power system fundamentals - nyiso€¢ total electric power consumed by all users connected to the...

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY©COPYRIGHT NYISO 2018. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Power System Fundamentals

Horace HortonSenior Market Trainer, Market Training, NYISO

New York Market Orientation Course (NYMOC)June 5-8, 2018Rensselaer, NY 12144


Session Objectives At the end of this session attendees will be able to…

• Understand the Fundamentals of the New York Control Area (NYCA) Power System

• Identify the Physical Components of the New York Control Area (NYCA) Power System

• Explain the Purpose behind Operational Ancillary Services

2

© COPYRIGHT NYISO 2018. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 3

Basic Fundamentals


NYCA Power System Basic Fundamentals

• Bulk Power vs. Retail Load Distribution

• NYCA Zones

• Neighboring Control Areas

• Common Terms

4


Bulk Power vs. Load Distribution Bulk Power Transmission

• NYISO is responsible for controlling the transmission of power across the high-voltage transmission network, which is maintained by the Transmission Owners

Distribution System• Transmission Owners are responsible for distributing power across the

lower voltage transmission network to consumers

Management of Retail Load Consumption• Load Serving Entities buy power at the wholesale level to sell to

consumers at the retail level

5


Bulk Power vs. Distribution vs. Retail Load

Bulk Power System - Grid Distribution System

6

GENERATEDiverse Set ofGenerators Produce Energy

TRANSFORMTransformersStep-Up Voltage for Transmission

TRANSMITHigh Voltage Transmission Lines Transmit Power

TRANSFORMTransformersStep-Down Voltage for Distribution

DISTRIBUTELocal Utility Supplies Power Via Distribution System

CUSTOMERSPower Used for Homes, Business, and Industry

Retail LoadEnergy Suppliers

ENERGY PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY

Wholesale Energy Market - NYISO Retail - Customers

Step-Up Step-Down


New York Control Area Load Zones

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A WESTB GENESEC CENTRLD NORTHE MHK VLF CAPITLG HUD VLH MILLWDI DUNWODJ N.Y.C.K LONGIL

A

B

B

C

D

E F

GH

I

J K

UpstateZones A - E

DownstateZones F - K

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY©COPYRIGHT NYISO 2018. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8


Marcy

New York Control Area Load Zones


Neighboring Control AreasIESO

PJM

ISO-NE

HQ

AB

B

C

D

EF

GH

I

J K

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjMvLGayZ3XAhUr6YMKHdUzBGEQjRwIBw&url=http://www.ieso.ca/get-involved/regional-planning/about-regional-planning/overview&psig=AOvVaw1EVlyMrsIq02d7JWwfErPb&ust=1509632400684897


Basic Fundamentals Common Terms

• Load (Demand)• Total electric power consumed by all users connected to the

distribution network of a system, and also the power used to compensate for losses in all parts of the network.

• Generation• Equipment that converts energy sources, e.g. mechanical, solar,

etc. into electrical energy for consumption by the load.

• Transmission• Bulk transfer of electrical energy from the generating power plants

to electrical substations located near load (demand) centers.

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• Bus• A conductor or group of conductors that serve

as a common connection point for two or more electric circuits.

• Contingency• A circumstance that is possible but cannot be

predicted with certainty.

• Constraint• A limitation to the system that prevents optimal

transfer of power from generation to load.

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Circuit Breaker Tripping

Contingency



• Watt• Unit of power that measures the rate of energy transfer.

• Megawatt• Equal to 1 million watts. Generation is produced/sustained

on this scale.

• Megawatt-Hour• 1 million watts consumed over 1 hour = 1 MWHr• ½ million watts over 2 hours = 1 MWHr

• Voltage• The force that moves electricity.

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100 Watts

10,000 - 100W Lightbulbs = 1MW

10,000 - 100W Lightbulbs energized for 1 hour would consume 1 MWHr



• New York Control Area (NYCA)• The area in which the NYISO, among other things, balances load

and generation, which includes the entire state of New York.

• Rest of State (ROS)• For purposes of the Capacity Market, all areas of the New York

control area excluding Load Zones G (Hudson Valley), H (Millwood), I (Dunwoodie), J (NY City), and K (Long Island).

• Interface• Group of transmission lines that define an internal or external

boundary.

