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World Civilizations

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Kingdoms of the Nile

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Geography and Early Egypt LESSON 1

LESSON 2 The Old Kingdom

LESSON 3 The Middle and New Kingdoms

LESSON 4 Egyptian Achievements

LESSON 5 Kush and Aksum

Why were Egyptians able to create such a long-lasting civilization?

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Geography and Early Egypt LESSON 1

The Big IdeaThe water and fertile soils of the Nile Valley allowed a great civilization to develop in Egypt.

Main Ideas• Egypt was called the “gift of the Nile” because the Nile River was so important. • Civilization developed after people began farming along the Nile. • Strong kings unified all of Egypt.

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Lesson 1


The Gift of the Nile

Main Idea 1Egypt was called the “gift of the Nile” because the Nile River was so important. • The Nile River brought life to Egypt and allowed it to thrive. • The Greek historian Herodotus called Egypt the gift of the Nile. • Egyptians developed technologies that helped them take advantage of the river.

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Lesson 1


Location and Physical Features• The Nile is the longest river in the world, with a distance of over 4,000 miles.• Ancient Egypt included two regions, a southern and a northern region, that were given their

names by their relation to the Nile.• At several points, the rough terrain caused cataracts, or rapids, to form.• The Nile divided into several branches, forming a delta, a triangular area of land made from

soil deposited by a river.• About two-thirds of Egypt’s farmland was located in the Nile Delta.

Main Idea 1 (continued)

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Lesson 1


The Floods of the Nile • Little rain fell in the Egyptian desert, but the Nile flooded every year in the summer and fall.• The Nile’s flooding coated the land around it with a rich silt that made the soil ideal for

farming.• Without the floods, people could never have farmed in Egypt.


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Lesson 1


Civilization Develops in Egypt

Increased Food Production • Canals were built to carry water to fields of wheat, barley, fruits, and vegetables.• The Nile allowed farmers to raise animals such as cattle and sheep.• The river also provided many types of fish to eat, and hunters trapped ducks and geese.

Main Idea 2Civilization developed after people began farming along the Nile.

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Lesson 1


Two Kingdoms • Natural barriers made Egypt hard to invade.• Desert in the west was too big and harsh to cross.• Mediterranean and Red Sea provided protection from invasion.• Cataracts in the Nile made it difficult to invade from the south.


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Lesson 1


Kings Unify Egypt

Main Idea 3Strong kings unified all of Egypt. • According to tradition, Menes rose to power in Upper Egypt and unified the two kingdoms

by taking control of Lower Egypt and by marrying a Lower Egyptian princess.• Menes was probably Egypt’s first pharaoh, the title used by the rulers of Egypt.• He also founded Egypt’s first dynasty, or series of rulers from the same family.• The First Dynasty lasted for about 200 years and extended Egyptian territory southward

along the Nile.

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The Old Kingdom LESSON 2

The Big IdeaEgyptian government and religion were closely connected during the Old Kingdom.

Main Ideas• Life in the Old Kingdom was influenced by pharaohs, roles in society, and trade. • Religion shaped Egyptian life. • The pyramids were build as huge tombs for Egyptian pharaohs.

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Lesson 2


Life in the Old Kingdom

Early Pharaohs• The Old Kingdom was a period in which the Egyptians developed a system based on the belief

that the pharaoh was both a king and a god.• Egypt was a theocracy, a government ruled by religious authorities. • The pharaoh had absolute power over all land and people in Egypt.• People blamed him if crops did not grow well or disease struck. • The most famous pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was Khufu, who ruled in the 2500s BC. • He is best known for the monuments that were built to him.

Main Idea 1Life in the Old Kingdom was influenced by pharaohs, roles in society, and trade.

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Lesson 2


Society and Trade• Social classes appeared during the Old Kingdom as the population grew.

- Pharaohs ruled Egypt as gods.- Many nobles, or people from rich and powerful families, were officials and priests who helped

run the government.- Scribes and craftspeople wrote and produced goods.- Farmers, servants, and slaves made up most of Egyptian society.

• Egypt began trading with its neighbors, such as Nubia and Syria. • Egyptian society grew more complex.


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Lesson 2


Religion and Egyptian Life

The Gods of Egypt • Everyone was expected to worship the same gods. • Egyptians built temples to the gods throughout the kingdom. • Temples collected payments from both worshippers and the government, which allowed them

to grow more influential. • Certain cities became centers for the worship of certain gods. • The Egyptians had gods for nearly everything, including the sun, the sky, and the earth. These

gods would often mix human and animal forms.• Egyptian families also had household gods at shrines in their homes.

