What Else Drove Europeans to Explore?

2.  The  ________:  Europeans  who  traveled  to  the  Middle  East  returned  with  a  sense  of  excitement  about  new  lands

3.   _____:  Europeans  saw  a  chance  to  ____goods  in  the  Middle  East  and  _____them  in  Europe.  (goods  like  silk  and  spices)_

3.   ________:  Europeans  saw  a  chance  to  _______ChrisBanity  to  non-­‐believers

8

Prince Henry and Portuguese Explorers

➜  1420:  ___________become  first  Europeans  to  explore  west  coast  of  Africa   Portugal’s  leader,  Prince  ______the  Navigator,  wanted  to  get  in  on  the  spice  trade

  Portuguese  created  trading  ________   They  traded  for  _____and  _________Africans

➜  1488:  Portugal’s  Bartholomeu  Dias  rounded  the  southern  Bp  of  Africa  &  named  it  the  Cape  of  __________

➜  1497:  Vasco  de  Gama  became  first  Portuguese  to  sail  to  ______   He  filled  his  ship  with  _______to  trade  back  home_   The  round-­‐trip  took  two  _____._

➜  _

What  country  in  Europe  is  in  the  best  place  for  exploring  West  Africa?

9

Trading in Asia

➜ Europeans  went  to  the  _______of  the  spices  they  liked  to  trade:  Southeast  _____and  the  ____________   The  Melaka  Islands  were  called  the  “Spice  Islands”   Portuguese  took  control  of  the  Straits  of  Melaka,     Portuguese  _______the  ruler  of  the  Spice  Islands  to  sell  them  ____its  spices

  They  set  the  ______for  Europeans  dealing  with    non-­‐Europeans:  use  of  ______

➜ Portuguese  tried  and  _______to  expand  trade  with  China  &  Japan

➜  In  Bme,  the  ______took  ________of  Portugal’s  trading  empire  in  Asia 10

Part 2: Sailing West to go East

➜ What  do  you  suppose  this  Btle  means?

➜ 1492:  In  _____,  armies  of  King  Ferdinand  &  Queen  Isabella  drove  out  the  last  Muslim  invaders

➜ When  Christopher  _________came  to  them  for  help,  the  Bme  was  right  –  Spain  was  ready  to  think  about  an  overseas  ______.

➜ Columbus  believed  that  he  could  reach  Asia  and  the  East  Indies  by  sailing  ____.

11

➜ Columbus  sought  ________for  his  expediBon  to  the  East  Indies

➜ He  argued  that  he  could  bring  riches  to  Spain ➜ Queen  Isabella  thought  about  converBng  non-­‐Europeans  to  ____________

➜ 1492:  Columbus  arrives  on  islands  of  ___________&  Cuba.  He  returns  three  more  Bmes.

➜ He  thought  he  reached  the  East  Indies  &  called  the  naBves  “indians”

➜ Europeans  realized  he  found  two  unknown  conBnents  they  called  the  __________

12

➜ Portuguese  “discovered”  _______(South  America) ➜ Spain  &  Portugal  decided  that  _______&  people  of  North  &  South  ________belonged  to  them.  

➜ To  prevent  disputes  between  the  two  naBons,  Pope  Alexander  VI  ________the  New  World  in  1494.  

➜ He  created  a  Line  of  ____________that  __________Spanish  lands  from  Portuguese  lands.

➜ Everything  _____of  the  line  belonged  to  _____; ➜ Everything  _____of  the  line  belonged  to  ________.

13

Overthrowing the Aztec Empire ➜ By  1515,  Spain  controlled  most  of  the  islands  in  the  _________.  

➜ From  their  base  in  Cuba,  they  set  out  to  explore  the  _________of  Central  America.  

➜ One  of  the  first  conquerors,  or  ______________,  was  Hernán  _______

➜ 1519:  Cortes,  500  soldiers,  horses,  and  a  few  cannon  arrive  on  mainland  &  march  inland.

➜ They  headed  into  the  ______empire,  in  what  is  now  _______

➜ Their  desBnaBon  was  TenochBtlán,  a  _____of  100,000  people

14

➜ Aztec  emperor  __________welcomed  the  Spanish.   ➜  In  a  short  Bme,  however,  Cortés  took  Montezuma  ________.  

