%! of t0eG!+#:: and G!+19:: -tem are reented in t0e E%!I G!+recommendation :5.:5 w0ic0 onl- give recommendation and t0e u&to&

date value of t0e B%! enitivit- mut ,e c0ecked from t0e manufacturer.

%o calculate t0e R* inut enitivit- for B%! w0en a mat 0ead amlifier iued it i necear- to al- t0e *rieF formula for cacaded network. %0e*rieF formula i reented in t0e following e4uation.

) ) ) , ) , , A #$A ca(le #$A BTS #$A ca(le

= + − + − / /1 1

Equation 3-

) #$A i t0e noie factor of t0e mat 0ead amlifier and t0e noie figure

') #$A of t0e mat 0ead amlifier i aumed to ,e a,out 2 dB. ) ca(le i

t0e noie factor of t0e ca,le ,etween mat 0ead amlifier and ,ae tation.

%0e noie figure ') ca(le for t0e ca,le i t0e ca,le lo in dB let aume it

to ,e 3 dB/. ) BTS i t0e noie factor of t0e ,ae tation and it can ,e

calculated ,- uing following e4uation.

) S '

S '

S *T +

E ' ' *T + i i i

(

i= = =: :

:

:

:

Equation 3.

w0ere E ' ( : i t0e receiver outut ignal to noie ratio * i t0e Bolt"man

contant T : i 2#: ) i t0e noie figure for t0e receiver and + i ,andwidt0 of 21 k'" 5( dB/.

%0e noie figure ') BTS in dB can now ,e calculated a follow auming

t0at t0e enitivit- of t0e ,ae tation in %D5: condition i &1:6 dBm/>

') dBm dBm dB dB dB BTS = − − − − − =1:6 1( 5( 9 6 /


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, #$A i t0e gain of t0e mat 0ead amlifier and it can ,e aumed to ,e 1:

dB. ,ca(le i t0e gain of t0e ca,le ,etween ,ae tation and mat 0ead

amlifier and t0e value i − ') ca(le

.

%0e noie figure in oint in *igure 3 &1/ i>

( ) ) A = + − + − ⋅ ≈−1: 1: 1 1: 1: 1 1: 1: 2 B(

: 2 : 3 1 : 6 1 : 3 . / . /

( ) ') dB A = ⋅ ≈1: 2 29 3 59

1:log

Equation 3/

%0e R* inut enitivit- at t0e antenna ort oint in *igure 3 &1 can ,ecalculated from E4uation 3 &.

BTS R

MHA

ntenna ort

P"!#* A

') #$A

, #$A

Ca6+&

,ca(le

)igure 3!0 BTS #$A connection0

S ' ') E

' dBm dB dB dB dBm A i A

(= + + = − + + + = −:

1( 5( 3 59 9 1:9 (2 Equat

ion 31


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%0e reult of E4uation 3 & can ,e een from %a,le 3 &1 w0en different et

of arameter for ') #$A calculation.

Ta(le 3!0 2) input sensitivit calculation results when #$A is used0

Pa'a-&*& ') # ') ca , #$A ,ca(le ') BTS ') A S&#!*!/!*

Ca& 1 2 dB 3 dB 1: dB &3 dB 6 dB 359 dB 17842 B-

Ca& 2 23 dB ( dB 15 dB &( dB 6 dB 2# dB 17975 B-

'owever t0e a,ove mentioned calculation met0od i onl- t0eoretical andmeaurement reult 0old ,e ued if availa,le.

3.1.2.2. A!*!"#a+ Fa* Fa!#) Ma')!#

B- uing t0i additional fat fading margin t0e B%! enitivit- w0ic0 iecified for %D5: R25: and '%1:: multiat0 rofile can ,e ad?uted todifferent t0an ecified a,ove/ multiat0 condition e.g. %D3 and %D15.

%0i margin i ued a follow>

• *or t0e dene ur,an area t0e value of 2 dB i ued to guarantee good

coverage and eec0 4ualit-.

• *or t0e ur,an area t0e value of 1 dB i ued to guarantee good

coverage and eec0 4ualit-.

• *or t0e ot0er area no additional fat fading margin i ued.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 9(40)




3.1.2.3. Ca6+& a# C"##&*"' L"&

%0i inut arameter decri,e t0e ca,le and connector loe in dB. %0eca,le loe deend on t0e ued ca,le lengt0 and t0ickne. <ormall- t0e

ca,le attenuation i given in dB er 1:: meter for t0e antenna line ca,leand dB er meter for t0e ?umer ca,le. orrect value 0ould ,e c0eckedfrom t0e manufacturer.

Preamlifier called +at 'ead mlifier/ in t0e receiving end at t0e ,aetation can ,e ued to comenate t0e u link ca,le loe. Intallation of t0e

reamlifier i deicted in *igure 3 &2.

BTS

MHA

)igure 3&0 Basic principle of #$A0

onnector lo a,out :1 dB er connector can ,e ued a a rule of t0um,.'owever it 0ould ,e noted t0at t0e connector lo deend 0eavil- on t0econnector and t0e connector to ca,le mounting.

3.1.2.4. BTS a# MS R0 A#*&##a Ga!#

t t0e (ase stations different kind of antenna can ,e ued. %-icall- t0eomnidirectional antenna 0ave a gain of 9 dBi & 11 dBi deci,el over aniotroic antenna/ *or t0e directional antenna t0ere are man- c0oicet-ical t0e gain i ,etween 12 dBi & 21 dBi deending on t0e 3 dB ,eamwidt0 of t0e antenna radiation attern.

*or t0e mo(ile station normall- : dBi antenna gain i aumed. %0e antenna

itelf 0a a ,etter gain t0an : dBi ,ut ,od- lo will decreae t0e gain.

*or ,ot0 +! and B%! t0e R7 antenna gain i a uer defined arameter andeeciall- in cae of B%! ued value 0ould ,e c0oen wit0 etra care. It0ould alo ,e noted t0at if t0e R7 antenna gain i given uing dBd deci,elover a diole antenna/ value t0e- mut ,e converted into dBi value ,-adding etra 21 dB into dBd value ,ecaue t0e maimum allowed at0loi ereed uing arameter iotroic at0 lo.


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3.1.2.5. U+!#$ D!/&'!* Ga!#

In t0i aragra0 t0e range of ace diverit- gain and antenna earation for19:: +'" macro cell are eamined and recent reult of olari"ation

diverit- gain tudie for 19:: +'" macro cell are dicued.

In a t-ical mo,ile radio environment radio link are u,?ected to etremevaria,ilit- and t0e aociated fading c0aracteritic reult in evere

erformance degradation for ,ot0 analog and digital -tem. !ignal fading icaued ,- multiat0 roagation and it i Ra-leig0 ditri,uted in non&line&of&ig0t <L$!/ at0 and Rice ditri,uted in line&of&ig0t L$!/ at0. %-icall-fading di can ,e even 2: dB ,elow t0e ignal mean level t0u cauing

ro,lem eeciall- near cell ,order. !everal tec0ni4ue are availa,le tocom,at t0ee deleteriou effect wit0 diverit- recetion ,eing one of t0emot effective. )()

<ew diverit- c0eme ,aed motl- on adative antenna are underreearc0 ,ut traditional one wit0 multile receiver are till motl- ued int0e mo,ile network. %0ee new tec0ni4ue a ?itter w0ere antennaradiation attern i vi,rated/ or witc0ed attern diveritie are ,aed ondifferent ,eam 0aing met0od. Polari"ation diverit- i alo ,ecoming morecommon ,ecaue it doe not need an- 0-ical earation of receivingantenna and t0u it i a ver- comact olution. It mig0t ,e even oi,le toimlement diverit- recetion in to t0e 0and0eld +! ,- uing olari"ationdiverit-. %0e erformance of olari"ation diverit- comared to differentace diverit- c0eme in different environment i under continuou tud-.

*re4uenc- 0oing ued in t0e modern digital cellular -tem can ,econidered a a form of fre4uenc- diverit-.

