power of figurative language

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NSAI Song Camp 2013 Instructor Steve Leslie “The Power of Figurative Language” I. Literal vs. Figurative Language Facts (explicit) vs. Figures of Speech (implicit) Tells rather than Shows Listener as witness vs. listener as participant We live in an age of explicitness serving both stimulus and response, thereby dulling the imagination; no personal involvement, no need to “fill in” the empty spaces. Aside from the occasional “shock method”, for a song to be remembered the listener must imagine his/her own life within it. This relationship between the writer, performer and his/her audience is an opportunity for empathy and catharsis. Through implication and inference, rather than explanation, the listener is afforded the opportunity to participate in the creative process. The use of figurative language, description and particular details, can restore songwriting to its primary function: the shared experience of human emotion. The use of figurative language is more often a vertical rather than a horizontal approach promising, “more than meets the eye.” (Hemmingway’s “Iceberg Effect.”) This contributes to lyrical economy. The underlying principle: Ambiguity II. Figurative Language See “The Craft of Lyric Writing” by Sheila Davis 1. Polysemy (PAliSEmy) saying more than one thing at the same time. “…and the Wichita Lineman is still on the line.” Jimmy Webb “Wichita Lineman”

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Power of Figurative Language

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Page 1: Power of Figurative Language

NSAI  Song  Camp  2013  Instructor-­  Steve  Leslie    

    “The  Power  of  Figurative  Language”          I.  Literal  vs.  Figurative  Language     -­  Facts  (explicit)  vs.  Figures  of  Speech  (implicit)     -­  Tells  rather  than  Shows     -­  Listener  as  witness  vs.  listener  as  participant  

  We  live  in  an  age  of  explicitness-­  serving  both  stimulus  and  response,  thereby  dulling  the  imagination;  no  personal  involvement,  no  need  to  “fill  in”  the  empty  spaces.  

  Aside  from  the  occasional  “shock  method”,  for  a  song  to  be  remembered  the  listener  must  imagine  his/her  own  life  within  it.  This  relationship  between  the  writer,  performer  and  his/her  audience  is  an  opportunity  for  empathy  and  catharsis.    

  Through  implication  and  inference,  rather  than  explanation,  the  listener  is  afforded  the  opportunity  to  participate  in  the  creative  process.  

  The  use  of  figurative  language,  description  and  particular  details,  can  restore  songwriting  to  its  primary  function:  the  shared  experience  of  human  emotion.  

  The  use  of  figurative  language  is  more  often  a  vertical  rather  than  a  horizontal  approach  promising,  “more  than  meets  the  eye.”  (Hemmingway’s  “Iceberg  Effect.”)  This  contributes  to  lyrical  economy.  

      The  underlying  principle:  Ambiguity    

 II.  Figurative  Language       -­See  “The  Craft  of  Lyric  Writing”  by  Sheila  Davis  

 1.  Polysemy  (PA-­li-­SE-­my)-­  saying  more  than  one  thing  at  the  same  time.    

                 “…and  the  Wichita  Lineman  is  still  on  the  line.”                                                                               -­Jimmy  Webb  “Wichita  Lineman”  

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                 (line  refers  both  to  the  singer’s  occupation  and  his  present  emotions.)  

2.  Oxymoron-­  contradictory  words  producing  an  unusual  effect:    

  “He  Was  My  Strongest  Weakness”;  “Sound  of  Silence”;  “Killing  Me  Softly  With  His  Song”.    3.  Zeugma  (ZOOG-­ma)-­  the  use  of  a  word  to  govern  two  or  more  words  in  such  a  way  that  it  applies  a  different  meaning  to  each:  “  …they’ll  steal  a  kiss  and  then  a  towel”;  “watch  your  heart…and  your  purse”;  “drunk  on  love  and  cheap  red  wine”.  

4.  Apostrophe-­  a  figure  of  speech  in  which  an  absent  person  or  thing  is  addressed  as  if  it  were  present  and  will  presumably  answer:  “Hello  darkness,  my  old  friend”;  “Blue  Moon,  you  saw  me  standing  alone”;  “Moon  River”.  

5.  Synecdoche  (se-­NEK-­da-­key)-­  using  a  part  to  express  the  whole:  “the  smile  waiting  in  the  kitchen”  (Seals  and  Crofts’  “Summer  Breeze”);  “the  canvas  can  do  miracles”  (Christopher  Cross’  “Sailing”)  

6.  Metonymy  (ma-­TON-­a-­mee)-­  substitutes  one  word  for  another  with  which  it  is  related:  “The  White  House”  (the  American  government);  “white  lace  and  promises”  (“We’ve  Only  Just  Begun”);  “shackled  by…the  ink  stains  that  have  dried  upon  some  line”  (“Gentle  On  My  Mind”);  “Piece  of  paper  from  the  city  hall”  (“My  Old  Man”).  

7.  Hyperbole-­  is  extravagant  exaggeration  for  emotional  effect:  “..with  ten  miles  behind  me,  and  ten-­thousand  more  to  go”  (“Sweet  Baby  James”);  “I’m  a  Thousand  Miles  From  Nowhere.”  