➜ Cortés  and  the  Spanish  then  controlled  the  city.   ➜  In  1520,  the  Aztecs  _________against  the  Spanish.   ➜ Montezuma  was  killed  in  the  fighBng.   ➜  The  Spanish  _____TenochBtlán. ➜  The  following  year,  Cortés  _________with  more  soldiers. ➜ He  recruited  local  tribes  that  hated  Aztec  rule  to  help  him.   ➜  The  new  Spanish  force,  fully  equipped  with  horses  and  guns,  _________the  Aztec.

➜  They  __________TenochBtlán  and  built  ____________in  its  place.

➜  The  Aztecs’  temple  was  replaced  by  a  Catholic  ______.

His  beard  alone  has  experienced  more  than  a  lesser  man’s  body.

He’s  the  most  interes6ng  man  in  the  world…Hernan  Cortes 15

Overthrowing the Inca Empire ➜ 1520s:  Spanish  expand  into  ________America,  taking  land  &  building  ____________

➜ They  heard  stories  of  a  rich  kingdom  in  the  ______Mountains:  the  _____Empire

➜ The  Inca  empire  was  weakened  by  a  _________epidemic ➜ The  Incas  were  in  a  ______war  led  by  two  brothers,  Huascar  and  Atahualpa

➜ 1531:  Conquistador  Francisco  ________&  180  men  traveled  to  the  Inca  city  of  Cajamarca  to  meet  Atahualpa

➜ There,  they  ______on  the  crowd.  Pizarro  took  a  page  from  Cortex  playbook  &  took  Atahualpa  ________

16

➜ Atahualpa  offered  to  pay  a  _______by  filling  up  a  room  with  _____in  exchange  for  his  freedom

➜ Pizarro  &  his  men  felt  ___________by  Atahualpa  and  instead  of  freeing  him,  had  him  ________.

➜ ______Inca  was  appointed  naBve  _______leader  by  the  Spanish

➜ He  led  a  _______in  1535-­‐36   ➜ BUT…they  were  no  match  for  Spanish  ________&    horses ➜ The  Spaniards  seized  much  of  the  __________

17

Colonizing Central & South America

➜ By  the  mid-­‐1500s:  Spain  claimed  Mexico  &  much  of  Central  and  South  America.

➜ Spain  set  up  ________,  encouraging  ciBzens  to  build  _____________

➜ The  more  _______colonies  created,  the  wealthier  Spain’s    _________became.  

➜ Part  of  ______shipment  of  gold,  silver,  &  other  goods  from  the  colonies  went  to  the  monarchs.

➜ To  govern  colonies,  Spain  created  ______________–  areas  governed  by  representaBves  of  the  monarch  (viceroys)

➜  In  the  viceroyalBes,  missionaries  came  to  ________naBves  to  ChrisBanity.  They  __________naBve  temples.

18

➜ When  colonists  began  seqling  the  Americas,  Queen  Isabella  granted  them  __________:  the  right  to  demand  ______from  NaBve  Americans  living  on  the  land.

➜  In  the  encomienda  system:   NaBves  were  _______to  work  in  gold  &  silver  ______   Hundreds  of  thousands  were  worked  or  ________to  death

➜ European  _________killed  many  more   NaBves  had  no  _________to  diseases  like  smallpox  or  measles

 When  Columbus  landed  in  Hispaniola  (1492),  there  were  250,000  naBves.  By  1538,  ____were  ler.

  Experts  esBmate  that  24  ________died  in  Central  Mexico  between  1519-­‐1630

19

➜ Some  Spaniards  opposed  brutality  toward  naBves ➜ Bartolomé  de  Las  Casas,  a  ______,  pushed  on  behalf  of  naBve  rights

➜  In  his  early  wriBngs,  he  advocated  using  _________as  _______.  

➜ As  early  as  1518,  a  few  Africans  had  been  shipped  to  the  Caribbean  to  replace  naBves  on  ______plantaBons

➜ Arer  1542,  the  Spanish  were  __________to  enslave  NaBve  Americans.  

