power & politics (colg)
TRANSCRIPT
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POWER &
POLITICS
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A Definition of Power
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Power
A capacity that A has to influence thebehavior ofB so that B acts in accordancewith As wishes.
Dependency
Bs relationship to A when A possessessomething that B requires.
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POWER/LEADERSHIP/
AUTHORITY RELATIONSHIP
Power is closely related to leadership
and authority
Leadership
Authority Power
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Contrasting Leadership and
Power Leadership
Focuses on goal
achievement.
Requires goal
compatibility with
followers.
Focuses influence
downward.
Research Focus Leadership styles
and relationships
with followers
Power
Used as a means for
achieving goals.
Requires follower
dependency.
Used to gain lateral
and upward
influence.
Research Focus Power tactics for
gaining compliance
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135
FORMALPOWER
COERCIVEPOWER LEGITIMATEPOWER
REWARD
POWER
INFORMATION
POWER
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Bases of Power: Formal
Power
136
Coercive Power
A power base dependent onfear.Reward PowerCompliance achieved based on the abilityto distribute rewards that others view asvaluable
Formal Power
Is established by an individuals position in anorganization; conveys the ability to coerce orreward, from formal authority, or from control
of information.
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Bases of Power: Formal
Power
137
Legitimate Power
The power a person receives as a result of hisor her position in the formal hierarchy of anorganization.
Information Power
Power that comes from access to and controlover information.
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PERSONAL POWER
EXPERT
POWER
REFERENT
POWER
CHARISMATIC
POWER
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Bases of Power: Personal
Power
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Expert Power
Influence based on special skills orknowledge.
Referent Power
Influence based on possession by anindividual of desirable resources or personaltraits.
Charismatic PowerAn extension of referent power stemmingfrom an individuals personality andinterpersonal style.
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Dependency: The Key To
Power The General Dependency Postulate
The greater Bs dependency on A, the greater the power
A has over B.
Possession/control of scarce organizational resources
that others need makes a manager powerful.
Access to optional resources (e.g., multiple suppliers)
reduces the resource holders power.
What Creates Dependency
Importance of the resource to the organization
Scarcity of the resource
Nonsubstitutability of the resource
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Power Tactics
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Influence Tactics:
Legitimacy
Rational persuasion
Inspirational appeals
Consultation
Exchange
Personal appeals
Ingratiation
Pressure
Coalitions
Influence Tactics:
Legitimacy
Rational persuasion
Inspirational appeals
Consultation
Exchange
Personal appeals
Ingratiation
Pressure
Coalitions
Power Tactics
Ways in whichindividuals translatepower bases into
specific actions.
F t I fl i th Ch i
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Factors Influencing the Choice
and Effectiveness of Power
Tactics Sequencing of tactics Softer to harder tactics
works best.
Skillful use of a tactic
Experienced users aremore successful.
Relative power of the tactic
user
Some tactics work better
when applied downward. The type of request attaching
to the tactic
Is the request legitimate?
How the request is perceived
Is the request accepted as
ethical?
The culture of the organization
Culture affects users choiceof tactic
Country-specific cultural factors
Local values favor certain
tactics over others.
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Power in Groups: Coalitions
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Seek to maximize their size
to attain influence.
Seek a broad and diverse
constituency for support of
their objectives.
Occur more frequently in
organizations with high task
and resource
interdependencies. Occur more frequently if
tasks are standardized and
routine.
Seek to maximize their size
to attain influence.
Seek a broad and diverse
constituency for support of
their objectives.
Occur more frequently in
organizations with high task
and resource
interdependencies.
Occur more frequently if
tasks are standardized and
routine.
Coalitions
Clusters of individualswho temporarily cometogether to a achieve
a specific purpose.
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The Dark Side of Power
Power often have negative
connotations because
people associate them with
attempts to useorganizational resources
for personal advantage and
to achieve personal goals
at the expense of othergoals.
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Politics: Power in Action
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Political Behavior
Activities that are not required as part ofones formal role in the organization, but thatinfluence, or attempt to influence, thedistribution of advantages or disadvantageswithin the organization.
Legitimate Political Behavior
Normal everyday politics.
Illegitimate Political Behavior
Extreme political behavior that violates theimplied rules of the game.
t t t t
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actors re at ng to po t cabehavior
Individual Factors
Background
Personality
Experiences
Environment
Organizational Factors
Scares Resource
Ambiguity of goals
Role Ambiguity
Culture of Org.
Lack of trust
Pressure to perform
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RESPONSE TO
ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS
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Factors Influencing Political
Behavior
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Low High
RewardsAvert Punishment
Favorable outcomes
Organizational
factors
Individual factors
Political Behavior
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Global Implications
Politics Perceptions Negative consequences to the perception of
politics seem to be fairly widespread
Preference for Power Tactics The choice of effective tactics is heavily
dependent on the culture of the country in whichthey are to be used
Effectiveness of Power Tactics Still open to debate; too little research has been
done
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THANK YOU
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