The Industrial Revolution, 1700–1900

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Chapter Overview

Time Line

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SECTION The Beginnings of Industrialization 1

SECTION Patterns of Change: Industrialization2

SECTION Industrialization Spreads 3

SECTION An Age of Reforms 4

25CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

During the 1800s, Britain, the United States, and some European countries undergo a rapid process of industrialization. The Industrial Revolution creates great wealth but also great social and economic inequality, prompting a backlash of reform.

The Industrial Revolution, 1700–190025

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1701 Jethro Tull invents seed drill.

1765 James Watt builds steam engine.

1793 Eli Whitney invents cotton gin.

1807 Robert Fulton launches first steamboat.

The Industrial Revolution, 1700–190025

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Time Line

1700 1900

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1848 Marx and Engels publish Communist Manifesto.

1875 British unions win right to strike.

1825 First railroad line built in England.

In Britain, changes in agriculture lay the foundations for the Industrial Revolution. Other factors—including ample resources, an expanding economy, and political stability—provide the conditions for the rapid growth of industry.

Overview Assessment

Key Idea

The Beginnings of Industrialization

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

The Industrial Revolution started in England and soon spread elsewhere.

The changes that began in Britain paved the way for modern industrial societies.

Overview

The Beginnings of Industrialization

1

Assessment

• Industrial Revolution

• enclosure

• crop rotation

• industrialization

• factors of production

• factory

• entrepreneur

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four natural resources needed for industrialization and how each resource is used.

The Beginnings of Industrialization

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Section 1 Assessment

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Natural Resource Use

1.

2.

3.

4.

Coal Fuel new machines

Iron ore Construct new machines, tools, buildings

Rivers Inland transportation

Good harbors Docking stations for merchant ships

2. What effect did entrepreneurs have upon the Industrial Revolution? THINK ABOUT

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The Beginnings of Industrialization

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1 Assessment

• new technological developments • business opportunities • increase in prosperity

ANSWER

Entrepreneurs helped to promote the Industrial Revolution, because they were willing to risk their capital by investing it in new inventions and enterprises.

Possible Response:

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End of Section 1

Industrialization transforms British society: cities grow, work patterns change, and a middle class emerges. The city of Manchester becomes a notable example of the benefits and drawbacks of the new industrial age.

Overview Assessment

Key Idea

Industrialization 2HOME

CASE STUDY: Manchester PATTERNSOF CHANGE

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Industrialization 2HOME

CASE STUDY: Manchester PATTERNSOF CHANGE

The factory system changed the way people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems.

The difficult process of industrialization is being repeated in many less-developed countries today.

Overview

Assessment

• urbanization

• middle class

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMESMAP

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the social classes in industrial England, and list the types of laborers and professionals included in each group.

continued . . .

Industrialization 2HOME

CASE STUDY: Manchester PATTERNSOF CHANGE

Workers in factories, mines

Factory overseers, skilled workers

Factory owners, merchants, government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers

4. Working Class

3. Lower Middle Class

2. Upper Middle Class

1.Upper Class

Landowners, aristocrats

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Section 2 Assessment

ANSWER

Industrialization promoted the growth of cities because the factory system led to manufacturing goods in a central location, and this, in turn, created jobs and economic opportunity.

Possible Response:

2. How did industrialization contribute to city growth? THINK ABOUT

• growth of industry • creation of jobs • the economic advantages of centralization

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Industrialization 2HOME

CASE STUDY: Manchester PATTERNSOF CHANGE

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Section 2 Assessment

ANSWER

The factory owner might have believed that without jobs many of his workers would starve; that hard work is better than no work; all factories had the same conditions, so his were no worse; that if he were making money, that was all that mattered.

Possible Responses:

3.  How might a factory owner have justified the harsh conditions in his factory? THINK ABOUT

• class distinctions • the spread of factories

End of Section 2

Industrialization 2HOME

CASE STUDY: Manchester PATTERNSOF CHANGE

• financial gains

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Section 2 Assessment

Industrial technologies travel from Britain to America, causing an industrial boom in the United States. Industrialization also spreads to continental Europe and contributes to the rise of imperialism.

Overview Assessment

Key Idea

Industrialization Spreads

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The industrialization that began in Great Britain spread to other parts of the world.

The Industrial Revolution set the stage for the growth of modern cities.

Overview

Assessment

• corporation

Industrialization Spreads

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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Industrialization Spreads

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Give three examples of the effects of industrialization on the world.

Section 3 Assessment

continued . . .

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Worldwide Effects

Strengthened economic ties between countries

Widened gap between industrialized and non-industrialized countries

Promoted colonization

Industrialization Spreads

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Section 3 Assessment

ANSWER

• Yes: She seems to be speaking as a young woman from New England who chose to work in the mill and was pleased with the experience.

• No: Since she recorded her thoughts and experiences in a memoir or journal, she may have been more independent than most young women.

Possible Responses:

2. Reread the quote by Lucy Larcom. Do you think her feelings about working in the mill are typical? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT

• her experiences in a mill • her possible bias

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End of Section 3

Industrialization provokes positive and negative reactions in society. Some philosophers extol the virtues of free market capitalism, while others promote socialism, unionization, and a variety of reform movements designed to blunt the harsh effects of industrialism.

Overview Assessment

Key Idea

An Age of Reforms 4HOME

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The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms.

Many modern social welfare programs developed during this period.

Overview

Assessment

• laissez faire

• Adam Smith

• capitalism

• utilitarianism

• socialism

• Karl Marx

• communism

• union

• collective bargaining

• strike

An Age of Reforms 4

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare and contrast capitalism and Marxism.

An Age of Reforms 4

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Section Assessment

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Capitalism Only Marxism OnlyBothSupported individual freedom; opposed government intervention; guided by profit motive; individual ownership of private property

Economic arrangements central

to society

Factors of production owned by people; governmental control of factories, mines; predicted proletariat revolution

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Section Assessment

ANSWER

2. What were the main problems faced by the unions during the 1800s? How did the unions overcome these problems? THINK ABOUT

• government restrictions • labor reforms

An Age of Reforms 4

• Workers were denied the right to form unions; unions and strikes outlawed; unskilled workers did not have much bargaining power.

• Unions fought back by getting their members to refuse to work; unions got Parliament to repeal the Combination Acts.

Possible Responses:

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continued . . .

• skilled workers vs. unskilled workers

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An Age of Reforms 4

4 Assessment

ANSWER

• Economic forces dominate all areas of society.

• Certain events are better explained by idealism and desire for freedom.

Possible Responses:

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3.  According to Marx and Engels, economic forces alone dominate society. How important do you think such forces are? THINK ABOUT

• other forces, like ethnic loyalties, desire for democracy • causes of the Industrial Revolution • the class structure