Imlementation of a diverit- c0eme and t0e o,taina,le imrovement inignal tatitic relie on t0e availa,ilit- of two indeendentl- fading ignalw0ic0 0ave comara,le mean ignal level. %0e a,ovementioned re4uirementi fulfilled ,et in ur,an area w0ere ,uilding caue man- reflecting urfacein t0e radio roagation at0. %0ere are variou met0od of reali"ingindeendent ignal for a diverit- c0eme a mentioned earlier. In t0idicoure onl- ace and olari"ation diverit- are tudied in detail. !tudieon ace diverit- 0ave focued mainl- on determination of t0e acing

re4uired to ac0ieve t0e deired indeendence ,etween t0e ignal.


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%0e cro&correlation ,etween t0e enveloe of t0e ignal i often uedtomeaure t0i indeendence and determine t0e degree to w0ic0 t0e rate anddet0 of fading ma- ,e reduced. It i generall- acceted t0at reaona,le

imrovement in received ignal tatitic can ,e ac0ieved wit0 a cro&correlation coefficient of : maller t0e correlation coefficient t0e ,etter t0ediverit- gain/. In macro cell w0ere antenna are intalled a,ove t0e

average roofto level 1:&2:λ earation of receiving antenna i needed

wit0 0ori"ontal ace diverit- in order to fulfill t0e ignal correlationre4uirement. Even larger earation i needed wit0 vertical ace diverit- toreac0 low enoug0 ignal correlation value. )()

Polari"ation diverit- i eected to ,e one of t0e ,et diverit- c0eme int0e future mo,ile -tem ,ecaue it rovide a mean of reali"ing twoindeendentl- fading ignal wit0out t0e need for 0-ical earation of

antenna. It relie on t0e a,ilit- of catterer in t0e at0 ,etween t0etranmitter and t0e receiver to deolari"e and decorrelate t0e ignal givingrie to ome couling of energ- into t0e ort0ogonal olari"ation. $ne of t0etronget oint in favor of t0e olari"ation diverit- c0eme will ,e found in-tem w0ic0 emlo- mall cell and antenna 0eig0t comara,le or lowert0an t0e urrounding w0ere it ma- ,e difficult to mount two antenna wit0aroriate acing for ace diverit- a ooed to a ingle comactantenna caa,le of receiving dual olari"ation. Polari"ation diverit- 0a notreceived a muc0 attention a ace diverit- owing to t0e arecia,ledifference in mean ignal level ,etween co&olari"ed and cro&olari"ed

,ranc0e w0en one olari"ation i tranmitted. )()5)

%0e rincile of t0e underl-ing diverit- recetion tec0ni4ue i to receiveignal t0at fade indeendentl-. @0en com,ining t0ee different ignal t0e-0ave different fade margin and t0i lead to a ,etter ignal to noie orinterference/ ratio. %0e t0ree general t-e of com,ining are> +aimal Ratioom,ining +R/ E4ual Gain om,ining EG/ and !election om,ining!/. It i imortant to note t0at t0e com,ining roce i claified a re&detection or ot&detection. EG and +R re&detection com,ining re4uiret0e imlementation of a co&0aing roce w0ic0 i in mot cae cotl- toac0ieve. 'owever +R i ued in G!+)8!19:: -tem ,ecaue it i t0e

,et com,ining c0eme. 8iverit- gain o,tained ,- uing +R i 0ig0et on

t0e average out of all t0ree oi,le com,ining c0eme.


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Space diversit4 %0e tudie done 0ow t0at in all environment mot of t0e

correlation value are le t0an : w0ic0 0ow t0at t0e ued 1:&2:λ0ori"ontal earation would rovide ufficient decorrelation ,etween t0e

received ignal. %0e correlation value for 2:λ vertical earation werefound to ,e 0ig0er t0an correonding value o,tained for 0ori"ontalearation. %0i ugget t0at in general lower correlation coefficient and0ig0er gain/ can ,e o,tained wit0 0ori"ontal earation t0an wit0 verticalearation. %0e lowet correlation coefficient were o,tained in ur,an areaand 0ig0et coefficient in rural and oen area. 8iverit- gain wa found to

,e for #: confidence level and taking onl- t0e received field trengt0 not4ualit-/ into account for 19:: +'" in ur,an area from ( to 5 dB and inrural area from 3 to ( dB. *or #:: +'" t0e value are a,out 1 dB lower. )()

Polari%ation diversit> %0e relativel- few tudie reorted in t0e literature0ave focued mainl- on 4uantif-ing t0e difference ,etween co&olari"ed andcro&olari"ed mean ignal level alo known a t0e cro&olari"ationdicrimination 7P8// and t0e enveloe cro&correlation ,etween t0e

,ranc0e. *or olari"ation diverit- c0eme t0e lowet correlation valuewere o,tained in ur,an area. In all environment mot of t0e correlationvalue are le t0an :. It i intereting to note t0at t0ee reult arecomara,le wit0 t0oe for 0ori"ontal earation dicued a,ove. %0e reult0ow t0at t-icall- 7P8H are of t0e order of 1: dB in ur,an and u,&ur,anarea and lig0tl- 0ig0er at 11&12 dB in ot0er area. %0e reult alo 0owt0at diverit- gain i a,out :.5 to 1 dB lower t0an or e4ual to t0at of

0ori"ontal earation. )()5)

3.1.2.. I"*'"! R&&!/& P"%&' a# F!&+ S*'&#)*:

Iotroic ower i t0e minimum ower dBm/ level at t0e receiving antennat0at guarantee t0e link ,alance. %0e iotroic ower i calculated in t0ereceiving end of ,ot0 +! and B%!. Bae tation and mo,ile tation 0ave aenitivit- dBm/ w0ic0 i imaired ,- t0e dditional *at *ading +arginB dB/. %0e attenuation of t0e ca,le and connector dB/ increae t0evalue of t0e minimum needed ower level. %0e R7 antenna gain 8 dBi/ andt0e diverit- gain E dB/ decreae t0e minimum needed ower level. %0e

iotroic ower * i calculated ,- uing following imle add and u,tractformula>

) A B C 5 E = + + − − Equation 36

*ield trengt0 i t0e iotroic ower converted into dBµA)m ,- uing

E4uation 3 &2.


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3.1.2.;. T'a#-!**!#) E#

%ranmitting end include t0e arameter> %7 R* $utut Peak PowerIolator om,iner and *ilter loe R*&eak ower/ com,iner outut

ower a,le and onnector loe %7&antenna Gain EIRP and IotroicPat0 Lo.

3.1.2.8. T0 RF O(*(* P&a$ P"%&'

#S Transmit Power > *or t0e +! t0e tranmitter ower i elected accordingto given +! cla.

BTS Transmit Power4 %0e B%! tranmitter ower i ad?uted to rovide an ,alanced radio link i.e. ulink and downlink radio link erformance i t0eame/ for given B%! and +! receiver erformance +! tranmitter

erformance antenna and feeder ca,le c0aracteritic. %0i figure can ,eued a t0e B%! tranmit ower in <P!)7.

%0e B%! R* outut eak ower @/ i calculated tarting from t0e IotroicPat0 Lo / calculated ,- uing value in +! ide/. %0e downlink EIRPP/ i calculated ,- u,tracting Iotroic ower */ w0ic0 wa calculated int0e receiving end ection from t0e iotroic at0 lo. %0e needed B%!tranmit ower can ,e calculated from EIRP ,- taking into account t0e effectof %7&antenna gain $/ a,le and connector loe </ and Iolatorcom,iner and filter loe L/. %0e following formula i ued to calculate t0eB%! %7 R* $utut Peak Power all t0e value are dB dBi or dBm/ in dBm.

+ 7 ) 8 ' 9= − − + +

Equation 3:

%0e reult in dBm i t0en converted into dBµA)m uing E4uation 3 &2.


