power system engineering lecture 17

8/3/2019 Power System Engineering Lecture 17

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Review of Last Class

Potential Distribution Over an Insulator String String Efficiency

Methods to improve string efficiency

Selection of m

Grading of units Static shielding or guard rings

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Potential Distribution over String

Capacitance of disc:Capacitance between metal

work of the insulator units;

some times called as mutual

capacitance. Capacitance to ground:

capacitance between metal

work of insulator to tower.

http://www.epemag.net/electricity-generation-pylons.html

C

mCm

groundtoeCapacitanc

insulatorpereCapacitanc

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String Efficiency

When m = 5

m

VV1

112

213

131

mmVV

3214

1561

mmmVV

12 2.1 VV

13 64.1 VV

14 41.2 VV

%8.6310041.24

)41.264.12.11(

100

1

1

V

V

linetoadjacentunitacrossVoltagen

StringAcrossVoltageEf fciencyString

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Selection of m

If the value ofm is increased, which canbe achieved by increasing the cross-arm

length.

Increased cross-arm length decreases the

capacitance between earth and metallicconnections.

However increasing cross-arm length is

not economical after certain distance.

Theoretically, one can achieve equalvoltage distribution when m is infinity.

It is found that value ofm greater than

10 is not economical.

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Grading of Units

12 CCC

CCC 2113

CCC 32114

Generalized case:

CnCCn 13211

CCCCCC 11,8,6432

Therefore, ifC1=5C, then

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Static Shielding

334

223

112

Cz

Cy

Cx

IIII

IIII

IIII

1

)1(

1

n

CC

VCVnCx

II

x

Cx

Voltages can be equal if

Also,

22

2)2(

2

n

CC

VCVnCy

II

y

Cy

Similarly, and

3

3

n

CCZ

pn

pCCp

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Static Shielding

In practice, it is very difficult toachieve the condition of equal

voltages.

However the partial advantage

can be gained by this method(guard ring) and used normally.

Further, when the horn gap is

also used, it also protect the

insulator from the flashover.

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Numerical Method (FEM, BEM, FDM, etc.)

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Corona

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What is Corona?

Corona is a luminous discharge due to ionization of

the air surrounding an electrode, caused by a voltage

gradient exceeding a certain critical value.

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Why Corona is Important?

Corona from conductors may cause audible noise and radionoise.

Audible noise from conductors may violate noise standards.

Radio noise from conductors may interfere with

communications systems.

Corona loss may be significant when compared with resistive

loss of conductors.

Corona can cause possible damage to polymeric insulators.

Therefore, corona free lines needs to be designed which

requires an understanding of factors that affect corona

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Partial Discharge

The breakdown of a gas takes place when a self sustaineddischarge or ionization process is set in.

This takes place when the electric field stress exceeds a

certain critical value.

In the case of uniform field this condition is satisfied at allthe points and there will be complete breakdown by

forming an arc between the electrodes.

For air breakdown strength (at 250C and 760 mm Hg) is

30 kV/cm for DC and 30 kV/cm (peak) for AC.

However, if the electric field is highly non-uniform the

breakdown condition may not be all over the gap.

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Non-Uniform Field

Conductor

Ground

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Corona

Therefore in non-uniform field, some region of dielectricexperiences higher field strength than the critical value,

while other region field stress is well below critical value.

Thus, self sustained discharge condition will be valid only

in the strong field region giving rise to partial dischargecalled corona.

This associated with a glow and a hissing sound and when

it takes place in air ozone, oxides of nitrogen and nitric

acid (in the presence of moisture) are formed.

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Mechanism of Corona Formation

Conductors at Negative DC voltage

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Conductors at Positive DC voltage

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Conductors at AC voltage: In this way, in every cycle some space charge need to be

neutralized and result will be loss in charges from the source.

The energy continuously lost in the corona space.

Recombination of opposite charges will release elergy in thesurrounding air, which is heated up.

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Conductors at AC voltage: In positive half cycle:

when voltage exceeds corona inception value, ionization starts

and intensity progressively increases till peak.

Electrons quickly reach conductor but before positive ions reach

other electrode polarity changes.

Some positive ions remain virtually cutoff from both electrodes.

In negative half cycle:

In negative half cycle corona again starts when voltage exceeds

corona inception value.

Electrons spreads out from the conductor and neutralize the

stranded ions.

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Critical Disruptive Voltage

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Potential Difference between the conductor

Therefore,

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For Single phase lineV=V/2

For Single phase line V= 3/V

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Gradient increase ax decreases and will be maximum atconductor surface

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When gmax reaches g0 (breakdown strength of air) air

breaks down.

Above g0 is for fair (standard) whether conditions, at any

other condition

t

p

t

p

273392.0

760

25273

273where

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power system engineering lecture 17

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