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Practice(Packet:(LEVEL(2(MATTER((

1(www.mrpalermo.com(

Lesson&1:&Types&of&Matter&

( Classify(each(of(the(following(with(the(combination(of(terms(listed(below.(( pure%substance%–%element% % % % mixture%–%homogeneous%%% pure%substance%–%compound%%% % % mixture%–%heterogeneous(((

1.((HCl((aq)( ( 2.((sugar((C11H22O11)( 3.((KBr((s)( ( (((((((((4.((soil(((5.((Cl2((g)( ( 6.((water( ( 7.((CH2(OH)2((aq)(( (((((((((8.((sodium( (

((((( 9.((Hg((l)( 10.((iron(oxide((( 11.NH3((l)((((( ( (((((((((12.((salt(water(((((

13.(Matter(that(is(composed(of(two(or(more(different(elements(chemically(combined(in(a(fixed(proportion(is(classified(as((1)(a(compound((((( (2)(an(element((((((( ((3)(a(mixture(( (4)(a(solution(

(14.(A(compound(differs(from(an(element(in(that(a(compound(

(1)((is(homogeneous( ( ((2)((has(a(definite(composition((3)((has(a(definite(melting(point( ((4)((can(be(decomposed(by(a(chemical(reaction(

(15.(A(compound(differs(from(a(mixture(in(that(a(compound(always(has(a((

(1)(homogeneous(composition((2)(maximum(of(two(elements( ((3)(minimum(of(three(elements((4)(heterogeneous(composition(

( ( ( (16.(A(heterogeneous(material(may(be((

(1)((an(element( ((2)((a(compound( ((3)((a(pure(substance((((((((4)((a(mixture(((

17.(Which(statement(is(an(identifying(characteristic(of(a(mixture?(( (1)((a(mixture(can(consist(of(a(single(element( (( (2)((a(mixture(can(be(separated(by(physical(means(( (3)((a(mixture(must(have(a(definite(composition(by(weight(( (4)((a(mixture(must(be(homogeneous(



18.(Which(must(be(a(mixture(of(substances?(( (1)(solid( ( (2)(liquid( (

(3)(gas(( ( (4)(solution((19.(Which(substance(can(be(decomposed(by(chemical(means?(

( (1)(aluminum((((((( (2)(octane((((((((((( (3)(silicon( ( (4)(xenon((

20.(Which(substance(can(be(decomposed(by(chemical(means?((1)(ammonia((((( (2)(oxygen(((((((((3)(phosphorus( (4)(silicon(

(21.(Which(substance(can(not(be(broken(down(by((( a(chemical(reaction?(( (1)(ammonia((((((((((( (2)(argon((((((((((((((( (3)(methane( ( (4)(water((

22.(Two(substances,(A(and(Z,(are(to(be(identified.(Substance(A(can(not(be(broken(down(by(a(chemical(change.(Substance(Z(can(be(broken(down(by(a(chemical(change.(What(can(be(concluded(about(these(substances?((1)(Both(substances(are(elements.((2)(Both(substances(are(compounds.((3)(Substance(A(is(an(element(and(substance(Z(is(a(compound.((4)(Substance(A(is(a(compound(and(substance(Z(((is(an(element.((

23.(Which(terms(are(used(to(identify(pure(substances?((1)(an(element(and(a(mixture((2)(an(element(and(a(compound((3)(a(solution(and(a(mixture((4)(a(solution(and(a(compound(

(

(

(

(

(

24.(Two(different(samples(decompose(when(heated.(Only(one(of(the(samples(is(soluble(in(water.(Based(on(this(information,(these(two(samples(are((1)(both(the(same(element( ( ((2)(two(different(elements((3)(both(the(same(compound( (

((((((((4)(two(different(compounds(

(

(



25.(Tetrachloromethane,(CCl4,(is(classified(as(a((1)(compound(because(the(atoms(of(the(elements(are(combined(in(a(fixed(proportion((2)(compound(because(the(atoms(of(the(elements(are(combined(in(a(proportion(that(varies((3)(mixture(because(the(atoms(of(the(elements(are(combined(in(a(fixed(proportion((4)(mixture(because(the(atoms(of(the(elements(are(combined(in(a(proportion(that(varies((