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Physical Components of the NYCA Power System


Physical Components of NYCA Power System

• Load

• Generation

• Transmission

GENERATION TRANSMISSION

LOAD

15


Load Power Consumed off of NYCA Grid

LOAD

GENERATION TRANSMISSION

LOAD

16


2017 NYCA Load Profile – Seasonal and HourlyLow Points Morning

PickupPeak Summer

Peak Fall & Winter

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NYCA Load Profile – Historical Record Peak Days

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

2013_July_19

2014_Jan_7

Record Summer Peak33,956 MW - 2013

Record Winter Peak25,738 MW - 2014

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AC

2,557 MW

E1,147 MW

I 1,335 MW

H 603 MW

D 512 MW

G

K 4,952 MW

2,435 MW

B 1,798 MWF

2,024MW

J 10,240 MW

July 19, 2017Total = 29,664 MWs

Zones A–I = 14,472 MWsZones J-K = 15,192 MWs(NYC & LI)

2,061 MW

NYCA Load by Zone

IMPORTANT FACT

Nearly 51% of electric load was located in

NYC & LI19


Let’s Review

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Load• NYISO Control Area load profiles reflect which of

the following:a. Zone J&K load total nearly equal to the Rest of

State total

b. Peak usage is always between 1200 and 1400

c. Less load in the summer than winter

d. All of the above


Generation


Generation Electrical energy for load consumption

TRANSMISSION

LOAD

GENERATION

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OSWEGO –1639 MW

ROSETON –1189 MWBOWLINE –1125 MW

NORTHPORT – 1574 MW

RAVENSWOOD –2190 MW

ARTHUR KILL - 844 MW

NIAGARA - 2435 MW

ST. LAWRENCE –856 MW

BLENHEIM-GILBOA–1170 MW

FITZPATRICK – 838 MW

INDIAN PT. 3–1041 MW

NYS Major GenerationMW Values from 2017 Summer Capability

SITHE INDEPENDENCE– 949 MW

GINNA –580 MW

ASTORIA -760 MW

INDIAN PT. 2–1000 MW

9 MILE 2–1310 MW

9 MILE 1–625 MW

ATHENS –981 MW

= COMBINED CYCLE= WIND FARMS

BETHLEHEM –760 MW

NYPA ASTORIA–467 MW

Wind Farms 1740 MW

Somerset –686 MW

ASTORIA EAST – 1126 MW

= COAL= NUCLEAR= OIL/GAS= HYDRO = PUMP STORAGE

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Capacity vs. EnergyTwo very different commodities!

Capacity – measured in MW• Refers to the electric power output for which a

generating system, plant, or unit is rated

Energy – measured in MWh• Is the amount of energy produced (from capacity) over

time

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Generating Capacity vs. Energy

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New York StatewideGeneratingCapacityby Fuel Source: 2017

Source: 2017 and 2018 Power Trends Report – New York Independent System Operator

*If Nuclear ran at full capacity for a year: 5375 MW x 24 hrs x 365 days = 47,085 GWh Produced

*

New York StatewideEnergy Productionby Fuel Source: 2017


A2,435 MW3,965 MW

B1,798 MW768 MW

C2,557 MW6,636 MW

E1,147 MW1,037 MW

D512 MW

1,927 MW

F2,024 MW4,411 MW

G2,061 MW3,004 MW

H603 MW

2,092 MW

K4952 MW5,325 MW

I1,335 MW

0 MW

LOAD 7/19/17 HB18 (Top Number)-----------------------------------------------------------------------

GEN CAPACITY Summer ’17 (Bottom Number)

51% of NYCA load was in Zones J and K (NYC and LI)

62% of NYCA Generation Capacity was in Zones A - I

NYCA Load vs. Generation


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J10,240 MW9,612 MW


Let’s Review

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Generation

• Fossil Fuels are used by less than 25% of the Generation Capacity in the NYCA:

a. True

b. False


Let’s Review

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Generation• Which best describes the Concentration of

Generation and Demand in the NYCA:Option Zones A - I Zones J and K

(NYC/LI)a. 62% Gen 51% Load

b. 70% Load 30% Gen

c. 30% Load 70% Gen

d. 63% Gen 37% Load


Transmission


Transmission Bulk transfer of electrical energy

GENERATION

LOAD

TRANSMISSION

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NYCA TRANSMISSION OWNERSNEW YORK POWER AUTHORITYTransmission Lines Throughout State

ROCHESTER GAS AND ELECTRIC CORPORATION

NEW YORK STATE ELECTRIC AND GAS CORPORATION

ORANGE AND ROCKLANDUTILITIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED EDISON CO OF NEW YORK, INC.

