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Cisco Router IOS
M Clements
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This week ……
Cisco IOS versions IOS Features Choosing an IOS IOS upgrade Practical work
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Internetworking Operating System
Multifunction operating system on most Cisco routers and switches
Generally meant for CLI usage Different versions have different features Need correct feature set for proposed usage Not easy to work out necessary features
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Why might I need an upgrade?
Your router may have a corrupt IOS Your router may not be able to perform the
actions that you want it to carry out You may be planning an network upgrade
and the current IOS does not contain the features that you desire for the future
Perhaps your router does not support VLANS
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Find an IOS to support VLANs
Cisco IOS Software Selector http://tools.cisco.com/ITDIT/ISTMAIN/
servlet/index#
Allows search of IOS by feature and platform Can see DRAM and FLASH requirements These are important – why?
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Try it out ………
Go to: http://tools.cisco.com/ITDIT/ISTMAIN/servlet/index#
Click ‘Search by Feature’ Use ‘Search by full or partial feature name’ Type VLAN then click ‘Search’ Narrowed results appear below
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Narrowed results
Add IEEE 802.1Q ISL VLAN Mapping and click ‘Add’ then Continue
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Results of search
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Next Step ………….
What platform are you using? This will be necessary to ensure that the IOS
you need is available for your particular router (or switch)
Assume you are working with a 2610 router What choices do you see in the ‘Quick Pick’? What is the difference between GD and LD
release?
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Release Designations Defined
Early Deployment (ED) Software releases that provide new features and new platform support in addition to bug fixes. Cisco IOS CTED, STED, SMED, and XED are variations of ED software releases.
General Deployment (GD) Date at which this software release reached the "General Deployment" milestone in its lifecycle. A Major Release of Cisco IOS software reaches the "General Deployment" milestone when Cisco feels it is suitable for deployment anywhere in customer networks where the features and functionality of the release are required. Criteria for reaching the "General Deployment" milestone are based on, but not limited to, customer feedback surveys from production and test networks using the releases, CE bug reports, and reported field experience. Only Major Releases are candidates to reach the General Deployment milestone.
Limited Deployment (LD) A Major Release of Cisco IOS software is said to be in the "Limited Deployment" phase of its lifecycle during the period between initial FCS and the General Deployment (GD) milestones.
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Download the IOS
For this you will need a Cisco account Your company will have one if it is using
Cisco devices University of Greenwich has an account – we
cannot use it for student work We will assume we have downloaded a new
IOS version
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IOS upgrade method
Put IOS onto a TFTP server Upload from TFTP server Trivial File Transfer Protocol – not good for public
usage – no passwords etc See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tftp It uses UDP port 69 as its transport protocol It
cannot list directory contents. It has no authentication or encryption mechanisms. It is used to read files from, or write files to, a remote
server.
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Open Packet Tracer
You will need as a minimum Server PT Router – choose 1841 Switch – any PC with any Ethernet interface
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Connections
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Connection Details
Use copper straight through between server and switch and also between switch and router
Use lowest numbered interfaces on all devices for Cat 5 cabling
Use console cable between PC and router Connects to console ports on router and
RS232 port on the PC
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Connecting to router from the PC
Go to PC Desktop then Terminal Make sure settings are as shown below Click OK
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Setup of Router
Give the router a /24 IP address on an Ethernet interface
Work this address out before you continue Change the router’s name to my_new_router
You can do this yourself or follow the instructions on the following slides
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Router Initial Setup
At Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: type n, Return
Now type the following commands Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface ?
This displays the available interfaces
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
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Router Setup Continued
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#exitRouter(config)#hostname my_new_router
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Router Setup Continued
my_new_router(config)#exit%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
my_new_router#write Destination filename [startup-config]? Building configuration...[OK]my_new_router#
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Configuring the Router
Visit the CLI and ascertain the IOS version that is currently running
Use the ‘show version’ command to do this IOS is not the same as System Bootstrap! Note the values for NVRAM, DRAM and
FLASH Where are these values written?