((26.( The(table(below(shows(the(mass(and(

( volume(data(for(four(samples(of((( substances(at(the(same(temperature(( and(pressure.(

( ((

(

(

Critical&Thinking:&&

&

Which(of(the(following(is(NOT&a(true(statement?((a.(Two(or(more(atoms(held(together(with(bonds(make(up(a(molecule.(b.(Pure(substances(are(made(of(only(one(type(of(atom.(c.(At(least(two(types(of(atoms(are(required(to(make(a(compound.(d.(Mixtures(can(be(made(of(two(elements,(two(compounds(or(an(element(&(a(compound.(((

(

(

(

(

Which(two(samples(could(consist(of(the((( same(substance?((( ( ((______(and(______(( (( ( (

(



Interpreting Chemical Formulas How many atoms of the element sodium (Na) are there in one Na2S? _____________ How many atoms of each type of element in the formulas? CO _____________ CO2 _____________ H2SO4 _____________ Br2 _____________ How many units of KCl are expressed by “4KCl”? ________________________________ How many Na2S are shown by “3Na2S”? ________________________________ How many atoms of C, of H and of O are communicated by writing “3 C6H12O6”? C: _________ H: ________ O: ________ (

(



Lesson&3:&Particle&Diagrams&

Classify each of the pictures below by placing the correct label in the blanks below: A= Element D= Mixture of compounds B= Compound E= Mixture of elements and compounds C= Mixture of elements

Each circle represents an atom and each different color represents a different kind of atom. If two atoms are touching then they are bonded together.



Drawing Particle Arrangements

1.) Draw a diagram of a: pure diatomic pure diatomic mixture of mixture of mixture of element compound two elements an element & two diatomic a compound elements &

a compound

1.) In terms of composition/type of atoms, what is the difference between a monatomic element, a diatomic element, and a diatomic compound?

3.) Use the following key for parts a-c. = element X = element Z

a.) 8 atoms of element X in gaseous form b.) 4 molecules of compound X2Z in liquid form

c.) Homogeneous mixture of element Z with element X (10 atoms of each element).



LESSON 4: PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF MATTER Directions: Complete the chart to the best of your ability.

Situation Type of Change (P or C) Explanation (Write a sentence.) Cooking an egg

Digesting your lunch

Mixing the ingredients for a cake

Rusting of a nail

Dew forming on the lawn

Melting ice off a windshield

Combustion (burning) of gasoline

Purifying salt water by evaporation

CO2 (s) CO2 (g)

H2O (g) H2O (l)

H2O

NaCl (s) NaCl (aq)

(

(



Identify(the(following(as(either(a(physical(property((P)(or(a(chemical(property((C).((%a.((_____((Gold(can(be(flattened(into(sheet( b.((_____((Magnesium(conducts(electricity.(

c.((_____((Magnesium(reacts(with(an(acid.( d.((_____((Magnesium(has(a(high(boiling(point.(

e.((_____((Iron(reacts(with(oxygen(to(form(rust.& f.(((____((Iron(forms(a(compound(with(chlorine.(

g.((_____((Salt(dissolves(in(water.( h.((_____((Hydrogen(gas(burns(in(air.(((

i.(((_____((Sodium(chloride(forms(an(aqueous((((((((((((((((((((solution.(

j.(((____((Hydrogen(gas(has(a(density(of(0.00009((((((((((((((((((g/cm3(at(STP.(

k.((_____((Hydrogen(gas(has(a(boiling(point(of((((((((((((((((((a253ºC(at(standard(pressure.(

l.((_____((Oxygen(can(combine(with(a(metal(to((((((((((((((((((produce(a(compound.(((

m.((____(Oxygen(gas(is(slightly(soluble(in(water.( n.((_____((Oxygen(gas(can(be(compressed.(

o.(((_____((Compound(A(is(a(blue(color.( p.((_____((Water(freezes(at(0ºC.(

(Identify(the(following(as(either(a(physical(change((P)(or(a(chemical(change((C).((%

a.((_____((Freezing( b.((_____((Boiling( c.((_____((Condensing(

d.((_____((Evaporating( e.((_____((Burning( f.(((_____((Exploding(

g.((_____((Dissolving& h.((_____((Decomposing( i.((((_____((Forming(an(aqueous(solution(

j.((((_____((Corroding/rusting( k.(((_____((Crystallizing( l.((((_____((Subliming(

