practicepacket:&unit& 2:matter& · 2020. 2. 7. ·...

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Regents Chemistry: Mr. Palermo

Practice Packet: Unit 2: Matter

Practice Packet: LEVEL 2 MATTER

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Lesson 1: Types of Matter

Classify each of the following with the combination of terms listed below. pure substance – element mixture – homogeneous pure substance – compound mixture – heterogeneous

1. HCl (aq) 2. sugar (C11H22O11) 3. KBr (s) 4. soil 5. Cl2 (g) 6. water 7. CH2(OH)2 (aq) 8. sodium

9. Hg (l) 10. iron oxide 11.NH3 (l) 12. salt water

13. Matter that is composed of two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion is classified as (1) a compound (2) an element (3) a mixture (4) a solution

14. A compound differs from an element in that a compound

(1) is homogeneous (2) has a definite composition (3) has a definite melting point (4) can be decomposed by a chemical reaction

15. A compound differs from a mixture in that a compound always has a

(1) homogeneous composition (2) maximum of two elements (3) minimum of three elements (4) heterogeneous composition

16. A heterogeneous material may be

(1) an element (2) a compound (3) a pure substance (4) a mixture

17. Which statement is an identifying characteristic of a mixture? (1) a mixture can consist of a single element (2) a mixture can be separated by physical means (3) a mixture must have a definite composition by weight (4) a mixture must be homogeneous


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18. Which must be a mixture of substances? (1) solid (2) liquid

(3) gas (4) solution 19. Which substance can be decomposed by chemical means?

(1) aluminum (2) octane (3) silicon (4) xenon

20. Which substance can be decomposed by chemical means? (1) ammonia (2) oxygen (3) phosphorus (4) silicon

21. Which substance can not be broken down by a chemical reaction? (1) ammonia (2) argon (3) methane (4) water

22. Two substances, A and Z, are to be identified. Substance A can not be broken down by a chemical change. Substance Z can be broken down by a chemical change. What can be concluded about these substances? (1) Both substances are elements. (2) Both substances are compounds. (3) Substance A is an element and substance Z is a compound. (4) Substance A is a compound and substance Z is an element.

23. Which terms are used to identify pure substances? (1) an element and a mixture (2) an element and a compound (3) a solution and a mixture (4) a solution and a compound

24. Two different samples decompose when heated. Only one of the samples is soluble in water. Based on this information, these two samples are (1) both the same element (2) two different elements (3) both the same compound

(4) two different compounds


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25. Tetrachloromethane, CCl4, is classified as a (1) compound because the atoms of the elements are combined in a fixed proportion (2) compound because the atoms of the elements are combined in a proportion that varies (3) mixture because the atoms of the elements are combined in a fixed proportion (4) mixture because the atoms of the elements are combined in a proportion that varies

26. The table below shows the mass and

volume data for four samples of substances at the same temperature and pressure.

Critical Thinking: Which of the following is NOT a true statement? a. Two or more atoms held together with bonds make up a molecule. b. Pure substances are made of only one type of atom. c. At least two types of atoms are required to make a compound. d. Mixtures can be made of two elements, two compounds or an element & a compound.

Which two samples could consist of the same substance? ______ and ______


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Interpreting Chemical Formulas How many atoms of the element sodium (Na) are there in one Na2S? _____________ How many atoms of each type of element in the formulas? CO _____________ CO2 _____________ H2SO4 _____________ Br2 _____________ How many units of KCl are expressed by “4KCl”? ________________________________ How many Na2S are shown by “3Na2S”? ________________________________ How many atoms of C, of H and of O are communicated by writing “3 C6H12O6”? C: _________ H: ________ O: ________


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Lesson 3: Particle Diagrams

Classify each of the pictures below by placing the correct label in the blanks below: A= Element D= Mixture of compounds B= Compound E= Mixture of elements and compounds C= Mixture of elements

Each circle represents an atom and each different color represents a different kind of atom. If two atoms are touching then they are bonded together. Then give an example for each (ex. #1 H2O)


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Drawing Particle Arrangements

1.) Draw a particle diagram for each of the following below. Then give an example for each. pure diatomic pure diatomic mixture of mixture of mixture of element compound two elements an element & two diatomic a compound elements &

a compound

1.) In terms of composition/type of atoms, what is the difference between a monatomic element, a diatomic element, and a diatomic compound?

3.) Use the following key for parts a-c. = element X = element Z

a.) 8 atoms of element X in gaseous form b.) 4 molecules of compound X2Z in liquid form

c.) Homogeneous mixture of element Z with element X (10 atoms of each element).


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LESSON 4: PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF MATTER Directions: Complete the chart to the best of your ability.

Situation Type of Change (P or C) Explanation (Write a sentence.) Cooking an egg

Digesting your lunch

Mixing the ingredients for a cake

Rusting of a nail

Dew forming on the lawn

Melting ice off a windshield

Combustion (burning) of gasoline

Purifying salt water by evaporation

CO2 (s) à CO2 (g)

H2O (g) à H2O (l)

H2O

NaCl (s) à NaCl (aq)


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Identify the following as either a physical property (P) or a chemical property (C). a. _____ Gold can be flattened into sheet b. _____ Magnesium conducts electricity.

c. _____ Magnesium reacts with an acid. d. _____ Magnesium has a high boiling point.

e. _____ Iron reacts with oxygen to form rust. f. ____ Iron forms a compound with chlorine.

g. _____ Salt dissolves in water. h. _____ Hydrogen gas burns in air.

i. _____ Sodium chloride forms an aqueous solution.

j. ____ Hydrogen gas has a density of 0.00009 g/cm3 at STP.

k. _____ Hydrogen gas has a boiling point of -‐253ºC at standard pressure.

l. _____ Oxygen can combine with a metal to produce a compound.

m. ____ Oxygen gas is slightly soluble in water. n. _____ Oxygen gas can be compressed.

o. _____ Compound A is a blue color. p. _____ Water freezes at 0ºC.

