Practical Challenges and Innovations in Integrated Landscape Approaches

Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep (Harsh) Senior Environmental Specialist

Presentation at FAO Investment Days

Rome, December 16, 2014

Landscapes come in various forms…

• Basins/Watersheds • Habitats/Ecosystems • Floodplains • Agricultural Landscapes • UrbanScapes • DesertScapes • MountainScapes • LakeScapes • DeltaScapes • …

There are few landscapes that remain pristine…

A Visual Journey through Global Landscapes Challenges…

Multiple Development Objectives in Landscapes

Triple Bottom-Line Needs

Environmental Social

Economic

•Access to basic services (e.g. water

supply, energy)

•Poverty Alleviation/ income growth

•Employment/Jobs/Livelihoods

•Equity/Gender/Affordability/

Vulnerable/Indigenous People

•Reducing Resettlement/ Migration

•Community preparedness and mgmt.

of climate risks

•Sustainability of the resource base

(surface and ground water)

•Managing pollution and salinity

•Managing climate risks (floods,

droughts, climate change)

•Reducing erosion/siltation

•Conserving other ecosystem services

(biodiversity, wetlands, env flows) &

eco-tourism opportunities

•Net benefits of env. services across sectors

•Commodity exports (e.g. power, agriculture)

•Reducing imports

•Fueling sustainable growth and shared

prosperity

•Enhancing regional Cooperation

Ocean

River Basin Boundary

Irrigation

Navigation

A Typical River Basin…

…there is a need for a shared vision of the landscape

to integrate the activities of multiple actors…

Industry

Urban WSS

Precipitation

Agriculture Department

Irrigation Department

Rural Water Supply Department

Urban Water Supply Department

Power Department

Livestock Department

Industry Department

Environment Department

Fisheries Department

Transport Department

Tourism Department

Groundwater Department

Surface Water Department

Reservoir

Recreation

Hydropower

Forest Department

Ocean Development/CZM Department

Fishing

Rainfed Agr

Livestock

Forest

Rural WSS

Irrigation

Groundwater

Infiltration / Recharge

Base Flow / Pumping

Groundwater Inflow

Groundwater Outflow

Runoff

Return Flow

Community Use

Wetlands / Environment

Trans-boundary Water Institutions

Moving to a Multi-sectoral Perspective…

Sub-Watershed/Sub-Catchment

Watershed/Catchment

Sub-Basin

River Basin

Micro-Watershed/Micro-Catchment

Basin? Watershed? Catchments?

Innovative Solutions in an Integrated Landscape Perspective…

Institutions & Policy

Information & Analysis

• Resource Information Base (data rescue; monitoring; comprehensive spatial, temporal and other databases; improved use of satellite data; documents)

• Knowledge Products/Special Studies (maps, Atlases, interactive toolkits, surveys)

• Access and Outreach mechanisms (publications, web portals, Apps with public access to open data services, technical/ success stories, multi-media documentation)

• Analytical Tools (models/Decision Support Systems for planning/operations support)

Khartoum

Asyut

Luxor

Nasir Reservoir

Kassala

Wad MadaniKusti

Malakal

Tana Lake

E G Y P T

S U D A N

S O U T H S U D A NE R I T R E A

E T H I O P I AAddis Ababa

Asmara

Cairo

JubaGonder

Bahir Dar

Jimma

GDP (million $/sq.km.)Data source: NOAA, 2006

Country boundaryMajor river

Capital city

Lake/Sea

E N T R OEastern Nile Technical

Regional Office

0 - 0.5

2 - 1

2 - 3

4 - 5

6 - 10

11 - 25

26 - 50

51 - 100

101 - 150

151 - 1,194

Monthly Blue Nile Flows at Khartoum

Annual Blue Nile Flows at Khartoum

Blue Nile Sub-Basin

Modernizing tools to support decisions…

• In investment planning

• In system operations

To optimize the development and management of the resource base for sustainable social, economic, and environmental benefits to current and future generations

-100%

-50%

0%

50%

100%

Tamur-1

Sun Kosi-2

Andhi Khola

Kali Gandaki-1

Kali Gandaki-2

Seti-1 (Central)

Marsyandi

Burhi Gandaki

Sapta Gandaki

TrisuliChisapani

Karnali-1B

Seti-6 (West)

Pancheswor

Kamala

Kulekhani-1

Sapt kosi

Arun III

Lower Arun

Hydropower Sensitivity to Climate Change Models (2050 A2 Scenarios)

%HP Change BCM

%HP Change CMA

%HP Change GFDL_CM2

%HP Change GISS

%HP Change MIU_ECHO

%HP Change CSIRO

%HP Change CNRM

%HP Change UKMO

%HP Change MIROC

%HP Change NCARPM1

• Strengthening Institutions (office modernization, stakeholder participation, capacity development and training incl. distance learning, improved links with academia, internships, visiting experts, professional networks/ communities of practice; forums, competitions)

• Strengthening Policies (economic instruments, streamlining institutional design/policy/mandates, improving synergy, decentralization)

Institutions & Policy

• Preparation of a robust on-the-ground investment pipeline (with adequate attention to technical, environmental, social, economic, and institutional aspects)

• Implementation facilitation, monitoring, and lessons (adequate technical assistance, ownership, M&E)