LONG ISLAND POWER AUTHORITY

CENTRAL HUDSON GAS AND ELECTRIC

CORPORATION

NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORPORATION -NATIONAL GRID

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NYCA Transmission System765/500 kV Transmission


NYCA Transmission System345 kV Transmission


NYCA Transmission System230 kV Transmission


DC/VFT Transmission Cross Sound DC Cable (ISO-NE)

Neptune DC Cable (PJM)

Linden VFT (PJM)

Hudson Transmission Project (PJM)


NYCA Transmission SystemBulk Transmission Note: There are some 115 and 138 kV facilities considered part of the Bulk Power System


Transmission Interfaces Definition of Interface

• A defined set of transmission facilities that separate Load Zones and that separate the NYCA from the adjacent Control Areas

Internal Interface• Obey transfer limitations across the internal

interface to deliver generation to load within NYCA External Interface

• Obey transfer limitations across the external interface to import or export scheduled power transactions between RTO/ISOs

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A B

B

C

D

E

F

G

HI

J K

Dysinger East

West Central

Volney East

Moses South

Total East

Central East

UPNY SENY

UPNY Con EdMillwood

South

Dunwoodie South Con Ed-LIPA

• Multiple transmission lines make up the interface between the load zones

• Interface limits can create constraints on the flow of power between zones

• Some interfaces are more impacting on the flow of power

Load Zone Interfaces


New York StateTransmission System

Internal Interfaces *

* Not all NYCA internal interfaces are shown


Example Interface Definitions *

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Interface – DYSINGER EASTName of Line/Equipment Line IDSomerset‐Rochester (Station 80) SR1‐39 Niagara‐Rochester NR2Lockport‐N. Akron 108 Lockport‐Oakfield 112Lockport‐Sweden 1 111 Lockport‐Shelby 113Lockport‐Telegraph 107 Lockport‐Telegraph 114 Stolle Road‐High Sheldon 67 Andover‐Palmiter 157‐932

Interface – Central EastName of Line/Equipment Line IDEdic‐New Scotland 14Marcy‐New Scotland 18Porter‐Rotterdam 30Porter‐Rotterdam 31East Springfield‐Inghams 7-942Inghams PAR PARInghams Bus Tie R81Plattsburg-Sand Bar PV-20

* As found in the NYISO Operating Study Summer 2017, Appendix E–Interface Definitions


Interface Transfer Limits Transfer limits create constraints on the flow of energy Types of Transfer Limits

• Thermal Limits – Summer and Winter Ratings• Voltage Collapse Limits – Varies on equipment in-service• Stability Limits – Varies on lines in-service or load on selected lines

Real time transfer limits vary with system conditions and are posted at the 5 minute level, both positive and negative limits.

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Total Transfer Capability = Min(Thermal Limit, Voltage Collapse Limit, Stability Limit)


Congestion creates constraints on the transmission system

Interface Congestion


Example of Interface Flows

43

Central East Interface at Limit


Let’s Review

44

• The majority of the bulk power transmission in NYS is at what level?

a. 115 kV

b. 230 kV

c. 345 kV

d. 765 kV

Transmission


Let’s Review

45

Transmission• Which definition best describes a transmission

interface?a. A piece of equipment that connects a clutch and

transmissionb. A defined set of transmission facilities that separate

zones and that separate the NYCA from adjacent Control Areas

c. A standard used for connecting computersd. 765 kV


Operational Ancillary Services


Operational Ancillary Services Purpose Behind…

• Voltage Support

• Regulation & Frequency Control

• Operating Reserves

• Black Start Service

47


Voltage Support is needed to:• Transfer power from the generation to the load• Prevent equipment damage from high voltages• Prevent voltage collapse during high load periods

Voltage Support

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No Pressure No Flow

Water Pressure Analogy


Operational Ancillary Services Voltage and Reactive Power

• VAR = Volt-Amperes Reactive = Reactive Power• Reactive Power supports the Voltage that must be controlled

within limits for System Reliability• Too few VARs, Voltage goes Down• Too many VARs, Voltage goes Up