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3.1.2.9. I"+a*"' C"-6!#&' a# F!+*&'

Iolator com,iner couler/ and filter are art of a couling unit w0oe

main function in %7 direction i to com,ine and feed t0e %R7 outut toantenna feeder. In R7 direction t0e couling unit filter and amlifie uingL< Low <oie mlifier/ t0e ignal received from t0e antenna ,efore it ifed to t0e R7 unit main and diverit- ,ranc0/. In t0e following figure aneamle of couling unit i deicted. *igure conit of four %R7 unitw0ic0 are connected via two couling unit to t0e antenna two iece/.8ule oeration and diverit- are in ue.

I3"+a*"'

C"(2+&'

D

( + & 5 , ! + * & '

R0 F!+*&'LNA S

+ ! * * & '

I3"+a*"'

C"(2+&'

D ( + & 5 , ! + * & '

R0 F!+*&'LNA S + ! * * & '

T0

T0

T0

T0

R0 -a!#

R0 !/

R0 -a!#

R0 !/

R0 -a!#

R0 !/

R0 -a!#

R0 !/

MHA

MHA

C"(+!#) U#!* 1

C"(+!#) U#!* 2

T R 0

1

T R 0

2

T R 0

3

T R 0

4

)igure 330 5efinition of coupling unit ;dual duple< operation=0

Isolator revent t0e tranmitted ignal from %7/ ,eing reflected from i.e.couler/ ,ack to t0e %7 and diering it.

Coupler com,ine t0e %7 outut after t0e iolator to one antenna feederca,le. Larget individual amount of loe i caued ,- t0e couler.

5uple< filter i ued to com,ine t0e tranmit and received ignal into acommon antenna feeder. @it0 receive diverit- in ue t0e dule filter

reduce t0e num,er of needed antenna connection from 3 to 2. 8ule ornon&dule oeration i determined ,- t0e ca,le connection during t0e B%!intallation.

Iolator com,iner and filter lo i a few dB deending on t0e ued coulingunit. %0e eact lo value for t0e w0ole couling unit and eac0 individualdevice if needed/ mut ,e c0ecked from t0e manufacturer.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 15(40)




3.1.2.17. MS a# BTS RF P&a$ P"%&' C"-6!#&'O(*(*

om,iner outut i t0e ower t0at i tranmitted to t0e B%!)+! antenna

connector. !ince t0ere i no com,iner in +! t0e com,iner outut i eactl-t0e ame a t0e %7 R* outut eak ower in dBm mean ower over R*c-cle/. In B%! it i necear- to ue com,iner and t0erefore t0e ower att0e antenna connector i t0e mean ower over R* c-cle u,tracted ,- t0ecom,iner iolator and filter loe.

3.1.2.11. Ca6+& a# C"##&*"' L"& a# T0 A#*&##a

Ga!#

a,le and connector loe and %7 antenna gain value are t0e ame a forreceiving end.

3.1.2.12. P&a$ EIRP

%0ere i a tandard wa- of ecif-ing t0e ower radiated wit0in a geogra0icare. %0e radiated ower t0at can ,e tranmitted 0ould ,e ereed a t0e

ower radiated from an iotroic antenna EIRP Effective IotroicRadiated Power/ if t0e antenna gain i ereed in deci,el over aniotroic antenna dBi/. %0ere i alo a term called Effective Radiated PowerERP/. ERP i referenced to an omnidirectional articularl- a dioleantenna/ oint ource w0ic0 0ould ,e ued if t0e antenna gain i ereeda deci,el over a diole antenna dBd/. %0e ERP value can ,e c0anged to

EIRP or vice vera/ value ,- uing imle formula EI2P E2P dB= + 2 1 .%0e eak EIRP can ,e ued in <P!)7 a t0e eak outut EIRP of t0e B%!.

>plin* pea* EI2P > !ince t0ere are no etra loe or gain ,etween t0e %7and t0e tranmitting antenna of +! t0e ulink eak EIRP i t0e ame a t0e+! %7 outut ower. But if ome loe or gain eit t0e- mut ,e takeninto account ,- uing t0e following formula.

P ? 9 ' 8= − − + Equation 3!@

w0ere i t0e +! %7 outut eak ower in dBm mean ower over R*c-cle/ L i t0e iolator com,iner and filter loe < i t0e ca,le andconnector loe and $ i t0e %7 antenna gain.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 16(40)




5ownlin* pea* EI2P4 *or t0e B%! t0e eak EIRP calculation tart from t0eiotroic at0 lo / w0ic0 i t0e ame for ulink and downlink. *rom t0eiotroic at0 lo t0e +! iotroic ower */ ,ecaue ulink iotroic

at0lo determine t0e radio at0 erformance/ i u,tracted to get t0eEIRP dBm/. %0en t0e EIRP i converted to watt to get t0e eak EIRP.

P 7 ) = −

Equation 3!!

3.1.2.13. Ma!-(- A++"%& I"*'"! Pa*: L"

%0e iotroic at0 lo i t0e maimum allowed at0 lo ,etween B%! and+! according to t0e given radio -tem erformance figure. It take intoaccount t0e erformance of eac0 a,ove mentioned arameter. !ince ulink

determine t0e cell range t0e maimum allowed iotroic at0lo icalculated for ulink firt.

In uplin* direction t0e mo,ile i tranmitting wit0 1 @ 3: dBm/ outut ower. Becaue t0ere i no lo ,etween t0e %7 and t0e tranmitting antennaand t0e gain of t0e antenna i : dBi t0e EIRP i 3:.: dBm. %0e ignaltranmitted ,- mo,ile tation i received ,- t0e ,ae tation. *irt comaredto iotroic antenna t0ere i 16 dBi gain ,ecaue of t0e ued ectori"edmedium gain antenna. !ince diverit- recetion i ued t0e diverit- gain 0ato ,e taken into account a well w0ic0 in t0i cae i ( dB.

!econd t0e ignal will attenuate due to ca,le and connector loe ,- 3 dB.lo an additional fat fading margin of 2 dB i aumed ,ecaue of deneur,an environment. *inall- t0e ignal arrive to t0e ,ae tation receiver.%0e enitivit- of t0e ,ae tation in t0i eamle i &1:6 dBm. ccording tot0ee arameter t0e ower ent ,- t0e mo,ile 3: dBm/ can ,e attenuatedo t0at at t0e ,ae tation receiver t0e ower level i &1:( dBm.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 17(40)




@0en all art t0at caue loe and all art t0at can rovide ome gain aretaken into account t0e ignal can ,e attenuated ,etween t0e tranmitting andreceiving antenna ,- 151 dB 3: dBm & &1:6 dBm J 2 dB J3 dB & 16 dB & (

dB//. In t0e following figure t0e calculation of t0e ulink iotroic at0 loi deicted.

at0 lo K 151 dB*eeder

Lo K 3 dB

% Power

3: dBm 1@/

ntenna

Gain K 168iverit-

Gain K (

3: dBm

& 121 dBm

& 1:1 dBm

& 1:( dBm

R !enitivit-

&1:6 dB

additional fat fading

margin K 2 dB

)igure 3-0 >plin* path loss calculation parameters0

5ownlin* i ,alanced o t0at iotroic at0 lo in ulink e4ual t0e at0 loin downlink. %0i i done ,- ad?uting t0e outut ower of t0e ,ae tation.!tarting from t0e mo,ile t0e ower level at t0e receiver mut ,e in t0i cae&#9 dBm. Becaue of additional fat fading margin t0e ower level mut ,e 2dB 0ig0er t0an t0e enitivit- level of +!. Dlink define cell range and

,ecaue ulink and downlink mut ,e ,alanced t0e ignal ent ,- t0e ,ae

tation can ,e attenuated alo ,- 151 dB ,etween tranmitting antenna andreceiving +! antenna. %0i mean t0at EIRP at t0e ,ae tation mut ,e 53dB &1:: dBm J 2 dB J 151 dBm/. In order to get t0i ower from t0eantenna t0e outut ower of %R7 unit mut ,e calculated B! %7 R* eakoutut ower/. ntenna gain will reduce t0e ower needed from t0e %R7unit ,ut all t0e loe like com,iner lo and ca,le lo will increae t0eneeded ower. In t0e following figure t0e calculation of t0e ulink iotroic

at0 lo i deicted.

at0 lo K 151 dB

com,iner

lo K ( dB

*eeder

Lo K 3 dB

R !enitivit-

& 1:: dBm

% Power

(( dBm 25@/

ntenna

Gain K 16

& #9 dBm

53 dBm

3 dBm

(: dBm

additional fat fading

margin K 2 dB

)igure 3.0 5ownlin* path loss calculation parameters0


NTCD /1.0 09.97 18(40)




In t0i eamle t0e %7 ower will ,e (( dBm ,ecaue of t0e antenna gain of16 dB com,iner lo of ( dB and ca,le and connector loe of 3 dB. %0egain from t0e %R7 unit to t0e antenna i 16 dB & ( dB & 3 dB K # dB. %0i

mean t0at t0e outut ower of %R7 unit can ,e # dB le t0an EIRP 53 dB& # dB K (( dB/.