Investments & Operations

The Malawi Context

Malawi Key Challenges

Growing Population and Demands

Shire Basin • Accounts for about 97%

of Malawi’s electricity • Has most of Malawi’s

irrigation • Supports rainfed

agriculture to millions – home of most of Malawi’s rural poor

• Provides water supply to Blantyre

• Has significant environmental, biodiversity, and fisheries assets

Mining

Fishing

Irrigation

Catchment Degradation

Flooding

Biodiversity

Water Infrastructure

Competing Water Uses

Droughts

Transboundary Issues

Hydropower Inland Port

Water Supply

Source: http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/global_reservoir/gr_regional_chart.cfm?regionid=eafrica&region=&reservoir_name=Malawi

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

Jan1900

Jan1910

Jan1920

Jan1930

Jan1940

Jan1950

Jan1960

Jan1970

Jan1980

Jan1990

Jan2000

Lake MalawiHistorical Time Series

Year Month

Average of Lake Level (m)

The Shire outflow from the Lake dried up from 1915-1935

High Erosion

Mangochi

Balaka

Machinga

Neno

Mwanza

Chiradzulu

Zomba

ChikwawaThyolo

Mulanje

Blantyre

Nkula

Kapichira

Hotspots with soil loss > 25 t/ ha/ y

Typical sedimentation blocking culverts downstream in a rivulet downstream of Chingale escarpment

Erosion gullies upstream

Sedimentation at hydropower plant downstream

Weeds interrupt power

Malawi Key Challenges

The Shire Basin Key Challenges

Need for modernizing monitoring systems

Need for Infrastructure

Biodiversity Extensive Rainfed Agriculture Flooding in the Lower Shire

Shire River Basin Management Program Sustaining long term growth and resilience

Long-term multi-sector program (15 years) to: “increase sustainable social, economic and environmental benefits by effectively and collaboratively planning, developing and managing the Shire River Basin’s natural resources. ”

Key proposed results of first phase: An intersectoral institutional mechanism for

Shire River Basin management A joint Shire River Basin Development Plan Improved flood management through better

early warning Improved climate resilience and downstream

power production through improvement land and water management practices Improved security and regulation of Shire

flows for hydropower, irrigation and water supply through upgrading Kamuzu Barrage Preparation for critical water investments

Phase –I US $125m IDA

+$6.6m GEF/LDCF

Phase –II US $125-150m

Phase –III US $125-150m

2012 2027 2017 2022

Malawi Shire River Basin Program: Proposed Phasing

Program Focus Areas: •Information: Improved collation, processing, communication, and use of information for decision support •Institutions: Improved capacity for modern shared-vision Basin planning & mgmt.; enhanced community adoption of improved land & water mgmt. practices •Investments: Preparation and implementation of a pipeline of water-related investments

•Information: Initial Basin knowledge base & real-time monitoring, Decision Support Systems for basin planning and management

•Institutions: Shire Basin Institution setup, Shire Basin Plan developed, Capacity-building of water and ecosystem related institutions and public awareness

•Investments: Kamuzu Barrage upgrading, Catchment management in selected catchments and flood management in targeted areas of Lower Shire, Preparation of new water investments

•Information: Continued knowledge base and hydromet improvement, detailed surveys, flood zoning, integration into national and regional hydromet networks

•Institutions: Strengthened Shire Basin Institution with strong legal framework, Basin Plan implementation and refinement , Continued capacity-building and public awareness

•Investments: Water investments undertaken and prepared (new and modernization), consolidation of Phase I catchment investments and work on additional priority catchments, rural energy investments

•Information: Continued knowledge base and hydromet improvement, improved integration into local, regional, and global networks

•Institutions: Shire Basin Plan implemented and updated, Continued capacity-building, Improved public-private partnerships, Disaster insurance

•Investments: Additional water investments undertaken and prepared (new and modernization), consolidation of catchment investments in earlier phases and work to cover remaining priority catchments

The Shire Basin Information

– Building a comprehensive knowledge base of the Shire Basin

– Working with modern technology (e.g. for data sharing http://masdap.mw monitoring, operational control, flood warning, conferencing)

– Using modern analytical/ modeling tools (for planning decision support, forecasting, operational decision support)

The Shire Basin Institutions

– Improving multi-sectoral coordination

– Improving training and capacity-building

– Improving links with Academia (incl. sourcing interns/young professionals to work on the Shire Basin)

– Improving stakeholder participation and communication (e.g. Shire Basin Forum & Conference

The Shire Basin Investments

– Hydromet systems

– Kamuzu Barrage rehabilitation

– Catchment management

– Forest and National Parks/ Ecological management

– Flood management

– Preparation of new water-related infrastructure and additional catchment/ flood management investments

Conclusion

• Despite challenges (complexity, multi-sectoral institutional coordination, investment needs)…

• …critical need to go beyond project-by-project, agency-by-agency approach to integrate the activities of key players in a landscape in a longer-term framework…

• Integrated Landscape approaches offer a useful way to

pursue multiple sectoral and administrative objectives (environmental, social, and economic) in a spatial context

• Interventions in a landscape context often include the 3Is that need to be considered in an integrated manner: – Information & Analysis

– Institutions & Policy

– Investments & Operations

Community Mapping example in Burundi

Going from Vision…

Mapping current situation and charting out the future

Humbo – March 2010

Humbo – February 2002 …to Reality

Tana& Beles Integrated Water Resources Development Project

For more information, please contact: Dr. Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep (Harsh) Senior Environmental Specialist The World Bank 1818 H St NW Washington, DC 20433 harsh@worldbank.org

Thanks!