Power Lines

The power transmission line is one of the major components of an electric power system. Its major function is to transport electric energy, with minimal losses, from the power sources to the load centers, usually separated by long distances. The design of a transmission line depends on four electrical parameters: 1. Series resistance

2. Series inductance3. Shunt capacitance4. Shunt conductance

Parameters of Power Lines

Resistance:

LR

Ar=

Where :

R is series resistance

is a resistivity of material used

L is length of the line

A is a x-sectional area of the line.

The resistance increases along the temperature, as the temperature is bound to increase with the increase of currant carried by the line.

Rt = R0 (1+0)

Where:

Rt is Resistance at temperature t

R0 is resistance at 00 C

0 is temperature coefficient

And for uniform cable this is defined in per unit length: R = /A

Power Line Parameters..Inductance

A current-carrying conductor produces concentric magnetic flux lines around the conductor. If the current varies with the time, the magnetic flux changes and a voltage is induced. Therefore, an inductance is present, defined as the ratio of the magnetic flux linkage and the current. The magnetic flux produced by the current in transmission line conductors produces a total inductance whose magnitude depends on the line configuration. To determine the inductance of the line, it is necessary to calculate, as in any magnetic circuit with permeability , the following factor : 1.Magnetic field intensity H 2.Magnetic field density B 3. Flux linkage

Power Line Parameters

Inductance:The value of inductances varies due to type of

transmission lines; Two parallel lines or Coaxial line

Outer Flux

Inner Flux

Internal Inductance Due to Internal Magnetic Flux

To obtain the internal inductance, a magnetic field with

radius x inside the conductor of length l is chosen, as

shown in: 2

x 2

xI =I (A)

r

pp

L Length

r dx

Hx

Ix

Ampere’s law determines the magnetic field intensity Hx, constant at any point along the circle contour as:

( )2 2

xx

I IH x AT

x rp p= =

Inductance due to Internal Flux

The magnetic flux density Bx is obtained:

  2

( )2x x

IxB H T

rm m

p= =

For nonmagnetic material =0 = 4x10-7

7 7

int 0

0

7 7int 0

int

4 .10 . 10. ( )

8 8 2

4 .10 10( )

8 8 2

rI I

d I wb

L HI

pl l m

p p

l m pp p

- -

- -

= = = =

= = = =

ò

External Inductance

The external inductance is evaluated assuming that the total current I is concentrated at the conductor surface (maximum skin effect). At any point on an external magnetic field circle of radius y (Fig.),the magnetic

field intensity Hy and the

magnetic field density By, per unit length, are:

r

y

D1 D2

dy

( )2

( )2

y

y y

IH AT

y

IB H T

y

p

mm

p

=

= =

Two Wire System

D

The system have two wires carrying current in reverse direction. External flux of each is interacting with other internal of the other cable. The effective Flux and therefore inductance is super positioned of both.

Total Flux & Inductance2 2 7

0 01 2

1 1

7

1 4 .10 1ln( ) . ( ( )

2 2 2 2 2

12.10 . ( ) ( )

2

D D

D D

dy D Dd I I I Ln Wb

y D D

DI Ln Wb

D

m m pl l

p p p

-

®

-

= = = =

=

ò ò

Where GMR is geometric Mean Radius

int

int

77

7

1

1[ ( )]

2 41

[ ( )] ( / )2 4

4 .10 1 1[ ( )] 2.10 [ ( )] ( / )

2 4 4

10 [0.5 2. ] ( / )

ext

exttot

DI Ln

rD

L Ln H mI GMR

D DLn Ln H m

GMR GMRD

Ln H mr

ml l

pl l m

ppp

--

-

+ = +

+= = +

= + = +

= +

Example No 1

Find the loop inductance per km of a single

phase overhead lie consisting of two

conductors, each 1.213 cm diameter. The

spacing between conductors is 1.25 m and

frequency is 50 Hz.

Solution No 1

r= 1.213/2 = 0.6065 cm

r’= 0.7788 x0.6065= 0.4723 cm

L= 4x10-7Ln (125/0.4723)

= 22.31x10-7 H/m or 22.31x 10-4 H/km

X= 2..f.L= 2..50.22.31x10-4 Ohms/km

= 0.7 /km

Types of Line Conductors There are two types of transmission line conductors:

overhead and underground. Overhead conductors, made of naked metal and suspended on insulators, are preferred over underground conductors because of the lower cost and easy maintenance. Also, overhead transmission lines use aluminum conductors, because of the lower cost and lighter weight compared to copper conductors, although more cross-section area is needed to conduct the same amount of current. There are different types of commercially available aluminum conductors: aluminum-conductor-steel-reinforced (ACSR), aluminum-conductor-alloy-reinforced (ACAR), all-aluminum-conductor (AAC), and all-aluminum-alloy-conductor (AAAC

Multiple Strand LINE

ACSR is one of the most used conductors in transmission lines. It consists of alternate layers of stranded conductors, spiraled in opposite directions to hold the strands together, surrounding a core of steel strands. Figure shows an example of aluminum and steel strands combination.

Types of Line Conductors

The purpose of introducing a steel core inside the stranded aluminum conductors is to obtain a high strength-to-weight ratio. A stranded conductor offers more flexibility and easier to manufacture than a solid large conductor. However, the total resistance is increased because the outside strands are larger than the inside strands on account of the spiraling [8]. The resistance of each wound conductor at any layer, per unit length, is based on its total length as follows