(52.(The(diagram(below(represents(the(starting(materials((reactants)(and(ending(materials((products)(

after(a(change(has(taken(place.((Was(the(change(physical(or(chemical?((Explain.((

( (53.(Given(the(particle(diagram(representing(four(molecules(of(a(substance:(

( ( ( ( (Which(particle(diagram(best(represents(this(same(substance(after(a(physical(change(has(taken(place?(((

( ( ( (



Room temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (˚F) is about 72˚F. In degrees Celsius (˚C) this is about 25˚C. In the classroom you can observe all 3 states (solid, liquid, and gas) at the same temperature. This means that not all substances have the same phase at the same temperature. Scientists had to develop a term to refer to talk about substances under “normal” conditions. It is called STP. At STP, oxygen is a gas, while Cu is a solid. STP= STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE a.) Where can you find STP conditions in your Reference Table? Table b.) Standard temperature = oC or K c.) Standard pressure = kPa or atm d.) In your own words, summarize what STP is and why it is necessary.

←MP→ ←BP→ . Description If temp is lower than

the melting point, it has not melted yet.

If temp is higher than the melting point, it has melted already.

If temp is lower than the boiling point, it has not boiled yet.

If temp is higher than the boiling point, it has boiled already.

Resulting Phase Solid Liquid Liquid Gas For Example:

Substance Color Melting Point (ºC) Boiling Point (ºC) Bromine Red-Brown -7 59 Chlorine Green-yellow -101 -34 Ethanol Colorless -117 78 Mercury Silvery-white -39 357

Neon Colorless -249 -246 Sulfur Yellow 115 445 Water Colorless 0 100

1) Which colorless substance is a liquid at -30ºC? ____________________________

2) Which colorless substance is a gas at 60 ºC? ____________________________

3) Which substance is a solid at 7 ºC? ____________________________

4) Which element is a liquid when mercury boils? ____________________________



Notice water’s MP/BP! You will be expected to know this throughout the year! This refers to distilled water (pure H2O), not tap water (what comes out of your sink that has extra substances in it).

Some physical properties (including melting and boiling point!) of the first 92 elements are listed on Table S in the reference tables. Suppose you were in Boston, MA (sea level) and it was cold enough to freeze water (0°C). What state of matter, would each of the following substances exist at? (Note that Table S has MP/BP in Kelvin!)

1. Hydrogen 2. Lithium 3. Bromine 4. At STP, which list of elements contains a solid, a liquid, and a gas?

(1) Hf, Hg, He (3) Ba, Br2, B (2) Cr, Cl2, C (4) Se, Sn, Sr

(



(



Level&2&Review/Study&Guide&

ELEMENTS,&COMPOUNDS,&AND&MIXTURES&

1.&Matter&is(anything(that(has(a(mass(and(takes(up(space.(An(element(is(the(simplest(form(of(matter,(which(cannot(be(broken(down(any(further.(Elements(are(listed(on(Table(S(and(the(periodic(table.(Their(symbols(start(with(an(uppercase(letter.(

( a.(Which(of(the(following(is(not(matter?((_____________________(

( ( Magnesium( ( Calcium(Carbonate( ( Salt(water( ( Heat(

( b.(Which(of(the(above(is(an(element?(_____________________(

2.(Compounds(are(composed(of(two(or(more(elements.(They(can(only(be(decomposed(chemically.(Elements(and(compounds(are(also(known(as(substances.(

( a.(Which(of(the(choices(in(number(one(was(a(compound?(________________________(