Main Idea 2Religion shaped Egyptian life.

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Lesson 2


Emphasis on the Afterlife • Egyptian religion focused on the afterlife, or life after death.• They believed that when a person died, his or her ka left the body and became a spirit.• The ka remained linked to the body and had all its same needs.• To fulfill its needs, people filled tombs with objects, such as furniture and clothing, for the

afterlife. • Relatives brought the ka food and beverages.


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Lesson 2


Burial Practices • They developed embalming to preserve bodies and keep the link between the body and the

spirit. • The specially treated bodies wrapped in cloth were called mummies.• Embalming was a complex process that took several weeks.

- All the body’s organs were removed and stored in special jars. - Embalmers then dried out the body and applied special oils to it. - The body was then wrapped in linen cloths and bandages and placed in a coffin.

• Only royalty and other members of Egypt’s elite, or people of wealth and power, could afford to have mummies made.


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Lesson 2


The Pyramids

Main Idea 3The pyramids were built as huge tombs for Egyptian pharaohs. • Pyramids are huge stone tombs with four triangular sides that meet in a point on the top.

Historians are unsure how they were built.• Pyramids displayed amazing engineering, or the application of scientific knowledge for

practical purposes.

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Lesson 2


Building the Pyramids • Around 2700 BC, Egyptians began building smooth-sided pyramids covered with limestone.• Burial chambers were deep inside the pyramids, and workers sealed the passages with large

blocks. • A huge labor force was needed to build a single pyramid. • The government paid peasants for their work in goods such as grain. • How the Egyptians moved the massive stones to build the pyramids is still debated today.


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Lesson 2


Significance of the Pyramids• The size and shape of the pyramids showed the importance of pharaohs. • They pointed to the sky to symbolize the pharaoh’s journey to the afterlife. • They were the people’s link to the gods, so the Egyptians wanted their spirits to be happy.• The Egyptians sometimes wrote magical spells and hymns on the pharaohs’ tombs to ensure

safe passage to the afterlife.


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The Middle and New KingdomsLESSON 3

The Big IdeaDuring the Middle and New Kingdoms, order and greatness were restored in Egypt.

Main Ideas• The Middle Kingdom was a period of stable government between periods of disorder. • The New Kingdom was the peak of Egyptian trade and military power, but its greatness did not last. • Work and daily life were different among Egypt’s social classes.

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Lesson 3


The Middle Kingdom

Main Idea 1The Middle Kingdom was a period of stable government between periods of disorder. • Following a period of competition for power between the nobles and the pharaohs, the

Middle Kingdom began.• Egypt fell into disorder around 1750 BC. A group called the Hyksos invaded and ruled the

region for 200 years. • The Egyptians fought back, and Ahmose of Thebes declared himself king and drove the

Hyksos out of Egypt, beginning the New Kingdom.

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Lesson 3


Building an Empire • Fearing future invasions, the Egyptians took control of all possible invasion routes into the

kingdom.• Egypt took over vast lands and was the leading military power in the area.• Egypt became rich because of the lands it conquered.


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Lesson 3


Growth and Effects of Trade • Conquests brought traders into contact with distant lands, and trade routes, or paths followed

by traders, developed.• Queen Hatshepsut encouraged trade and used the profits to support the arts and

architecture.

Invasions of Egypt • Led by Ramses the Great, Egypt fought invaders for many years, leaving their empire

diminished.• The New Kingdom ended, and Egypt fell into a period of violence and disorder.


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Lesson 3


Work and Daily Life

Main Idea 3Work and daily life were different among Egypt’s social classes.

Scribes• Few people were more

respected than scribes.• The kept state records and

accounts. • They wrote and copied

religious and literary texts.• They did not have to pay

taxes, and many became wealthy.

Artisans, Artists, and Architects• This group included

sculptors, builders, carpenters, jewelers, metalworkers, and leatherworkers.

• Most worked for the government or temples.

• Architects designed the temples and royal tombs.

• This societal group was admired for their skills.

Merchants and Traders• Although trade was

important, few held these positions.

• Some had to travel very long distances to buy and sell goods.

