Teori Perkemban

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Developmental Theories

• Psychoanalytic

• Cognitive

• Social Learning

• Ethology

• Ecology

PSYCHOANALYTICFreud’s Psychosexual

Basic belief : Behavior is controlled by

powerful unconscious

Technique used : Clinical observation

Oriented on stages(Early childhood

experiences permanently shape

personality)

Erikson’s Psychosocial

Basic belief : Personality is

influenced by society and develops through a

series of crices, or critical alternatives

Technique used : Clinical observation

Oriented on stages(Ego dev is lifelong)

Freud’s Psychosexual

ORAL

AnalPhallic

Latency

Genital

Psychosexual Dev

Stase Perkembangan Psikoseksual Freud

Stase Umur Fokus Libido Tugas Perkembangan dan Pengalaman

Oral 0 – 18 bulan Mulut (mengisap, menggigit, mengunyah)

Menyusu, berpisah dari ibu

Anal 1,5 – 3 tahun

Anus (menahan atau mengeluarkan feces)

Toilet training (self-control)

Phallic 3 – 6 tahun Genital (masturbasi) Identifikasi terhadap model dewasa yang sejenis

Latency 6 – 12 tahun - Kontak sosial / peer

Genital Pubertas Genital (menjadi heteroseksual)

Membangun hubungan yang intim, berkontribusi kepada masyarakat melalui kerja

Freud’s Psychosexual

His Contribution• Importance of unconscious thoughts,

feelings & motivation• The role of childhood experiences in

forming personalities• The ambivalence of emotional response,

especially to parents• Ways in which early relationship affect

later ones

Erikson’s Psychosocial

• Emphasizing the influence of society on the developing personality

• Pioneer in a life-span perspective

• Ego development is lifelong

• Each stage requires the balancing of a positive tendency and a corresponding negative ones

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage

Intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood)

Identity vs identity confusion (puberty to young adulthood)

Industry vs Inferiority (6 y.o to puberty)

Initiative vs Guilt (3 to 6 y.o)

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (12 – 18 mt to 3 y.o

Basic Trust vs Mistrust (birth to 12 – 18 mt)

Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood)

Ego integrity vs despair (late adulthood)

Cognitive Stages (Piaget)

Sensorimotor (Birth – 2 y.o)1

Preoperational (2 – 7 y.o)2

Concrete operations (7 – 11 y.o)3

Formal operations (11 – 15 y.o)4

Learning

BehaviorismBehaviorism

Social LearningSocial Learning

OCOC

CCCC

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Prinsip dasar :

• Bentuk belajar dimana setiap stimulus yang sebelumnya bersifat netral, dapat menimbulkan respon melalui asosiasi dengan stimulus yang secara alami menimbulkan respon

• UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Prinsip dasar :

• Belajar tergantung pada adanya reinforcement atau punishment

• Reinforcement…?

• Punishment…?

Social Learning(Social Cognitive Theory)

• Albert Bandura• Classic social learning theories :

Modelling / observational learning (choosing models watching imitate)

• Bandura’s newest version :

Social cognitive theory

(observe models learn chunks of behavior put the chunk into complex new behavior pattern)

Behavior

PersonalCognitive Environment

Ethology

• Konrad Lorenz

• Ethology perilaku dipengaruhi oleh biologi, terkait dengan evolusi, dan penekanan terhadap periode penting (kepekaan)

• Prinsip awal dari perilaku adaptif yang bertujuan untuk survival (misal : attachment bayi – caregiver ) imprinting

Bioecological / Ecological (Urie Bronfenbrenner)

• Microsystem setting dimana individu hidup

• Mesosystem microsystem - microsystem• Exosystem microsystem – microsystem

tapi salah satu tidak berhubungan langsung dengan individu

• Macrosystem kebudayaan (nilai, kepercayaan, sistem sosial ekonomi

• Chronosystem sosiohistoris lingkungan