8.  Personification-­  giving  human  qualities  to  inanimate  objects  or  abstractions:  “Love  Walked  In”;  “(I’m  the  train  they  call)  The  City  of  New  Orleans;  “I  Write  the  Songs”;  “The  Moon’s  a  Harsh  Mistress.”  

9.  Symbolism-­  on  its  most  basic  level,  as  a  type  of  metaphor:  a  word  or  phrase  that  stands  for  or  represents  something  else:  “A  Hard  Rain’s  Gonna  Fall”;  “He  held  the  bottle  to  his  head  and  pulled  the  trigger;  “Biscuit  and  Gravy  fat,”  although  it  derives  its  full  strength  from  a  range  of  associations.      10.  Metaphor-­  an  implied  comparison  between  dissimilar  things.  A  metaphor  goes  out  and  comes  back;  it  is  a  fetching  motion  of  the  imagination  produced  by  one  part  of  the  brain  and  interrogated  by  

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another.  The  work  the  metaphor  does,  the  writer  doesn’t  have  to;  the  image  does  the  work  (The  Principle  of  Economy).  

       Ex.  An  army  is  a  rabid  wolf          Ex.    “..She  rolled  from  New  York  to  California,  and  I  was  just  a         station  on  that  line.”          11.  Simile-­  an  acknowledged  metaphor,  as  in  “An  army  is  like  a  rabid  wolf”.  A  simile  doesn’t  transfer  focus  the  way  a  metaphor  does.  One  senses  a  slight  falling  off  in  confidence  with  the  comparison.                Ex.  Days  we  cupped  like  water  in  our  hands  

Metaphors  and  Similes  must  be  functional  rather  than  decorative;  must  further  the  general  intent  of  the  lyric.  

    Ex.  “Mule  stubborn”    (“That  River  Right  There”/  S.  Leslie)       Ex.  “Rodeo  tired”  (“South  Texas  Time”/  S.  Leslie)          12.  Objective  Correlative-­  related  to  metaphor  and  simile;  an  object  or  set  of  objects,  which  evokes  the  intended  emotions  in  a  work  of  art.    (T.  S.  Eliot)  

  Ex.  “..like  a  broken  wheel  trying  to  roll  uphill.”  (“This  Time”/  S.  Leslie)  

  Ex.  “I  went  down  to  Crosby’s  to  fix  my  radiator,  I  said  the  damn  thing’s  been  runnin’  hot  and  cold.”  (“Closer  To  Home”/  S.  Leslie)  

   13.  Understatement-­  to  minimize  or  down  play  the  importance  of  a  given  situation.  Treating  a  heavy  subject  in  an  offhand  rather  than  heavy-­handed  manner  is  more  likely  to  evoke  a  deep  response  in  the  listener.  

     Ex.  “..when  you  stopped  loving  me”  “(Second  Wind”/  Leslie,  Worley)        Ex.  “Maybe  You’ll  Be  There”  (Gallup,  Bloom)        Ex.  “I  Love  You,  Goodbye”  (D.  Warren)          I4.  Ellipses…  “a  telling  omission”  

  “I’m  attracted  to  the  unsaid,  to  suggestion,  to  eloquent,  deliberate  silence.  The  power  in  art  is  in  harnessing  the  power  of  the  unfinished.  All  earthy  experience  is  partial;  we  don’t  know  more  than  we  know.  What  is  unfinished  participates  in  these  mysteries.  Thoroughness  is  an  enemy  of  the  imagination.  That  which  loves  completion  too  much  is  like  

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a  thoroughly  cleaned  room,  it  paralysis  activity,  lacks  magnetism.”    -­       -­Louise  Gluck  :“Proofs  and  Theories”  1994  

      The  harmonic  equivalent  to  ellipses  is  ending  the  song  on  a  4  chord:  The  Power  of  The  Unfinished.    

      One  Corner  Style  Painting  –  “Filling  In  The  Space”  

Ex.  “That  River  Right  There”  

 

III.  Description  Is  Revelation  

  -­“Beauty  is  simply  accuracy”  (Greek  ideal  of  Art)     -­“No  ideas  but  in  things”  –WC  Williams     -­“Show  Don’t  Tell”    

  Through  details,  the  writer  is  able  to  gain  access  to  the  listener’s  imagination  by  triggering  their  memory.    

  -­Details  also  add  authenticity  to  a  description,  building  trust  that  the  author  was  really  there  (whether  he/she  was  or  not.)       -­That/This  as  opposed  to  The…  

 “Particulars  Reveal  Universals”  (Leonard  Cohen):  The  most  particular  fact  is  the  most  universal.      Not:                                  But:  The  tree         The  sycamore  The  lake         Old  Man  Anderson’s  Lake  TV           That  hopeless  little  screen  Watching  TV       Watching  Capt.  Kangaroo  

The  old  car         …    Her  red  dress       …        This  guitar         …        Our  house         …