➜ Soon  arer,  the  trans-­‐AtlanBc  trade  in  enslaved  Africans  became  big  business  for  the  Spanish—and  later  for  the  English.

➜  It  is  esBmated  that  at  least  10  million  Africans  came  to  the  Americas  in  ______.

➜ Perhaps  twice  that  many  died  on  the  _______. 20

Society in Spanish America

Peninsulares

Creoles

Mes@zos

MulaBos

NaBve-­‐born  Spanish  who  were  sent  from  Spain,  to  run  the  colonies.  The  highest  social  class

Descendants  of  the  original  Spanish  seqlers.  Usually  

owned  plantaBons,  mines  &  businesses.  Had  liqle  power

Descended  from  Spanish  &  NaBve  Americans.  One  of  the  two  lowest  social  groups

Had  ancestors  who  were  Spanish  &  African.  Only  

NaBves  &  enslaved  Africans  were  lower

21

Part 4: Colonizing North America ➜ By  the  1500s:  European  naBons  were  __________for  land  and  ______in  Europe.  

➜ As  explorers  found  “new”  lands,  European  monarchs  oren  ____________their  rivalry  to  these  parts  of  the  globe.

22

New Spain ➜ By  1513:  ________moving  into  what  is  today  the  USA

  Ponce  de  Leon  explored  ________   1564:  First  permanent  Spanish  seqlement  =  ______________

  By  1700,  they  had  seqlements  in  California,  Texas,  Arizona,  New  Mexico

 Many  Spanish  seqlements  in  American  __________were  forts  or  __________

➜ Missions  housed  _______&  naBves  converted  to  Catholicism ➜  Spanish  farmers  in  New  Mexico  seqled  next  to  naBve  Pueblo  villages.

➜ At  first,  they  fought  for  _______.  In  Bme,  they  _________.   ➜ Both  had  to  ________their  homes  from  raids  by  unfriendly  NaBve  American  warriors  from  the  Great  Plains

23

New France ➜ 1608:  Samuel  de  __________founded  Quebec  in  what  is  today  Canada.  

➜ By  late  1600s,  the  French  had  a  line  of  ________seqlements  in  New  France  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.

➜ Most  seqlers  were  ____trappers  and  traders. ➜ They  hunted  animals  like  _______for  their  fur  or  traded  with  NaBve  Americans  for  animal  skins.  

➜ The  furs  and  skins  were  ________to  France  where  they  sold  for  high  ______.

24

New Netherlands, New Sweden, NEW JERSEY ➜  The  ____________(Holland)  was  a  rich  &  powerful  naBon ➜  They  explored  North  America  &  claimed  a  large  part  of  what  is  

today  ________,  ConnecBcut,  __________,  and  Delaware. ➜  The  Dutch  founded  ________posts  along  the  Hudson  River   ➜  1664:  England  sailed  several  ______into  what  is  now  New  York  

Harbor.  They  demanded  that  the  Dutch  _________.   ➜  Lacking  a  powerful  army,  the  Dutch  _______.  The  English  

renamed  the  colony  New  ___________ ➜  Sweden_had  also  grown  ________from  trade.   ➜  It  sent  colonists  to  seqle  along  the  Delaware  River  in  what  is  

today  southern  New  Jersey  &  ________.   ➜  The  Dutch  seized  the  seqlements  in  1655.  They,  too,  became  

English  territory  in  1664.

25

➜ 1607:  _______  seqles  its  first  permanent  colony  in  North  America  at  Jamestown  (in  modern  day  Virginia).

➜ A  group  of  merchants  set  up  a  ___________  company  to  pay  for  the  voyage  and  the  seqlement  hoping  for  a  return  on  their  investment.  

➜  They  expected  to  make  a  fortune  on  ____.   ➜ However,  there  was  ___gold  and  many  early  colonists  ________to  death

➜ 1620:  Religious  group  known  as  the  _________seqled  _________Colony  (in  modern  day  Massachuseqs)  

➜  They  fled  __________persecuBon  in  England

English Colonies

26

➜ 1630:  English  Protestants  known  as  _________seqled  near  Pilgrims

➜ They  set  up  a  community  based  on  their  __________beliefs

➜ Puritans  founded  the  Massachuseqs  ____Colony,  which  was  a  church-­‐state.  