3.2. C&++ S!<& Ca+(+a*!"#

%0e cell i"e radiu/ calculation are ,aed on ower ,udget calculation.%0e main arameter affecting t0e cell i"e are> B%! and +! antenna0eig0t location ro,a,ilit- indoor)outdoor and ,uilding enetration lo. Ifindoor coverage i one of t0e mot imortant lanning target t0e ,uilding

enetration lo w0ic0 decreae t0e cell range ignificantl- mut ,e takeninto account in t0e cell i"e calculation. lo t0e location ro,a,ilit- i.e.

ro,a,ilit- of getting ervice can ,e a ver- imortant lanning varia,le andt0erefore it 0ould ,e noted t0at if t0e location ro,a,ilit- i 0ig0 t0e num,erof ,ae tation and cot of network i 0ig0. %0erefore t0e location

ro,a,ilit- for ingle iolated cell mut ,e ket in reaona,le limit.

!imle roagation model uc0 a $!%&231&$kumura&'ata and $!%&231&@alfi0&Ikegami cit- area/ model are ued to calculate t0e cell radiifor different area. <ormall- t0e ervice area i divided into maller0omogenou area according to t0e terrain t-e or ,uilding 0eig0t. In t0eemaller area even more imle roagation formula can give accuratereult.

%0e cell i"e calculation i divided into four different ection w0ic0 areelained in t0e following aragra0 a well t0e inut and outut

arameter.

3.2.1. C"--"# I#,"'-a*!"#

In ommon Information ection all t0e arameter t0at are common for ,ot0$!%&231&$kumura&'ata and $!%&231&@alfi0&Ikegami roagationmodel are reented. %0ee arameter are> B%! and +! antenna 0eig0tmeter/ ,uilding enetration lo dB/ BPL deviation dB/ and tandard

deviation dB/.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 19(40)




3.2.1.1. MS a# BTS A#*&##a H&!):*

a ,aic rincile it can ,e aid t0at t0e 0ig0er t0e antenna are intalled

t0e larger cell range can ,e ac0ieved. %0e correct value for t0i inut 0ould ,e elected wit0 etra care taking into account all t0e retriction caued ,-t0e elected roagation model.

In t0eor- t0e B%! antenna 0eig0t can ,e from 3: meter to 2:: meter w0enuing $!%&231&$kumura&'ata and for $!%&231&@alfi0&Ikegami t0eminimum antenna 0eig0t i ( meter and t0e maimum 5: meter. 'owevert0e ued fre4uenc- and feeder ca,le can caue ome limitation to t0emaimum B%! antenna 0eig0t.In mo,ile network t0e +! antenna 0eig0t 1.5 meter i ued a a defaultvalue.

3.2.1.2. L")N"'-a+ =S+"%> Fa!#) a# S*a#a'D&/!a*!"#

+a?or ro,lem in ,uilt&u area are caued ,- t0e fact t0at t0e mo,ileantenna i well ,elow t0e urrounding ,uilding o t0at t0ere i no line ofig0t at0 from t0e tranmitter to t0e receiver. %0erefore roagation imainl- ,- wa- of cattering reflection from t0e urface of t0e ,uilding and

,- diffraction over and)or around t0em. *igure 3 &6 illutrate ome oi,lemec0anim ,- w0ic0 t0e energ- can arrive at a ve0icle&,orne antenna.

6>

a>

6> ? a>

)igure 3/0 Illustration of the two (asic tpes of fading in the mo(ile environment0 a= )ast fading caused ( the reception of multiple signals with different phases0 (= slow fading caused ( amplitude variations due to diffractionsor shadowing0

In ractice energ- arrive via everal different at0 imultaneoul- and a ocalled multiat0 ituation i aid to eit in w0ic0 t0e variou incomingradiowave arrive from different direction wit0 different dela-. %0ee

radiowave com,ine vectoricall- at t0e receiver antenna to give a reultantignal w0ic0 can ,e mall or large deending on t0e ditri,ution of t0e 0aeof t0e different incoming comonent wave. It i o,viou t0at a receiver at agiven location can eerience a ignal t0at i everal ten of dB differentfrom t0at at anot0er location 0ort ditance awa- w0ere t0e 0aerelation0i ,etween t0e incoming wave 0a c0anged. %0erefore large calevariation in ignal amlitude occur.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 20(40)




%0e ignal fluctuation are known a fading. %0e 0ort&term fluctuationcaued ,- t0e local multiat0 i known a fat fading to ditingui0 it fromt0e muc0 longer&term variation in mean ignal level known a low fading.

!low fading effect i caued ,- movement over ditance large enoug0 to roduce gro variation in overall at0 ,etween t0e tranmitter and receiver.8ue to t0at low fading i caued ,- t0e mo,ile moving into t0e 0adow of0ill or ,uilding and t0erefore low fading i often called 0adowing. %0erei no atifactor- model for t0e low fading 0owever meaurement indicatet0at t0e mean at0 lo cloel- fit a log&normal ditri,ution wit0 tandarddeviation t0at deend on t0e fre4uenc- and t0e environment. *or t0i reaont0e term log&normal fading i alo ued. )3)6)

%0e t-ical eerimental record of received ignal enveloe a a function ofditance 0own in *igure 3 & illutrate t0e difference ,etween low and

fat fading. %0e fat fading t0e ,lack t0in line/ i o,erved over ditance ofa,out 0alf a wavelengt0. *ade wit0 det0 le t0an 1: dB are fre4uent andfade deeer t0an 1: dB are le fre4uent ,ut not uncommon. %0e dotted

,lack line decri,e t0e low variation low fading/ in mean ignal valuew0ic0 occur over muc0 larger ditance.

)igure 310 E<perimental record of received signal envelope in an ur(an area0

%0e moving receiver can a t0roug0 everal fade in a econd and it i oi,le for a ve0icle to to wit0 t0e antenna in a 2: dB fade. In t0eor-communication t0en ,ecome ver- difficult ,ut in ractice aing ve0icleoften ditur, t0e field attern eaing t0e ro,lem ignificantl-. *at fading0a ,een taken into account in receiver enitivit- figure. %0e multiat0

rofile for t-ical area i %D5: a defined in t0e E%!I G!+

recommendation :5.:5 wit0 12 ta and 5 µ ece dela-. *or t0at

definition t0e minimum E ( ' @ w0ic0 i t0e receiver outut ignal to noie ower i 9 dB including fat fading. !o onl- fading comonent t0at 0a to ,etaken into account in ower ,udget calculation i low fading. )1)2)6))


NTCD /1.0 09.97 21(40)




%0e low fading decri,e t0e variation of t0e average ignal trengt0 due toignal diffraction caued ,- t0e o,tacle on t0e ignal at0. %0e low fadinglog&normal fading/ i normall- ditri,uted wit0 t0e ditri,ution function )

6))9)#)

p r e

r r m

/

/

=⋅ ⋅

⋅ −

−

⋅1

22

2

2

2

π σ

σ

Equation 3!&

w0ere r m i t0e mean value of t0e random varia,le r and σ i t0e tandard

deviation. %0e value of σ deend on t0e urrounding and i generall-

,etween 5 and 1: dB wit0 a tendenc- to larger value in 0eav- ,uilt areadue to 0ig0&rie ,uilding. %0e tandard deviation for t0e log&normal fadingin ur,an area i tated to ,e &9 dB.