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Lesson 3


Main Idea 3

Soldiers • Egypt created a

professional army that offered soldiers a chance to rise in social status and receive land as payment.

Farmers and Other Peasants• This group made up the

vast majority of the population.

• They grew crops to support their families and to pay taxes.

Slaves• Slaves were usually

criminals or prisoners. They had some legal rights, however.

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Lesson 3


Family Life in Egypt• Family life was very important in Egyptian society, and most Egyptians lived in their own

homes.• Women had many legal rights, including owning property, making contracts, and divorcing

their husbands. • Children played with toys such as dolls, tops, and clay animal figurines.• They also played ballgames and hunted.• Most children received some education, learning morals, writing, math, and sports.


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Egyptian Achievements LESSON 4

The Big IdeaThe Egyptians made lasting achievements in writing, architecture, and art.

Main Ideas• Egyptian writing used hieroglyphics. • Egypt’s great temples were lavishly decorated. • Egyptian art filled tombs.

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Lesson 4


Egyptian Writing

Main Idea 1Egyptian writing used hieroglyphics. • The Egyptian writing system, or hieroglyphics, was one of the world’s first writing systems.

Writing in Ancient Egypt • The earliest known examples of Egyptian writing were carved into hard material, like stone.• Later, the Egyptians learned how to make papyrus, a long-lasting, paper-like material made

from reeds. • Scribes wrote on papyrus using brushes and ink.• The hieroglyphic system used more than 600 symbols. • Each symbol represented one or more sounds in the Egyptian language.

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Lesson 4


The Rosetta Stone• Historians learned how to read hieroglyphics after discovering the Rosetta Stone, which was

written in three languages.- Hieroglyphics- A later form of Egyptian- Greek


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Lesson 4


Egyptian Texts • Historians today can read Egyptian government and historical records, science texts, and

medical manuals. • Writing influenced Egyptian religion and culture and allowed Egyptians to express ideas.• Some of the world’s earliest examples of literature come from ancient Egyptian culture.• The Book of the Dead is a religious text that tells of the afterlife. • Religious texts have been discovered inside coffins and often contain spells or magic formulas.


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Lesson 4


Egyptian Calendar • The Egyptians created two calendars, a lunar calendar and a solar calendar. • The lunar calendar had 12 months that were 28 to 29 days long. • The solar calendar had 12 months that were 30 days long with 5 extra days at the end of the

year. • The solar calendar was more accurate and the first calendar that was 365 days long.


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Lesson 4


Egypt’s Great Temples

Main Idea 2Egypt’s great temples were lavishly decorated. • Egyptians believed the massive temples were homes of the gods. • People visited to worship, offer gifts to the gods, and ask for favors.• Temples had stone sphinxes—imaginary creatures with bodies of lions and the heads of

other animals or humans—and other statues• They also had an obelisk: a tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed at the top• The walls and columns were painted and had hieroglyphics.

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Lesson 4


Egyptian Art

Main Idea 3Egyptian art filled tombs.

Paintings • Egyptian art was filled with lively, colorful scenes.• Art showed historical events, everyday life, and religious events.• Painting had a distinctive style in which people’s heads and legs are always seen from the

side, but upper bodies are shown straight on.

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Lesson 4


Carvings and Jewelry • Tombs included huge statues and detailed carvings. • The Egyptians made jewelry of gold and precious stones for men and women. • The tomb of King Tutankhamen was found in 1922 and was filled with treasures. • The treasures in King Tut’s tomb have taught us much about Egyptian burial practices and

beliefs.


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Kush and Aksum LESSON 5

The Big IdeaThe kingdoms of Kush and Aksum, which arose south of Egypt, developed advanced civilizations with large trading networks.

Main Ideas• The geography of early Nubia helped civilization develop there. • Kush and Egypt traded, but they also fought. • Later Kush became a trading power with a unique culture. • Both internal and external factors led to the decline of Kush and Aksum.

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Lesson 5


Kush and Aksum

Main Idea 1The geography of early Nubia helped civilization develop there. • A group of people called the Kushites settled in a region now called Nubia and established

the first large kingdom in the interior of Africa.• The development of the Kushite civilization was greatly influenced by the geography of

Nubia, especially the role played by the Nile River.