Identify the following as either a physical change (P) or a chemical change (C).

a. _____ Freezing b. _____ Boiling c. _____ Condensing

d. _____ Evaporating e. _____ Burning f. _____ Exploding

g. _____ Dissolving h. _____ Decomposing i. _____ Forming an aqueous solution

j. _____ Corroding/rusting k. _____ Crystallizing l. _____ Subliming

52. The diagram below represents the starting materials (reactants) and ending materials (products)

after a change has taken place. Was the change physical or chemical? Explain.

53. Given the particle diagram representing four molecules of a substance:

Which particle diagram best represents this same substance after a physical change has taken place?


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Room temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (˚F) is about 72˚F. In degrees Celsius (˚C) this is about 25˚C. In the classroom you can observe all 3 states (solid, liquid, and gas) at the same temperature. This means that not all substances have the same phase at the same temperature. Scientists had to develop a term to refer to talk about substances under “normal” conditions. It is called STP. At STP, oxygen is a gas, while Cu is a solid. STP= STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE a.) Where can you find STP conditions in your Reference Table? Table b.) Standard temperature = oC or K c.) Standard pressure = kPa or atm d.) In your own words, summarize what STP is and why it is necessary.

←MP→ ←BP→ . Description If temp is lower than

the melting point, it has not melted yet.

If temp is higher than the melting point, it has melted already.

If temp is lower than the boiling point, it has not boiled yet.

If temp is higher than the boiling point, it has boiled already.

Resulting Phase Solid Liquid Liquid Gas For Example:

Substance Color Melting Point (ºC) Boiling Point (ºC) Bromine Red-Brown -7 59 Chlorine Green-yellow -101 -34 Ethanol Colorless -117 78 Mercury Silvery-white -39 357

Neon Colorless -249 -246 Sulfur Yellow 115 445 Water Colorless 0 100

1) Which colorless substance is a liquid at -30ºC? ____________________________

2) Which colorless substance is a gas at 60 ºC? ____________________________

3) Which substance is a solid at 7 ºC? ____________________________

4) Which element is a liquid when mercury boils? ____________________________



Notice water’s MP/BP! You will be expected to know this throughout the year! This refers to distilled water (pure H2O), not tap water (what comes out of your sink that has extra substances in it).

Some physical properties (including melting and boiling point!) of the first 92 elements are listed on Table S in the reference tables. Suppose you were in Boston, MA (sea level) and it was cold enough to freeze water (0°C). What state of matter, would each of the following substances exist at? (Note that Table S has MP/BP in Kelvin!)

1. Hydrogen 2. Lithium 3. Bromine 4. At STP, which list of elements contains a solid, a liquid, and a gas?

(1) Hf, Hg, He (3) Ba, Br2, B (2) Cr, Cl2, C (4) Se, Sn, Sr



Level 2 Review/Study Guide

ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, AND MIXTURES

1. Matter is anything that has a mass and takes up space. An element is the simplest form of matter, which cannot be broken down any further. Elements are listed on Table S and the periodic table. Their symbols start with an uppercase letter.

a. Which of the following is not matter? _____________________

Magnesium Calcium Carbonate Salt water Heat

b. Which of the above is an element? _____________________

2. Compounds are composed of two or more elements. They can only be decomposed chemically. Elements and compounds are also known as substances.

a. Which of the choices in number one was a compound? ________________________

b. How can compound be broken down? __________________________________________________

c. Which of the choices in question one are substances? ______________________________________

3. Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more substances (elements and/or compounds). Mixtures can be homogeneous (completely mixed, cannot see the parts) or heterogeneous (unevenly mixed, can see the parts). Mixtures can be separated by physical means. Label each as homogeneous or heterogeneous:

Sand: ____________________ Brass: ______________________________

Milk: ____________________ Oil and water: ________________________

4 Compounds must be separated chemically but mixtures can be separated easily using physical methods.

a. Match each method with its name.

Distillation Separates by differences in particle size

Filtration Separates a soluble solid and a liquid

Evaporation Separates by differences in boiling point.

Chromatography Separates mixture of solid and liquid

b. Which of the above processes only work if the mixture is heterogeneous? _____________________



5. Mixtures are composed of solutes that dissolve and solvents that do the dissolving. The solute should be the smaller quantity.

a. In iced tea, what is the solute? ___________________ solvent? ________________________ b. In air, name a solute: _________________ c. Do all solvents have to be water? Explain. _______________________________________________

SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES

6. A solid has a definite shape and volume. Solids are arranged in a geometric pattern. Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of the container they are in. Gases have an indefinite shape and volume; they take the shape and volume of the container. Gases are easily compressed.

a. Draw particle diagrams for a solid, liquid, and a gas using at least 5 particles:

b. Which has a definite shape? HCl(g) H2O(l) Cu(s) c. Which has a definite volume? LiF(g) Br2(l) Mg(s) 7. Vapors are the gas phase of substances that are normally solid or liquid at room temperature. Which can be a vapor?

Carbon dioxide ______ Water _____ Oxygen _____

CHANGES IN THE LAB

8. Physical changes are changes where the substance retains its properties. Chemical changes will make substances change into new substances and change properties.

a. Label the following as physical (P) or chemical (C) properties:

Texture ____ flammability ____ boiling point: ____ Odor ____ color ____ chemical composition: ____ b. Label the following as physical (P) or chemical (C) changes:

Corrosion: ____ melting: ____ mixing: ____ Freezing: ____ cutting: ____ decaying: ____

practicepacket:&unit& 2:matter& · 2020. 2. 7. ·...

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