@0en meauring t0e ignal trengt0 at t0e given radio at0 ditance t0evalue are concentrated cloe to t0e mean value m w0ic0 follow log&normalditri,ution and 0ave ,ell&0aed normal/ ditri,ution. %0e tandarddeviation of t0e local mean curve i a reflection of 0ow muc0 variation t0erei in t0e received ignal trengt0 and t0erefore it i oi,le to etimate 0owoften t0e local mean average ower of t0e ignal/ fall wit0in given limit

mσ ≤ < ≤ mD σ / ,- uing following e4uation. )6))

P m < m e d<

e d3

< r

r

r

3

m

m

m

/

/

− ≤ ≤ + =

⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅

=⋅

⋅ ⋅ =

− −

⋅

−

+

−

−

+

∫

∫

σ σ

π σ

π

σ

σ

σ

1

21

269

2

2

2

2

1

1

Equation 3!3

E4uation 3 &13 indicate t0at 69 of t0e ignal trengt0 amle fall in t0e

range ,etween σ and Dσ around t0e mean value m. %0erefore t0e tandard

deviation can ,e determined ,- meauring t0e field trengt0 at t0e ditance of 2 around t0e ,ae tation like deicted in t0e following figure/.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 22(40)




*rom all t0e meaurement amle t0e mean value m i determined and t0en

69 ercent of data mut fall in t0e range ,etween σ and Dσ around t0i

mean value.

.R

)igure 360 #easuring the field strength for determining the standard deviation0

If t0e tandard deviation σ i known a low fading margin outdoor can ,e

calculated and it can ,e ued to calculate t0e coverage t0re0old for outdoorcoverage a elained later.)6))

3.2.1.3. BPL A/&'a)& a# S*a#a' D&/!a*!"#I#""'

%0e ower ,udget arameter ,uilding enetration lo deviation i in fact t0etandard deviation indoor t0e concet of tandard deviation wa elainedin t0e reviou aragra0/ including ,ot0 t0e outdoor field trengt0 deviationand t0e deviation of ,uilding loe.

Building enetration lo varie according to ,uilding t-e. If indoorcoverage i imortant t0e average ,uilding enetration lo and tandarddeviation indoor 0ould ,e meaured. If meaurement reult are notavaila,le t0e value can ,e etimated according to t0e E%!I G!+recommendation :3.:3 in w0ic0 t0e ,uilding enetration lo in ur,an areai etimated to ,e 15&19 dB and in rural area 1: dB deending on t0e uedfre4uenc-. *or tandard deviation indoor default value of #&11 dB can ,eued. It 0ould ,e noted t0at ome tudie 0a 0own t0at t0e average

,uilding enetration lo for ome ,uilding t-e decreae w0en t0efre4uenc- i increaed e.g. from #:: +'" to 19:: +'". %0i can ,eelained ,- t0e fact t0at t0e ,uilding wall for eamle reinforcedconcrete/ are omew0at fre4uenc- elective. %0i mut ,e verified ,-conducting variou et of meaurement. )1)2)1:)11)12)13)

%0e average ,uilding enetration lo and tandard deviation indoor areued w0en calculating cell range and coverage t0re0old for indoor coveragea elained later.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 23(40)




3.2.2. COST231O$(-('aHa*a

$!%&231&$kumura&'ata model i t0e tandard $kumura&'ata model

w0oe ua,ilit- i etended to 2::: +'". In t0i ection t0e uer defined arameter t0at are ecific onl- for t0e $!%&231&$kumura&'ata rediction model are elained. %0e formula itelf i reented later.

3.2.2.1. A'&a T& C"''&*!"# Fa*"'

In different area t0e ignal roagate differentl- and t0erefore t0e area t-ecorrection factor are ued to tune t0e $kumura&'ata model to differentenvironment. %0e ,aic model i derived from meaurement done in t-icalaan ur,an cit- environment o t0e correction factor are needed to fit t0emodel to rural oen and foret etc. environment. %0e correction factor can

,e o,tained from <P!)7 after model tuning roce w0ere t0e roagationmodel i tuned o t0at it redict t0e at0lo a accurate a oi,lecomared to t0e meaured data. If t0e reult from <P!)7 model tuning arenot availa,le a et of default factor mut ,e ued. 'owever it 0ould ,enoted t0at w0en uing default factor t0e reult cell range/ i not entirel-correct.

%0e correction factor value dB/ i added to t0e at0 lo value calculateduing t0e roagation formula. In ower ,udget calculation five differentarea t-e are ued> dene ur,an 8D/ ur,an D/ u,ur,an !D/ foret */oen $/. B- uing t0e tuned correction factor t0e ue of 'ataF tandard

correction formula for different environment can ,e avoided.

3.2.2.2. COST231Wa+,!: I$&)a-!

In t0i ection of cell i"e calculation t0e arameter t0at are ecific onl-for $!%&231&@alfi0 & Ikegami rediction model are reented. %0eformula itelf i elained later. %0e arameter are uer defined arameter>

,uilding earation in meter ,uilding average 0eig0t in meter road widt0in meter and road orientation angle in degree.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 24(40)




3.2.2.3. B(!+!#) &a'a*!"# 6(!+!#) a/&'a)& :&!):*'"a %!*: a# '"a "'!&#*a*!"# a#)+&

Building earation in meter/ i t0e ditance ,etween t0e center of two ,uilding , in *igure 3 &#/ and t0e ,uilding average 0eig0t i t0e average0eig0t of all t0e ,uilding inide t0e coverage area of t0e cell 0roof /. Road

widt0 w/ i given in meter and t0e road orientation angle ϕ/ i given in

degree. %0ee arameter are ued in at0lo calculation formula reented in Paragra0 1.2.(.1.

:Ba3&

6

:M"6

:R"",

:Ba3&

:R"",

% %

ϕ

α

Incident @ave

)igure 3:0 +alfish I*egami (asic parameters0

3.2.3. O(*""' @ I#""' C"/&'a)&

In t0i ection t0e roagation model i elected $!%&231&$kumura&'ataor $!%&231&@alfi0&Ikegami/ uer alo define t0e location ro,a,ilit-

over t0e w0ole cell coverage area/ target for indoor and outdoor coveraget0e concet of location ro,a,ilit- i reented in Paragra0 1.3/. !lowfading margin and coverage t0re0old are calculated from t0ee uer defined

arameter.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 25(40)




3.2.3.1. P'"a)a*!"# M"&+

%0i arameter $' or @I/ i elected ,- t0e uer and according to t0i t0e

at0 lo i calculated eit0er ,- uing $!%&231&$kumura&'ata $'/ or$!%&231&@alfi0&Ikegami @I/ model.

C8ST&3!8*umura$ata ;8$=4 In t0e Power Budget alculation E7EL0eet alication ,aic 'ata formula for ur,an area/ i ued wit0 one etra

arameter i.e. correction factor. If t0e area i more dene t0an t0e ,aicmodel eect t0e correction factor i oitive. If t0e area i le dene t0ant0e ,aic formula rural or oen area/ eect t0e correction factor inegative. B- uing t0ee correction factor tuned ,- uing <P!)7 andmeaured data t0e 'ata formula can ,e tuned to an- environment ver-accuratel-.

%0e 'ata formula ued in ower ,udget to etimate t0e average iotroic at0lo i> )1)2)3)#)

[ ]

9 A B f $ a $

$ d Corr) dB

c ( m

(

5: 1: 1:

1: 1:

13 92

(( # 6 55

= + ⋅ − ⋅ − +

− ⋅ ⋅ +

log / log / /

log / log /

Equation 3!-

w0ere

A f #$%

f #$%

B f #$%

f #$%

f frequenc3 in #$%

$ (ase station antenna height in meters

d #S distance from BTS in *ilometers

c

(

= = −

= −

= = −= −

≤ ≤

≤ ≤

≤ ≤

6# 55 15: 15::

(6 3: 15:: 2:::

2616 15: 15::

33#: 15:: 2:::

15: 2:::

3: 2::

1 1:

.