The Land of Nubia • Ancient Nubia was fertile due to annual flooding.• It was rich in valuable minerals that contributed to its wealth.- Gold- Copper- Stone

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Lesson 5


Early Civilization in Nubia• Farmers thrived there, and one became the king of a region he called Kush. • The capital city of Kerma was protected from invaders by the cataracts of the Nile River.• Overtime, Kushite society grew more complex; people became farmers, herders, priests, and

artisans. • Early Kush was influenced by cultures to the south.


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Lesson 5


Kush and Egypt

Main Idea 2Kush and Egypt traded, but they also fought. • Kush and Egypt were neighbors and traded with each other. • The Kushites sent slaves and materials such as gold, copper, stone, ebony, and ivory to Egypt.

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Lesson 5


Main Idea 2

Egypt’s Conquest of Kush• Relations between Kush

and Egypt became hostile.• Egypt feared that Kush

would become too powerful, so it invaded and conquered Kush.

Effects of the Conquest • Kush was an Egyptian

territory for about 450 years.

• Many Kushites adopted Egyptian religious practices, names, and language.

A Change in Power• During a time of decline in

Egypt, Kushite leaders regained control of Kush, becoming independent again.

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Lesson 5


Main Idea 2

The Conquest of Egypt • Kush regained its strength

and conquered Egypt under the direction of Kashta and his son Piankhi.

• By 751 BC the Kushite king Kashta had conquered Upper Egypt.

• Piankhi ruled all of Egypt by the time of his death around 716 BC

The Kushite Dynasty • Shabaka, brother of

Piankhi, declared himself pharaoh and began the Kushite Dynasty.

• This dynasty tried to restore the old Egyptian cultural practices.

The End of Kushite Rule in Egypt • The Kushite Dynasty

remained strong until the Assyrians drove them out of Egypt in the 670s BC.

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Lesson 5


Later Kush

Main Idea 3Later Kush became a trading power with a unique culture. • Kush devoted itself to increasing agriculture and trade. • Within a few centuries, it became a rich and powerful kingdom again.

Kush’s Iron Industry• Meroë, the kingdom’s new capital, developed an iron industry.• Resources such as iron ore and wood for furnaces helped the industry grow quickly.

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Lesson 5


Kush’s Iron Industry• Meroë became the center of a large trade network, a system of people in different lands

who trade goods. • The Kushites sent goods down the Nile to Egypt, and from there Egyptian and Greek

merchants, or traders, carried goods to ports on the Mediterranean and Red seas and to southern Africa.

• Kush’s exports, or items sent out to other regions, included gold, pottery, iron tools, slaves, and ivory.

• Kush received imports—goods brought in from other regions—from Egypt, Asia, and other lands along the Mediterranean.


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Lesson 5


Kushite Culture • Kushite culture was influenced by Egypt. They worshipped Egyptian gods, built pyramids, wore

Egyptian clothing, and had rulers called pharaohs. • Kushite houses and daily life were unique. • Queens seems to have been more important in Kush than in Egypt. • They developed their own written language, called Meroitic.


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Lesson 5


New Discoveries • Archaeologists study artifacts, or what people have made or used, to better understand

Kushite society. • Historians study written record left on Egyptian pottery, buildings, and other artifacts to learn

more about the people of Kush.

Women in Kushite Society • The women of Kush were expected to be as active in society as the men. • Some rose to positions of authority and power, especially religious authority.• Historians believe the first woman to rule Kush was Queen Shanakhdakheto.


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Lesson 5


The Decline of Kush

Main Idea 4Both internal and external factors led to the decline of Kush and Aksum. • Kush gradually declined in power due to a series of problems that weakened its economy.• Cows were allowed to overgraze and the grassless soil blew away, causing farmers to

produce less food.• Wood became scarce, which caused ironworkers to shut their furnaces down.

- As a result, Kush produced few weapons and trade goods.

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Lesson 5


The Influence of Aksum • Kush was also weakened by a loss of trade; foreign merchants set up trade routes that went

around Kush. • One trade route went instead to Aksum, a kingdom located along the Red Sea, which made it a

major trading power.• Because it became a major trading center, people from many different cultures gathered there

and traded, goods, ideas, and beliefs. • The Aksumite King Ezana made Christianity the kingdom’s official religion. • Kush lost most of its wealth and military might by the AD 300s. • Around AD 350, the Aksumite army took over Kush.


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Lesson 5


The Decline of Aksum• Aksum was never conquered, but its major ports were taken over by other peoples. • Aksum became isolated from other lands. • Its people retreated to the mountains of northern Ethiopia.


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