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Noting the IOS currently in use
The IOS is displayed prefixed by its location on the router
Make a note of the location and the FULL name of the IOS
Note the value of the Configuration Register This tells the router where to look at boot for its
IOS
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Configuring Server
Open server properties by clicking on it Under Config, Services turn off all services
except TFTP Notice the IOS versions already
‘downloaded’ to the TFTP server Set a /24 address and subnet mask from the
router’s FastEthernet network range
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Check Connectivity
Make sure that your network has connectivity between the server and router before continuing
Use a ping from either the router or the server to make sure of this
Copy the results of the ping Carry out diagnostics if the ping fails
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Boot Router to ROMMON
The ROM monitor (also called the bootstrap program) is the firmware that runs when you power on Cisco routers
During normal operation, the ROM monitor helps to initialize the processor hardware and boot the operating system software
Accomplished by changing the configuration register to either 0x2100 or 0x0
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From the PC ……….
my_new_router#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
my_new_router(config)#config-register 0x2100
my_new_router(config)#exit%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
my_new_router#reloadProceed with reload? [confirm]
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Router boots into ROMMON
Press Enter Type ? Note the response Now look at files in FLASH memoryrommon 8 > dir flash: File size Checksum File name
13832032 bytes (0xd30f60) 0x1033 c1841-ipbase-mz.123-14.T7.bin
Now reboot the router (reset)
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Choosing the new IOS from the TFTP server
Choose the IOS image on the TFTP server that you do not currently have in the router’s FLASH – note the COMPLETE name
Enter Priv Exec mode on your router
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Enter the relevant details
my_new_router#copy tftp flash:Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.1.2Source filename []? c1841-ipbasek9-mz.124-12.binDestination filename [c1841-ipbasek9-mz.124-12.bin]? Accessing tftp://192.168.1.2/c1841-ipbasek9-mz.124-12.bin....Loading c1841-ipbasek9-mz.124-12.bin from
192.168.1.2: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
[OK - 16599160 bytes]
16599160 bytes copied in 30.097 secs (123409 bytes/sec)
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Check file is in FLASH then boot it
my_new_router#dir flash:Directory of flash:/ (read the output) Now re-enter ROMMONrommon 1 > boot flash:c1841-ipbasek9-mz.124-12.bin
Observe the boot process and verify that the router has booted the new IOS using the ‘show version’ command
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Delete the old IOS
my_new_router#delete flash: c1841-advipservicesk9-mz.124-15.T1.bin
Delete filename [c1841-advipservicesk9-mz.124-15.T1.bin]?
Delete flash:/ c1841-advipservicesk9-mz.124-15.T1.bin? [confirm]
my_new_router#dir flash:Directory of flash:/
2 -rw- 16599160 <no date> c1841-ipbasek9-mz.124-12.bin
32514048 bytes total (15914888 bytes free)
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Reboot and reset config register
Reload the IOS Router boots to rommon again –
rommon 2 > confreg 0x2102rommon 3 > reset Once router reboots, verify that the IOS is
now the new version – use show version
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Saving config file to TFTP
my_new_router#copy running-config tftpAddress or name of remote host []?
192.168.1.2Destination filename [my_new_router-confg]? .!![OK - 352 bytes]
352 bytes copied in 3.184 secs (0 bytes/sec)
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Check TFTP server
Look in the TFTP server for the config file that you copied
This can be useful as a backup in case of router failure
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Summary
IOS contains commands for routers and switches
Can be upgraded over network using TFTP ROMMON can be used as basic boot option TFTP server accessed by router to copy the
IOS TFTP server can also be used to save or
upload a config file
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Extra Resources
Free TFTP server – see engweb.info/apps
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References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_IOS http://tools.cisco.com/ITDIT/ISTMAIN/servlet/index# http://www.roadkillnetworks.com/cisco/
tftp_rom_monitor_appendc.htm