.

.

.

/

/

/

lo a mall imlification i made in ower ,udget calculation w0encalculating correction factor for mo,ile antenna 0eig0t a;$ m = t0e formulafor medium&i"ed cit- i t0e onl- one ued> )3)#)

[ ] [ ]a $ f $ f m c m c / log / log / = ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅ −11 : 156 : 91:

Equation 3!.

%0e ot0er mo,ile antenna 0eig0t correction factor i for large cit->

[ ]

[ ]a $

$ f #$%

$ f #$%m

m c

m c

. / 6 log . 6 / 6 >

6 log . 6 / 6 >=

⋅ ⋅ − ≤⋅ ⋅ − ≥

9 2# 15( 11 2::

3 2 11 B5 ( #B (::

1:

2

1:

2

Equation 3!/


NTCD /1.0 09.97 26(40)




it can ,e een from *igure 3 &1: t0ere i no ,ig difference ,etween t0evalue of two different e4uation for a;$ m = w0en t0e mo,ile antenna 0eig0t iaround 15 meter w0ic0 i t0e value mot commonl- ued. 'owever w0en

t0e mo,ile antenna 0eig0t increae t0e correct formula mut ,e ued inorder to get accurate reult.

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Mobile antenna height (m)

C o r r e c t i

o n f a c t o r v a l u e a ( H m )

mediumcity

largecity

)igure 3!@0 Comparison of the mo(ile antenna correction factors for medium and largecit0

@0en uing $!%&231&$kumura&'ata roagation model t0e retrictionfor ditance from ,ae tation ,ae tation effective antenna 0eig0t mo,ileantenna 0eig0t and fre4uenc- mut ,e ket in mind to avoid unrealitic and

wrong reult.

Cost&3!+alfish I*egami ;+I=4 In t0i emi&emirical model for at0 lo rediction in ,uilt&u 4uai&moot0 area a ditinction i made ,etween line&of&ig0t L$!/ and not&line&of&ig0t <L$!/ ituation. In t0e L$! ituation

at0 lo i ereed ,- an e4uation of t0e ame form a t0at decri,ingfree&ace lo ,ut wit0 different coefficient w0ic0 0ave ,eeneerimentall- determined from meaurement in !tock0olm. In t0e <L$!ituation t0e ece at0 lo dB/ wit0 reect to t0e free&ace lo i t0eum of two term. %0e firt one multicreen lo 9msd / decri,e t0e ecelo due to roagation from t0e ,ae tation B!/ over t0e roof of

,uilding to t0e roofto of t0e ,uilding ,ordering t0e treet w0ere t0ereceiver i located. %0e econd one roofto&to&treet lo 9rts/ give t0eece lo from t0e roofto of t0i nearet ,uilding to t0e receiver. Bot0L$! and <L$! cae are deicted in following figure.)2)#)

<L$! 1/

<L$! 2/L$!

9rts

9msd

)igure 3!!0 +alfish I*egami 98S and '98S calculation method0


NTCD /1.0 09.97 27(40)




%0e formula ued in ower ,udget i>

9 d f 98S = + ⋅ + ⋅(2 6 26 2:1: 1:

. log / log /

9 d f 9 9 '98S rts msd = + ⋅ + ⋅ + +32 ( 2: 2:1: 1:. log / log / Equation 3!1

whereL = path loss (dB)f = frequency (MHz)d = distance (km)Lrts = root-top-to-street diffraction and scatter loss

(dB)Lmsd = multi-screen diffraction loss (dB)

%0e roof&to&to&treet diffraction and catter lo i

9 w

m

f

#$%

h

m 9rts

#o(ors= − − ⋅

− ⋅

− ⋅

−16 # 1: 1: 2:1: 1: 1:. log log log

∆

Equation 3!6

w0ere

9

for

for

for

ors =

− + ⋅ ≤ <

+ ⋅ −

≤ <

− ⋅ −

≤ <

1: : 35( : 35

2 5 : :5 35 35 55

( : :11( 55 55 #:

:

:

:

.deg

. .deg

. .deg

ϕ ϕ

ϕ ϕ

ϕ ϕ

Equation 3!:

and

∆

∆

h h h

h h h

#o( 2oof #o(

Base Base 2oof

= −

= −

Equation 3&@

%0e arameter ued are deicted in following figure.

:Ba3&

6:

M"6

:R"",

:Ba3&

:R"",

% %

ϕ

α

Incident @ave

)igure 3!&0 Parameters of the Cost&3!+alfishI*egami model0


NTCD /1.0 09.97 28(40)




%0e multi&creen diffraction lo i

9 9 * * d

*m*

f

#$%

(

mmsd (sh a d f

= + + ⋅

+ ⋅

− ⋅

log log log1: 1: #

Equation 3&!

w0ere

9

h

m for h h

for h h(sh

Base Base 2oof

Base 2oof

= − ⋅ −

>

≤

19 1

:

log 6

6

∆

Equation 3&&

and

*

for h h

h

m for d *m and h h

h

m

d

*m for d *m and h h

a

Base 2oof

Base

Base 2oof

Base

Base 2oof

=

>

− ⋅ ≥ ≤

− ⋅ ⋅ < ≤

5(

5( :9 :5

5( :9:5

:5

. .

..

.

∆

∆

Equation 3&3

( )

( )

*

for h h

h

h for h h

*

f

#$%

f

#$%

d

Base 2oof

Base

2oof

Base 2oof f =

>

− ⋅ ≤

= − +

⋅ −

⋅ −

19

19 15(

: #25 1 1

15#25

1 2

.

.

∆

Equation 3&-

E4uation 1/ i ued for medium i"ed citie and u,ur,an center wit0moderate tree denit- and e4uation 2/ i ued for metroolitan center. %0eterm * a rereent t0e increae of t0e at0 lo for ,ae tation antenna

,elow t0e roof to of t0e ad?acent ,uilding. %0e term * d and * f control t0edeendence of t0e multi&creen diffraction lo veru ditance and radiofre4uenc- reectivel-.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 29(40)




If t0e data on t0e tructure of ,uilding and road are unknown t0e followingdefault value are recommended.

{ }

( m m

w (

h m num(er of floors roof

roof m pitched

m flat

roof

==

= ⋅ +

=

=

2: 5:

2

3

3

:

#::

ϕ

%0e ot&231&@alfi0&Ikegami model i retricted to>

f 6@@000&@@@ #$%

h Base -000.@ mh #o(ile !0003 md @0@&000. *m

%0e ot&231&@alfi0&Ikegami model i good mean rediction error M3 dBtandard deviation M(&9 dB/ for an antenna 0eig0t greater t0an t0e meanroofto level ,ut ,ecome wore for mall gra"ing angle and w0en t0eantenna i located ,elow t0e roofto level. %0e +odel 0a ,een teted uing#:: +'" and 1.9 G'" ,and and ditance from 1:: m to 3 km.

3.2.3.2. C"/&'a)& T:'&:"+ a# C&++ Ra#)&

overage t0re0old i t0e downlink ignal trengt0 at t0e coverage area ,order for a given location ro,a,ilit-. overage t0re0old i calculated ,-adding low fading margin and ,uilding enetration lo w0en calculatingcoverage t0re0old indoor/ to +! iotroic ower. *or eamle if t0e +!iotroic ower i &## dBm and if t0e location ro,a,ilit- outdoor ire4uired to ,e #:. If t0e tandard deviation i dB and correction factor i: dB t0en t0e low fading margin i calculated to ,e (5 dB. alculatedcoverage t0re0old in t0i cae i t0en &## dBm J (5 dB K &#(5 dBm. %0e

coverage t0re0old in dBµA)m can ,e calculated uing E4uation 3 &2.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 30(40)




3.3. S+"% Fa!#) Ma')!# a# L"a*!"# P'"6a6!+!* =S!#)+& C&++>

it wa mentioned in Paragra0 1.2.1.3 t0e low fading decri,e t0e

variation of t0e average ignal trengt0 due to diffraction caued ,- t0eo,tacle on t0e ignal at0 of t0e ignal. %0e low fading log&normalfading/ i normal ditri,uted wit0 t0e ditri,ution function )6))9)1()

p r e

r r m

/

/

=⋅ ⋅

⋅ −

−

⋅1

22

2

2

2

π σ

σ

Equation 3&.

w0ere r m i t0e mean value of t0e random varia,le r and σ i t0e tandard

deviation ereed in dB. %0e normal random varia,le r in E4uation 3&25 rereent t0e low fading.