➜ Like  the  Pilgrims  and  Puritans,  Quakers,  Catholics,  and  Jews  came  to  the  colonies  for  religious  _______.

27

➜ English  colonists  looked  for  _________opportunity  as  farmers,  fishers  and  crars  people.

➜ A  ___________system  developed  in  the  Southern  Colonies.  

➜ The  ________and  soil  were  well  suited  to  growing  crops_like  rice,  indigo  and  _______.  

➜ To  work  their  plantaBons,  owners  began  to  import  _________Africans.

➜ As  a  result,  the  colonies  became  part  of  the  trans-­‐AtlanBc  ______trade.

28

➜ As  more  colonists  immigrated,  they  wanted  more  land.   ➜ The  only  way  to  get  land  was  to  push  the  NaBve  Americans  off.  

➜ This  resulted  in  a  number  of  wars  between  colonists  and  NaBve  Americans.  

➜ By  the  1700s,  most  NaBve  Americans  had  been  killed  or  forced  west.

29

➜ While  taking  away  the  freedom  of  Africans  &  killing  naBves,  the  colonists  were  working  to  keep  and  ________their  own  ______.  

➜ About  half  the  colonies  were  ____________colonies.     They  were  owned  by  ____________or  private  _________.

➜ The  other  colonies  were  ______colonies.     They  belonged  to  the  English  _______.

30

➜ How  did  seqling  the  Americas  _______the  world? ➜ There  were  four  main  effects. ➜ ____________  Exchange:  sharing  of  goods  and  ideas  between  Europe  and  the  Americas   Spanish  forced  naBves  to  ________to  Catholicism   NaBves  had  to  give  up  their  __________&  religions   Europeans  taught  naBves  to  make  _____&  copper   NaBves  taught  Europeans  to  _____unfamiliar  land

Part 5: The Effects of the Global Age

31

➜ _______________:  the  wealth  of  a  naBon  depends  on  how  much  gold  and  silver  it  has.   One  way  to  keep  gold  &  silver  in  a  country  is  to  keep  a  __________balance  of  _____.  

  This  occurs  when  the  value  of  goods  a  naBon  _______,  or  sells  to  other  naBons,  is  greater  than  the  value  of  the  goods  it  _______,  or  buys  from  other  naBons.

  _________played  an  important  role  in  mercanBlism.   Colonies  provided  their  home  countries  with  ____materials  to  be  used  for  _____________.  

  In  return,  colonies  were  ________for  _________goods  from  their  home  countries.  

  Home  countries  passed  _____to  keep  their  colonists  from  buying  goods  from  ______naBons.

32

➜ __________________________:  InteracBons  between  NaBve  Americans  &  Europeans  resulted  in  the  _______of  millions  of  _______.   Expert  esBmate:  1492,  about  __________NaBve  Americans  lived  in  what  is  today’s  USA.    Less  than  400  years  later,  there  were  only  ________NaBve  Americans.

  NaBve  Americans  were  murdered,  worked  or  starved  to  death,  and  died  from  European  diseases.

  In  various  parts  of  Spanish  America,  NaBve  Americans  were  _______to  live  at  ________.

  English  colonists  fought  deadly  _____to  gain  naBve  ____.  

33

➜ ______________________:    Many  Europeans  did  ____think  that  there  was  anything  _____    in  enslaving  Africans.  Slaves  had  been  used  by  many  ancient  civilizaBons.  

  Europeans  had  an  _____________view:  they  felt  they  were  far  superior  to  people  in  the  rest  of  the  world.

  They  thought  Africans  were  _________ ➜ The  ______trade  had  several  effects:  

  Kidnappings  by  slave  traders  ler  large  areas  of  West  Africa  without  young  people  to  have  families

  Slave  trading  empires  in  Africa  grew  stronger   A  cycle  of  warfare  started  between  kingdoms  to  get  capBves  they  could  sell  as  slaves 34