( b.(How(can(compound(be(broken(down?(__________________________________________________(

( c.(Which(of(the(choices(in(question(one(are(substances?(______________________________________(

3.(Mixtures(are(physical(combinations(of(two(or(more(substances((elements(and/or(compounds).(Mixtures(can(be(homogeneous((completely(mixed,(cannot(see(the(parts)(or(heterogeneous((unevenly(mixed,(can(see(the(parts).(Mixtures(can(be(separated(by(physical(means.(Label(each(as(homogeneous(or(heterogeneous:( (

( ( Sand:(____________________( ( Brass:(______________________________(

( ( Milk:(____________________( ( Oil(and(water:(________________________(

4(Compounds(must(be(separated(chemically(but(mixtures(can(be(separated(easily(using(physical(methods.((

( a.(Match(each(method(with(its(name.(

( ( ( Distillation( ( ( ( Separated(by(differences(in(particle(size(

( ( ( Filtration( ( ( ( To(pour(off(the(top(layer(of(an(uneven(mixture(

( ( ( Decant(( ( ( ( Separated(by(differences(in(boiling(point.(

( ( ( Chromatography( ( ( Just(a(test(for(purity(

(

( b.(Which(of(the(above(processes(only(work(if(the(mixture(is(heterogeneous?(_____________________(



5.(Mixtures(are(composed(of(solutes(that(dissolve(and(solvents(that(do(the(dissolving.(The(solute(should(be(the(smaller(quantity.(

( a.(In(iced(tea,(what(is(the(solute?(___________________(solvent?(________________________(

( b.(In(air,(name(a(solute:(_________________(

( c.(Do(all(solvents(have(to(be(water?(Explain.(_______________________________________________(

SOLIDS,&LIQUIDS,&AND&GASES&

6.(A(solid(has(a(definite(shape(and(volume.(Solids(are(arranged(in(a(geometric(pattern.&Liquids(have(a(definite(volume(but(take(the(shape(of(the(container(they(are(in.(Gases(have(an(indefinite(shape(and(volume;(they(take(the(shape(and(volume(of(the(container.(Gases(are(easily(compressed.(

( a.(Draw(particle(diagrams(for(a(solid,(liquid,(and(a(gas(using(at(least(5(particles:(

(

(

( b.(Which(has(a(definite(shape?(

( ( HCl(g)( ( ( H2O(l)( ( ( Cu(s)( ( (

( c.(Which(has(a(definite(volume?(

( ( LiF(g)( ( ( Br2(l)( ( ( Mg(s)( ( (

7.(Vapors(are(the(gas(phase(of(substances(that(are(normally(solid(or(liquid(at(room(temperature.(Which(can(be(a(vapor?(

Carbon(dioxide(______(Water(_____( ( Oxygen(_____( (

8.(Phase(changes(occur(when(heat(is(given(to(or(taken(from(a(sample.(For(each(of(the(following,(give(the(phases(involved(and(if(it(is(endothermic(or(exothermic.( (

( Evaporation( ( ___________________________( ( __________________________(

( Melting(( ( ___________________________( ( __________________________(

( Deposition( ( ___________________________( ( __________________________(

( Boiling(( ( ___________________________( ( __________________________(

( Condensation( ( ___________________________( ( __________________________(

( Sublimation( ( ___________________________( ( __________________________(



CHANGES&IN&THE&LAB&

9.(Physical&changes(are(changes(where(the(substance(retains(its(properties.(Chemical&changes(will(make(substances(change(into(new(substances(and(change(properties.(

( a.(Label(the(following(as(physical((P)(or(chemical((C)(properties:(

( ( Texture( (____( ( flammability(((____( ( boiling(point:( ((( ( (____(

( ( Odor( ((( ____( ( color(((((((((((((((((____( ( chemical(composition:(( ____(

(

( b.(Label(the(following(as(physical((P)(or(chemical((C)(changes:(

( ( Corrosion:(____( ( melting:(( ____( ( mixing:(( ____(

( ( Freezing:((((____( ( cutting:((( ____( ( decaying:( ____(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

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