%0e ro,a,ilit- p < :t0at r eceed ome t0re0old <@ at a given oint inide

t0e cell i called t0e oint location ro,a,ilit-. %0e oint location ro,a,ilit-can ,e written a t0e uer tail ro,a,ilit- of E4uation 3 &25. )9)1()

p e dr

erf < r

<

r r

<

m

m

:

2

2

:

1

2

1

2

1

2 2

2

2

:

=⋅ ⋅

⋅

= − ⋅ −

⋅

− −

⋅∞

∫ π σ

σ

σ

/

Equation 3&/

*igure 3 &1( decri,e t0e relation ,etween low fading margin and ointlocation ro,a,ilit- calculated uing E4uation 3 &26 w0ere t0e low fading

margin i t0e u,traction < r m: − . <@ i t0e t0re0old for received ignal

trengt0 and r m i t0e median and 0ence t0e mean of t0e log&normal/

received ignal trengt0 at a ditance of r km/ from t0e ,ae tationcalculated uing $!%&231&$kumura&'ata&formula.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 32(40)




%0e ued arameter are> *a#a' &/!a*!"# ; B -a!-(- a++"%&a*:+" 1545 B BTS &,,&*!/& a#*&##a :&!):* 37 -&*&' MS a#*&##a:&!):* 1.5 -&*&' "''&*!"# ,a*"' 7 B and 6(!+!#) &#&*'a*!"# +" 7

B.

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

7 6 ,

5

4 1 ,

3

3 1 ,

5

2 5 ,

6

2 1 ,

3

1 8 ,

0

1 5 ,

2

1 2 ,

9

1 0 ,

9

9 ,

1

7 ,

5

6 ,

1

4 ,

8

3 ,

6

2 ,

4

1 ,

4

0 ,

4

- 0 ,

5

- 1 ,

4

- 2 ,

2

- 3 ,

0

- 3 ,

7

- 4 ,

4

- 5 ,

1

- 5 ,

8

- 6 ,

4

- 7 ,

0

- 7 ,

5

- 8 ,

1

Slow Fading Margin (dB)

P o i n t L o c a t i o n P r o b a b i l i t y

)igure 3!-0 Point location pro(a(ilit vs0 slow fading margin0

it can ,e een from t0e figure a,ove t0e low fading margin i : dB w0ent0e oint location ro,a,ilit- i 5:. But if ,etter location ro,a,ilit- ire4ueted i.e. ,etter guarantee t0at t0e received field trengt0 i 0ig0 enoug0

t0e oint location ro,a,ilit- mut ,e increaed w0ic0 mean t0at t0e lowfading margin increae and at t0e ame time t0e allowed at0 lo decreae.%0e onl- wa- to decreae t0e calculated at0 lo in order to increae t0e

oint location ro,a,ilit-/ i to decreae t0e cell range. %0i i decri,ed int0e figure ,elow w0ere t0e dotted circle i decreaed cell i"e wit0 t0e lowfading margin of (.5 dB.

P:

P:

57

;4

R

485 B

7 B < r m: −

< r m:

−

)igure 3!.0 5escription of slow fading margin0


NTCD /1.0 09.97 33(40)




If location ro,a,ilit- at t0e cell edge P h oint location ro,a,ilit-/increae from 5: to ( t0en t0e low fading margin increae from : dB

to (5 dB w0en σ i dB/ and t0erefore decreae t0e cell range. @0en t0e

low fading margin i (5 dB t0e received field trengt0 mut ,e (5 dB ,etter t0an t0e iotroic ower in order to fulfill t0e oint location ro,a,ilit- re4uirement of (.

Coverage location pro(a(ilit outdoors i a arameter t0at decri,e t0e ro,a,ilit- t0at t0e received ignal trengt0 outdoor eceed t0e minimumneeded ignal trengt0 at t0e mo,ile receiver in order to make a ucceful

0one call. *or eamle if t0e enitivit- of mo,ile 0one i &1:2 dBm andt0e dditional *at *ading +argin i 2 dB t0e Iotroic ower i t0en &#9dBm. %0e iotroic ower i t0e minimum needed average ower level indBm t0at mut ,e received ,- t0e +!.

%0e oint location ro,a,ilit- can ,e converted to area location ro,a,ilit-w0ic0 mean ro,a,ilit- t0at t0e received field trengt0 i ,etter t0an t0eminimum needed ignal trengt0 wit0in t0e cell. ) u define t0e fraction ofueful ervice area wit0in a circle of radiu 2 w0ere t0e ignal level received

,- t0e mo,ile tation eceed a given t0re0old <@. If p < :i t0e ro,a,ilit-

t0at t0e received ignal r eceed <@ in an area dA t0en )9)

) 2

p dAu <

=⋅

⋅ ∫ 1

2 :π

Equation 3&1

%0e mean value of t0e received ignal trengt0 r m can ,e written a

r P d

2= − ⋅

: γ log

Equation 3&6

w0ere P @ ereed in dB i t0e field trengt0 at t0e cell edge and d i t0editance from ,ae tation to ome oint inide t0e cell coverage area 2 i

t0e ditance from t0e ,ae tation to t0e cell edge and γ decri,e 0ow t0e

average received ignal trengt0 deend on t0e ditance from ,ae tation.

%0e value for γ loe/ deend on effective ,ae tation antenna 0eig0t h(/

and it can ,e calculated uing following emirical e4uation ,- 'ata )3)9)#)

γ = − ⋅(( # 6551:

. . log /h(

Equation 3&:


NTCD /1.0 09.97 34(40)




%0e range of value for γ i from 2: free ace lo/ to (: mo,ile at0

lo/. 'owever t0e mot commonl- ued value for γ in mo,ile at0 i 33.9

meaning t0at t0e ,ae tation effective antenna 0eig0t h( i a,out 5: meter. )9)

p erf

< P r

2 <:

1

2

1

2 2

: : 1:

= − ⋅− + ⋅

⋅

γ

σ

log

Equation 33@

%0en if a < P = −

⋅ /: :

2σ and (

e= ⋅

⋅

γ σ

log1:2

t0e E4uation 3 &3: can ,e

written a )9)

) erf a e erf a (

(u

a (

(= + + ⋅ − ⋅ +

⋅ ⋅ +

1

21 1

12 1

2

/

Equation 33!

Ding E4uation 3 &31 t0e location ro,a,ilit- over w0ole cell coverage areacan ,e calculated. %0e difference ,etween location ro,a,ilit- at t0e celledge oint location ro,a,ilit-/ and area location ro,a,ilit- can ,e eenfrom figure ,elow.

P"!#* L".a*!"# P'"6a6!+!*4

A'&a L".a*!"# P'"6a6!+!*4

F(

C&++ E)& L".a*!"# P'"6a6!+!*4

P:

)igure 3!/0 Parameters needed in location pro(a(ilit calculations0

<ow if t0e tandard deviation i dB iotroic at0 lo 15(5 dBmcorrection factor i : dB ur,an area/ and fre4uenc- i 19:: +'" t0e 5:location ro,a,ilit- at t0e cell edge can ,e converted to t0e location

ro,a,ilit- of 6.9 over t0e w0ole cell area ,- uing E4uation 3 &31. If t0ere4uirement for location ro,a,ilit- over t0e cell area i et to ,e #: t0elow fading margin needed to increae t0e area location ro,a,ilit- from6.9 to #: can ,e derived from t0e E4uation 3 &31. !low fading margini (.5 dB and location ro,a,ilit- at t0e cell edge P h uing E4uation 3 &26/i (.:.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 35(40)




*rom t0e icture ,elow t0e relation ,etween t0e oint location ro,a,ilit-and t0e cell area ro,a,ilit- outdoor can ,e een. In t0i cae t0e BTS&,,&*!/& a#*&##a :&!):* ! 37 -&*&' '&&!/&' &#!*!/!* ! 172 B-

a*: +" +"& ! 33.8 B and *a#a' &/!a*!"# ! ; B.

