Four Stroke Engine

In this presentation, we'll take a look at 10 of the biggest and most significant engine improvements of all time.

From fuel injection to hybrid motors, we'll take a look at where engines have been, and hopefully get some insight on where they're headed…

Benefits: More fuel-efficient, less polluting

Drawbacks: More complicated, more expensive to manufacture

• Four-stroke engines were one of the earliest improvements made to internal combustion engines

• In the late 1800s. On a four-stroke engine, there are four steps the engine takes as it burns Gasoline: intake, compression, power, and exhaust .

• These steps all occur when as piston moves up and down two times.

• Earlier, simpler two-stroke engines accomplish the same task -- burning gasoline to create mechanical motion -- but they do it in two steps.

• Today, two-stroke engines are found on small equipment like lawnmowers, small motorcycles, and large, industrial engines.

• Nearly all cars use the four-stroke cycle.

However, compared to two-stroke engines, they are more complicated and expensive to make, and require the use of valves for the intake and exhaust of gases.

In spite of this, four-stroke engines have become the industry standard for cars, and they likely aren't going away any time soon.

Benefits: More power without an increase in engine size

Drawbacks: Fuel consumption, turbo lag

Forced Induction engine

• An engine requires three things to generate motion: fuel, air, and ignition.

• Cramming more air into an engine will increase the power generated by the engine's pistons.

• In a forced induction engine, air is forced into the combustion chamber at a higher pressure than usual, creating a higher compression and more power from each stroke of the engine

• Turbochargers and superchargers are essentially air compressors that shove more air into the engine.

• Forced induction systems were used on aircraft engines long before they started being added to car engines

On the newest Hyundai Sonata, for example, the top engine one can buy is no longer a V6, but a turbo four-cylinder.

many carmakers are turning to forced induction on smaller engines instead of building larger engines.

A good example is the turbocharged Mini Cooper S, which only has a 1.6-liter engine but produces more than 200 horsepower in some applications,

In addition, high-performance cars like the Porsche 911 Turbo or Corvette ZR-1 use forced induction to achieve tremendous gains in power.

Fuel Injection

Benefits: Better throttle response, increased fuel efficiency, more power, easier starting

Drawbacks: More complexity and potentially expensive repairs

•Since the late 1980s, carburetors have been almost completely replaced by fuel injection, a far more sophisticated and effective system of mixing fuel and air.• Fuel injectors spray gasoline into the air intake manifold, where fuel and air mix together into a fine mist. •That mix is brought into the combustion chamber by valves on each cylinder during the intake process. •The engine's on-board computer controls the fuel injection process.• Engines with fuel injection are also more efficient and more responsive to changes in the throttle

They do have drawbacks in terms of their increased complexity. Fuel injection systems are more costly to repair than carburetors as well.

They have become the industry standard for fuel delivery, and it doesn't look like carburetors will be making a comeback anytime soon…

Direct Injection

• Benefits: More power, better fuel economy

• Drawbacks: More expensive to make, relatively new technology

• Direct injection is a further refinement of the improvements made by fuel injection. which adds efficiency to the engine.

• On a direct injection engine, fuel is sprayed directly into the combustion chamber,

• Engine computers then make sure the fuel is burned exactly when and where it is needed, reducing waste.

• Direct injection provides a leaner mix of fuel, which burns more efficiently. In some ways it makes gasoline-powered engines more similar to diesel engines, which have always used a form of direct injection.

• As we learned earlier, direct injection engines boast an increase in power and fuel economy over stand fuel injection systems.

• More and more companies are starting to increase their use of direct injection, but it has yet to become the standard.

Direct injection engine is the hot new technology in the automotive world right now. Expect to see it on more and more cars as time

goes on……………………………….

Aluminum Block Engine

I just want to say that,

Over the past few years, cars have been trending towards being more light weight in many ways.

Automakers look for ways to reduce a vehicle's weight in order to generate better fuel economy and performance.

One of the ways they've done that is largely by replacing engines made of iron with aluminum ones.

