Amity Institute of Space Science & Technology

Submitted by:Kratika MittalRoll no.-Dual(Ae+Av)/09/37Enrollment no.-A4717209039B.Tech (Aerospace)+M.Tech (Avionics)-Dual

Planetary Explorations

A planet (from Greek, alternative form of "wanderer") is a celestial body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.

A planetary system consists of the various non-stellar objects orbiting a star such as planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and cosmic dust. The Sun together with its planetary system, which includes Earth, is known as the Solar System.

#Planets & Planetary System

Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft. 

# Methods of Planetary Explorations

Human spaceflight is spaceflight with a human crew and possibly passengers. This makes it unlike robotic space probes or remotely-controlled satellites. Human spaceflight is sometimes called manned spaceflight.

A robotic spacecraft is a spacecraft with no humans on board, that is usually under telerobotic control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a space probe. 

The Sun is a star, a hot ball of glowing gases at the heart of our solar system. Its influence extends far beyond the orbits of distant Neptune and Pluto. Without the Sun's intense energy and heat, there would be no life on Earth. And though it is special to us, there are billions of stars like our Sun scattered across the Milky Way galaxy.

#Sun Exploration

Sun-scorched Mercury is only slightly larger than Earth's Moon. Like the Moon, Mercury has very little atmosphere to stop impacts, and it is covered with craters. Mercury's dayside is super-heated by the Sun, but at night temperatures drop hundreds of degrees below freezing. Ice may even exist in craters. Mercury's egg-shaped orbit takes it around the Sun every 88 days. The exploration of Mercury has taken only a minor role in the space interests of the world. It is the least explored inner planet. As of 2008, the Mariner 10 and MESSENGER missions have been the only missions that have made close observations of Mercury. 

#Mercury Exploration

Venus is a dim world of intense heat and volcanic activity. Similar in structure and size to Earth, Venus' thick, toxic atmosphere traps heat in a runaway 'greenhouse effect.' The scorched world has temperatures hot enough to melt lead. Glimpses below the clouds reveal volcanoes and deformed mountains. Venus spins slowly in the opposite direction of most planets.  Galileo Galilei was the first person to observe Venus through telescope, and discovered that it appears to undergo phases, supporting the heliocentric model of planetary motions.

#Venus Exploration

Earth is an ocean planet. Our home world's abundance of water - and life - makes it unique in our solar system. Other planets, plus a few moons, have ice, atmospheres, seasons and even weather, but only on Earth does the whole complicated mix come together in a way that encourages life - and lots of it.

#Earth Exploration

The moon is our close cosmic neighbor, and humans have been exploring its surface ever since they first developed telescopes.The first lunar exploration vehicles of the 1950s were primitive pioneers. But aerospace technology developed so rapidly that only about a decade separated the first flyby forays and Neil Armstrong's history-making steps on the moon's surface.

#Moon Exploration

The exploration of Mars has been an important part of the space exploration programs. These missions were

aimed at gathering data about current conditions and answering questions about the history of Mars as well as a preparation for a possible human mission to Mars. The

questions raised by the scientific community are expected to not only give a better appreciation of the red

planet but also yield further insight into the past, and possible future, of Earth.

# Mars Exploration

The most massive planet in our solar system -- with dozens of moons and an enormous magnetic field -- Jupiter forms a kind of miniature solar system. It resembles a star in composition, but did not grow big enough to ignite. The planet's swirling cloud stripes are punctuated by massive storms such as the Great Red Spot, which has raged for hundreds of years.

# Jupiter Exploration

Adorned with thousands of beautiful ringlets, Saturn is unique among the planets. All four gas giant planets have rings - made of chunks of ice and rock - but none are as spectacular or as complicated as Saturn's.

Like the other gas giants, Saturn is mostly a massive ball of hydrogen and helium.

The exploration of  Saturn has been solely done by robotic probes. Like all gas giants, there is no solid surface for a solid probe to land on. Most missions therefore have been

flybys, although the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft is currently in orbit.