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

0 ,

0 2

0 ,

1 8

0 ,

3 4

0 ,

5

0 ,

6 6

0 ,

8 2

0 ,

9 8

1 ,

1 4

1 ,

3

1 ,

4 6

1 ,

6 2

1 ,

7 8

1 ,

9 4

2 ,

1

2 ,

2 6

2 ,

4 2

2 ,

5 8

2 ,

7 4

2 ,

9

3 ,

0 6

3 ,

2 2

3 ,

3 8

3 ,

5 4

3 ,

7

3 ,

8 6

4 ,

0 2

4 ,

1 8

4 ,

3 4

4 ,

5

4 ,

6 6

4 ,

8 2

4 ,

9 8

Ditance from bae tation (!m)

L o c a t i o n "

r o b a b i l i t y

Point

#rea

)igure 3!10 Comparison of cell edge location pro(a(ilit and cell area location pro(a(ilit outdoors0

The coverage location pro(a(ilit indoors decri,e t0e ro,a,ilit- t0at t0ereceived ignal trengt0 indoor eceed t0e minimum needed ignal trengt0

at t0e receiver. ll t0e calculation formula are eactl- t0e ame a for t0ecalculation of t0e outdoor coverage location ro,a,ilit-. %0e difference

,etween t0e two location ro,a,ilit- calculation are> w0en calculatingindoor location ro,a,ilit- tandard deviation i relaced ,- tandarddeviation indoor and t0e average ,uilding enetration lo i added to t0ecalculated low fading margin. Becaue t0e tandard deviation indoor i0ig0er t0an tandard deviation outdoor/ t0e increae of indoor location

ro,a,ilit- decreae t0e cell range more t0an t0e increae of outdoorlocation ro,a,ilit-. In t0e *igure 3 &19 t0e comarion of oint location

ro,a,ilit- and area location ro,a,ilit- indoor i 0own.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 36(40)




%0e average 6(!+!#) &#&*'a*!"# +" ! 14 B and *a#a' &/!a*!"#!#""' ! 17 B relacing t0e tandard deviation/ ot0erwie all t0e

arameter are eactl- t0e ame a in *igure 3 &1.

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

0 ,

0 2

0 ,

1 8

0 ,

3 4

0 ,

5

0 ,

6 6

0 ,

8 2

0 ,

9 8

1 ,

1 4

1 ,

3

1 ,

4 6

1 ,

6 2

1 ,

7 8

1 ,

9 4

2 ,

1

2 ,

2 6

2 ,

4 2

2 ,

5 8

2 ,

7 4

2 ,

9

3 ,

0 6

3 ,

2 2

3 ,

3 8

3 ,

5 4

3 ,

7

3 ,

8 6

4 ,

0 2

4 ,

1 8

4 ,

3 4

4 ,

5

4 ,

6 6

4 ,

8 2

4 ,

9 8

Ditance from bae tation (!m)

L o c a t i o n "

r o b a b i l i t y

Point

#rea

)igure 3!60 Comparison of cell edge location pro(a(ilit and cell area location pro(a(ilit indoors0

If t0e location ro,a,ilit- over t0e w0ole cell coverage area i #: t0elocation ro,a,ilit- on cell edge w0ic0 can ,e calculated ,- uing E4uation 3 &26 i #.2. %0e low fading margin i t0en 9.#6 dB and t0e cell range:.#9 km. %0e minimum needed received ignal trengt0 for indoor can not

,e calculated traig0t forward ,- adding low fading margin to t0e iotroic ower ,ut t0e average ,uilding enetration lo mut ,e added to iotroic ower a well. %0erefore t0e minimum needed received ignal trengt0 i &##dBm J 9.#6 dB J 1( dB K 6 dBm. %0i i ,ecaue t0e ignal mut enetrateinide t0e ,uilding and of coure all t0e ,uilding wall will increae t0e at0lo and t0e logical cell range i muc0 maller and t0e num,er of ,aetation i greater t0an in outdoor coverage ituation.

%0e value of location ro,a,ilit- on E7EL dimenioning ta,le are inglecell value. %0i i not t0e cae in real life. If ractical cellular network iunder tud- t0ere are at leat two or t0ree ,ae tation almot alwa-

availa,le for t0e mo,ile located cloe to cell edge.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 37(40)




4. DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY

DATE ISSUE AUTHOR SUMMARY OF CHANGES

30 Sep 1997 10 !"##$ Re"%&%e% 1#' (e)e&#e


NTCD /1.0 09.97 38(40)




5. REFERENCES

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%elecommunication !tandard Intitute 1##(. (1 . 2. G!+ :3.:3. 2adio 'etwor* Planning Aspects. Euroean

%elecommunication !tandard Intitute 1##(. 26 .

3. 'ata +. Empirical )ormula for Propagation 9oss in 9an #o(ile 2adio Services. IEEE %ranaction on Ae0icular %ec0nolog- A%&2#1#9:/3 . 31&325.

(. %urkmani .+.8N rowo?olu .. An E<perimental Evaluationof the Performance of twoBranch Space and Polari%ation

5iversit Schemes at !6@@ #$% . IEEE %ranaction on Ae0icular%ec0nolog- ((1##5/2 . 319&326.

5. Lemieu &*N El&%ann- +.!N 'afe" '.+. E<perimental Evaluation of Space)requencPolari%ation 5iversit in Indoor+ireless Channel . IEEE %ranaction on Ae0icular %ec0nolog-(:1##1/3 . 56#&5(.

6. Lee @..O. Telecommunications Sstems. D! 1#9# +cGraw&'ill. ((# .

. Lee @..O. #o(ile Communications 5esign )undamentals. D!1##3 2nd ed. o0n @ile- !on. 32 .

9. ake @..r. #icrowave #o(ile Communications. D! 1#(o0n @ile- !on. (3 .

#. @orking Grou 2 ;D'* Proagation=. >r(an Transmission 9oss #odels for #o(ile 2adio in the :@@ and !6@@ #$% Bands. 'ague1##1 $!% 231 %8 #:/ 11# Rev.2. # .

1:. Ga0leitner RN Bonek E. 2adio +ave Penetration into >r(an

Buildings in Small and #icrocells. IEEE ((t0 Ae0icular%ec0nolog- onfrence !tock0olm 9.&1:.6.1##(. <ew Oork 1##(IEEE. . 99&9#1.

11. 0ia !. Providing >(iqiuitos Cellular Coverage for a 5ense>r(an Environment . IEEE ((t0 Ae0icular %ec0nolog-onfrence !tock0olm 9.&1:.6.1##(. <ew Oork 1##( IEEE. .1:(5&1:(#.


NTCD /1.0 09.97 39(40)




12. %ani @.. IIN Pilato G.. Building penetration characteristics of66@ #$% and !:&& #$% radio waves. Proceeding of 1##3 IEEEAe0icular %ec0nolog- onference A%/ !ecaucu D! 19.&

2:.5.1##3. <ew Oork 1##3 IEEE. . 2:6&2:#.

13. guirre !.N Loew L.'.N Oe0 Lo. 2adio propagation into (uildingsat :!&G !:&@G and .::@ #$% using microcells. Proceeding of1##( 3rd IEEE International onference on Dniveral Peronalommunication !an 8iego D! 2.#&1.1:.1##(. <ew Oork1##3 IEEE. . 12#&13(.

1(. Paron 8. The #o(ile 2adio Propagation Channel . Great Britain1##( BP @0eaton Ltd. . 316.

15. <okia %elecommunication. 'etwor* Planning 8verview. Eoo1##(. #9 .

power budget calculations

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