• Not load…but cannot move WATTs without VARs• Wheelbarrow analogy

– Reactive Power – lifting the wheelbarrow handles– Real power – move the load by pushing the wheelbarrow

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Operational Ancillary Services System Voltage Control

• Voltage Control is a Continuous Process

• System Voltage Control provided by the Voltage Support Service is an Optional program in which Generators can participate

– Generator monitors local voltage– Must utilize Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)

• Transmission Owners (TO) are responsiblefor Local Control within their Network

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Legend:765 kV

345 kV230 kV

500 kV

115 kV

Niagara

Oswego

OakdaleFraser

Marcy

Massena

Moses-St. Lawrence

Chateauguay

Plattsburgh

Gilboa AlpsClayLafayette

Watercure

Stolle Rd.

Edic Porter

Rotterdam

PleasantValley

CoopersCorners

RockTavern

Roseton

Buchanan

RamapoSprainbrook

Complex

Homer City

Shore Rd.E.Garden City

Huntley

PannellSta.80

Somerset

Adirondack

Dunkirk

Meyer

Willis

NewScotland

Leeds

Hillside

Millwood

Dunwoodie

Goethals

Farragut

W49St/Rainey

Robinson Rd.

Beck

Gardenville

Saunders

Sandbar

Hoosick

Whitehall

RichfieldSprings

Inghams

Blissville

Bennington

Andover Palmiter

Dennison

Colton

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Cap

Rx

SVC

SC

StatCom

= Synchronous Condenser

= Static VAR Compensator

= Shunt Capacitor Bank(s)

= Shunt Reactors

= Static Compensator (FACTS)

StatCom

Rx

Rx

SVCSVC

SC

Rx

Cap

Cap

Cap

Cap

CapCap Cap

Cap

Cap

Cap

Cap

Cap

Cap

Cap

Non-Generator Voltage Support - Examples

(Reactive Support)


Let’s Review

52

Voltage Support

• A Generator’s Voltage Regulators may be used to:

a. Decrease power on the system

b. Increase loads on the system

c. Support voltage on the system

d. None of the above


Operational Ancillary Services Regulation and Frequency

Control• Areas are Controlled by

Functional Entities defined by NERC as Balancing Authorities (BA)

• The NYISO is a Balancing Authority

53


Operational Ancillary Services Control Area Operation

• Criteria is set forth to instantaneously Balance Load and Generation throughout the Eastern interconnection

• In order to sustain a 60 Hz Frequency

54

Load Generation


Operational Ancillary Services System Frequency Changes

Load Increases without Generation Increase

Generation Increases without Load Increase

L

G

F

F



56

17,000 MW 17,000 MW

Frequency Control

60 MPH



57

Frequency Control – Effect of Increasing Load

59.98 MPH

17,200 MW17,000 MW59.98 Hz17,000 MW


Operational Ancillary Services Frequency Control

• Generation needs to be increased to maintain Load-Gen Balance and to maintain frequency at 60 Hz.

58

17,200 MW 17,200 MW


Operational Ancillary Services Area Control Error (ACE)

• ACE is an error signaled created when the Actual Net Interchange and Desired Net Interchange (scheduled) are different

• The ACE formula also uses the system frequency to ensure the Balancing Authority is contributing to frequency regulation of the interconnection

• A negative ACE means that the control area is under generating• A positive ACE means that the control area is over generating

• The ACE signal is used to move the regulating units up or down

• A reserve pick-up may be used to return to schedule if the Area Control Error (ACE) exceeds (–)100 MW

59

00


Operational Ancillary Services Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

• Compensates for Over or Under Generation• NYISO measurements are gathered every 6

Seconds• Automatic control provided by Regulating units

(Regulation Service)• Regulating units are dispatched every 6 Seconds

based on ACE

60


Operational Ancillary Services System Frequency Impacts

• Industrial & Commercial Equipment Operating at 60 Hz will be impacted

• Industrial Motors, Refrigerators, Laundry Machines, Clocks, etc.