#Saturn exploration

Uranus is the only giant planet whose equator is nearly at right angles to its orbit. A collision with an Earth-sized object may explain the unique tilt. Nearly a twin in size to Neptune, Uranus has more methane in its mainly hydrogen and helium atmosphere than Jupiter or Saturn. Methane gives Uranus its blue tint. he exploration of Uranus has been solely through the Voyager 2 spacecraft, with no other visits currently planned

# Uranus Exploration

Dark, cold and whipped by supersonic winds, Neptune is the last of the hydrogen and helium gas giants in our solar system. More than 30 times as far from the Sun as Earth, the planet takes almost 165 Earth years to orbit our Sun. In 2011 it will complete its first orbit since its discovery in 1846. The exploration of Neptune has only begun with one explorer, Voyager 2, which visited on August 25, 1989. The possibility of a Neptune Obiter was discussed, yet other than that, no other missions have been given serious thought. As Neptune is a gas giant and has no solid surface, a surface mission such as a Lander or river is impossible.

# Neptune Exploration

Some of NASA's most exciting and productive missions have been conducted by robotic spacecraft that are able to venture much farther into the cosmos than humans dare. These missions explore the planets, comets, and other objects of our solar system as well as the characteristics of the interplanetary medium that lies between them.There have been many such missions, but several stand out.Every day, Voyager 1 extends our reach deeper into space than any other human-made object. The craft launched three decades ago and is now more than a hundred times farther from the sun than our own Earth—over 9 billion miles (15 billion kilometers).

# Interplanetary Exploration

The International Astronomical Union decided in 2006 that a new system of classification was

needed to describe new worlds -- more developed than asteroids but different than the the known planets. Pluto, Eris and the

asteroid Ceres became the first dwarf planets. Unlike planets, dwarf planets lack the

gravitational muscle to sweep up or scatter objects near their orbits. They end up orbiting the Sun in zones of similar objects such as the

asteroid and Kuiper belts.

# Dwarf Planets:

Following are some of the important chronologies of planetary & lunar explorations.Sputnik 1Apollo 11ChandrayaanVenera 1Mariner 4Voyager 2Mars Science Laboratry

♯ Chronology of Planetary Exploration

Chandrayaan-1 is an Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) mission designed to orbit the Moon over a two year period with the objectives of upgrading and testing India's technological capabilities in space and returning scientific information on the lunar surface. The Indian Space Research Organization announced on 31 August that the Chandrayaan 1 mission has been officially terminated after contact was lost abruptly at 20:00 UT on 28 August.

#Chandrayaan-1

Voyager 2 was one of a pair of spacecraft launched to explore the planets of the outer solar system and the interplanetary environment. Each Voyager had as its major objectives at each planet to: (1) investigate the circulation, dynamics, structure, and composition of the planet's atmosphere; (2) characterize the morphology, geology, and physical state of the satellites of the planet; (3) provide improved values for the mass, size, and shape of the planet, its satellites, and any rings; and,(4) determine the magnetic field structure and characterize the composition and distribution of energetic trapped particles and plasma therein.

# Voyager 2

• It is part of our nature as human beings that we want to explore and try to better understand the world in which we live.

• Through the exploration of the solar system, we can begin to unravel the mysteries of our universe, and to better understand our place in the cosmos.

 • it provides us with an unparalleled opportunity to make advancements in science andtechnology such as in the areas of communications and remote sensing.

• The space program provides an opportunity for nations to work together in international cooperation through participation in joint missions.

•It is vital to our national interest that the United States remain the leader in developing new space technologies in order to insure the peaceful exploration of space by all.

#Why Explore Space?

Astrobiology:Astrobiology is

the interdisciplinary study of life in the universe, combining aspects of astronomy, biology and geology. It is focused primarily on the study of the origin, distribution and evolution of life. It is also known as exobiology (from Greek: "outside").The term "Xenobiology" has been used as well, but this is technically incorrect because its terminology means "biology of the foreigners". Astrobiologists must also consider the possibility of life that is chemically entirely distinct from any life found on earth

# Targets of exploration

ADVOCACY AND EDUCATIONINNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIESMARS EXPLORATIONSEARCH FOR EXTRASOLAR PLANETSINTERNATIONAL MISSION PARTICIPATIONKNOWLEDGE OF NEAR EARTH OBJECTSSEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE

# PROJECTS FOR SPACE EXPLORATION

• Implement a sustained and affordable human and robotic program to explore the solar system andbeyond;• Extend human presence across the solar system, starting with a human return to the Moon by the year2020, in preparation for human exploration of Mars and other destinations;• Develop the innovative technologies, knowledge, and infrastructures both to explore and to supportdecisions about the destinations for human exploration; and• Promote international and commercial participation in exploration to further scientific, security,and economic interests.

#Goal and Objectives

And hence taking our country to further steps of

globalisation and intelligence..

Thank you…

By-Kratika Mittal