Aluminum weighs far less than iron -- typically, an aluminum engine weighs half, what an iron one weighs.

That translates into an overall lighter weight for the car, which means better handling and more fuel efficiency .

Drawbacks As a metal, it's not as strong as iron and doesn't hold up to

high levels of heat as well , Many early aluminum block engines had problems with

cylinders warping, leading to concerns over durability. BENEFIT Those problems have been largely solved, however, and

aluminum has clearly asserted itself as the future of engines due to its weight-saving properties. Lighter weight leads to more efficiency and better handling

Duel over head camshaft {DOHC}

• “Dual overhead camshafts" , The term refers to the number of overhead camshafts above each cylinder in the engine.• Camshafts are part of your car's valve train, which is a system that controls the flow of fuel and air into the cylinders. For many decades cars primarily had OHV engines, meaning overhead valves, also called "pushrods."

• Benefits: Better performance

• Drawbacks: Increased complexity

Variable Valve Timing and lift Electronic Control (VTEC)

People often speak of "VTEC kicking in." But what exactly does that mean?

VTEC refers to variable valve timing and lift electronic control, a form of variable valvetiming. There are times when an engine requires more

Simple Working of VTEC ENGINE -- More air and fuel into the valves at different speeds. This makes an engine more flexible and allows it to deliver peak performance in a variety of conditions. It also increases fuel economy.

Benefits: Fuel economy, more flexible power delivery

Drawbacks: Greater cost to produce

Engine Control Unit {ECU}

Benefits: Fuel economy, better diagnosis of problems

Drawbacks: Cost, complexity

• An engine is an incredibly sophisticated device.• The ECU makes sure processes like ignition timing, the air/fuel

mixture, fuel injection, idle speed, and • It monitors what's going on in the engine using an array of

sensors and performs millions of calculations each second in order to keep everything operating correctly.

• Other computers in the car control things like electrical systems, airbags, interior temperature, traction control , anti-lock brakes and the automatic transmission.

• By making the engine run more efficiently, engine computers can result in greater fuel efficiency and easier diagnosis of problems.

Working of ENGINE CONTROL UNIT:-

Benefits: Torque, fuel economy, cleaner emissions

Drawbacks: Cost of fuel, low RPMs, higher initial cost

We've talked a lot about gasoline engines so far, but what about diesel engines?

• Similar gas engines, many of them still think of diesels as the noisy, sooty, smelly, unreliable motors of the 1970s and 1980s.

• That's not the case anymore. The modern diesel engine is powerful, clean and extremely fuel-efficient.

• Today's engines use a low-sulfur form of diesel fuel, and systems within the car help eliminate particle matter and excess pollution.

• The diesels made by companies like Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volvo and others boast engine

• Improvements like turbo-charging, sophisticated fuel injection, and computer control to provide a driving experience that's both efficient and high in torque.

Benefits: Fuel economyDrawbacks: Higher initial cost,

complexity

E n g i n e

• Recent Engine improvements- boosting efficiency in the hybrid engine.

• Hybrids were an obscure a decade ago, but now everyone knows how they work -- an electric motor is partnered with a traditional gasoline engine in order to achieve high fuel economy numbers, but without the "range anxiety" of an electric engine.

• Hybrids like the TOYOTA PRIUS represent the latest evolution in internal combustion technology. While their benefits come in the form of fuel efficiency

• Hybrids have a higher initial cost than their non-hybrid counterparts , and some have argued that gas must be much more expensive than it is now (unbelievable as that may sound) before the driver recoups the extra cost of the hybrid car.

Hybrids have a higher initial cost than their non-hybrid counterparts , and some have argued that gas must be much more expensive than it is now (unbelievable as that may sound) before the driverrecoups the extra cost of the hybrid car.

However, it's clear that engines are trending towards reduced emissions and greater fuel-efficiency.

While electric-only Cars are becoming more common, it's clear the internal combustion engine isn't going anywhere quite yet

It will simply Continue to evolve to be better and better, just like it has since the days of the Model T cars….

Waiting for new technology…..