• Generator’s Rotational Speed is tied to the Frequency of the System

• Cascading effect to Generation• Load continually increasing, Generation trips off-line

61


Let’s Review

62

Regulation• Regulation Service provides the following:

a. Regulates Installed Capacity to ensure Blackouts do not occur

b. Regulates System Loads to maintain System Frequency

c. Regulates Generation Output to maintain System Frequency

d. None of the above


NYCA Black Start Service• Generators capable of starting without

an outside Electric Supply, following a System-Wide blackout• 9 Nov 1965• 13 July 1977• 14 August 2003

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Black Start - Priorities in Restoration Energizing the backbone transmission path of the NYS

Power System. Synchronizing the NYS Power System with the

interconnection. Restoring off-site power supplies to nuclear power plants. The next priority shall be load restoration. If there is limited energy available within the NYCA,

preference shall be given to generating station startup, followed by the restoration of the high-density load portions of the system.

64


Operating Reserves• Backup Generation in the event of a System

Contingency• NYSRC Total Operating Reserve Requirement:

• Must Procure ≥ to 1.5 x times the Largest Single Contingency (in MW)

– Largest Single Contingency is 1310 MWs

• NYISO Procures 2 x Largest Single Contingency• 2 x 1310 = 2,620 MWs of Total Reserves

each Market Day– Regional/Locational Requirements– Time/Product Type Requirements


65


Largest Single ContingencyOperational Ancillary Services

D

C

B

A

100 MW

200 MW

40 MW

off line

Q: What is the largest single generation contingency for this system?

Q: According to NYISO’s Reserves scheduling process, how much in Operating Reserves would be scheduled in this example?

A: _____ MW

A: _____ MW66


The reserves being held in NYC & LI would be asked to start generating.

Example: Small Reserve PickupNew reserve units would need to be selected to maintain Operating Reserves.

67

Substation C

Substation A

Substation B

301

92 91

90Lightning strikes the 92 line


Let’s Review

68

Operating Reserves • Identify the NYISO Reserve Requirement for a

largest single contingency of 1000 MWs:

a. 500 MWs

b. 750 MWs

c. 1000 MWs

d. 2000 MWs


‘Putting it all Together’ The following is an Exercise in Maintaining Reliable

Operations of a Simplified NYCA Power System

It Highlights:• The Principles Driving Generation Dispatch

• Three Factors Affecting Transmission System Limitations

• The Criteria for a Reliable Operating Scenario

• The Impact of Contingencies

69


Power System Analysis Secure for System Contingencies

• Forced Generator Outage• Forced Line Outage

Secure for System Constraints• Obey Transmission Limitations

• Thermal Limitations• Voltage Limitations• Stability Limitations

• Obey Generator Limitations• Ramp Rates, Upper Operating Limits, Emergency Operating Limits

70


Contingency Example Lightning Strikes Sub Station

71


Simple Power System Analysis Office Load

HouseLoad

Generator 2Max Gen = 500 MW

Generator 1Max Gen = 400 MWLine A

Limit = 175 MW

Line BLimit = 200 MW

Line CLimit = 300 MW

Line DLimit = 400 MW

Assume No Losses

72


Generation Load BalanceOffice Load = 150 MW

House Load = 0 MW

Generator 2Max Gen = 500 MWGen Output = 0 MW

Generator 1Max Gen = 400 MWGen Output = 150 MW

Line ALimit = 175 MWFlow = 100 MW

Line BLimit = 200 MWFlow = 50 MW

Line CLimit = 300 MWFlow = 50 MW

Line DLimit = 400 MWFlow = 50 MW

Assume No Losses

73

Generator 1 –More economical to run


Let’s Review

78

Power System Analysis

• Which of the following could affect flows on a NYCA interface line:

a. Dispatch of a Generator in the Area

b. Generator Outage

c. Line Forced out of Service

d. All of the above


Summary Power Systems Fundamentals

• NYISO Responsible for NYCA Bulk Power Operations• Three Primary Components to Power System

• Load, Generation, & Transmission

• Operational Ancillary Services in place to meet the following System Requirements:

• Maintaining power transfer capability of the transmission system (Voltage Support)• Maintaining balance between Generation and Load (Regulation and Frequency Support)• Securing System for Contingencies & Constraints (Reserves)• System Restoration (Black Start Service)

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power system fundamentals - nyiso€¢ total electric power consumed by all users connected to the...

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