practices in managing finfish aquaculture using ras

O. Schneider1x, E. Schram1, M. Poelman1,

A. Rothuis2, A. van Duijn3, H. van der Mheen1

Practices in managing finfish aquaculture using

RAS technologies, the Dutch example

1 IMARES Wageningen UR, Korringaweg 5, 4401 NT Yerseke 2 Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, P.O.Box 20401, 2500EK Den Haag

3 LEI Wageningen UR, Alexanderveld 5, 2585 DB, Den Haag [email protected]

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Outline

Dutch aquaculture sector

Recirculation aquaculture systems

Sustainability (focus on ecological implications)

Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities

Conclusions

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Courtesy Fleuren & Nooijen BV, Someren, The Netherlands

Lamella

sedimentation unit

Trickling filter

Fish tanks

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0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

Fish Shellfish

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Drum

filter

Sump

Trickling

filter

O2

UV

Sewer Septic tank

Blower Liquid oxygen

After Kamstra, 1998. Wegwijzer in de paling teelt.

RAS – technical concept

FISH TREATMENT

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RAS – two sides of a coin

Cons?

Pollution (nutrients &

optical)

Fish meal / oil

Bad quality /taste

Intensive husbandry

Bad welfare

Aggression

Not organic

…

Pros?

Fish is healthy

Highly efficient

Higher food safety

Higher quality

Low emission

Less resources

All year around

Sustainable

Close to the market

…

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RAS - the Dutch context (production

1000MT)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6 2004

2007

2009

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The Wageningen approach to Sustainability:

biological

To explore the potential of nature to improve the quality of life

Gene/ Molecule

Cell

Organism

Products

Ecosystem

Planet

technologies

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Individual

Society

Community

Household

Gene/ Molecule Gene/ Molecule

Cell

Organism

Products

Ecosystem

Planet

Policy & limiting conditions

institutions

technologies

people profit planet

The Wageningen approach to Sustainability: biological &

social

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Sustainability – Economy (no of farms)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2004

2007

2009

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Sustainability – Economy (e.g. turbot)

13%

20%

25%

13%

12%

17%

Fingerling

Feed

Others

Labour

Investment

Capital

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0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Flow though RAS & drum filter & septic

tank *

RAS & drumfilter &

flocculation **

€14,411

€1,946 €527

€36,234

€10,625

€247

Sustainability - Economy

*Based on Kamstra & vd. Heul, 1999, ** based on Ebeling et al., 2005

Cost of waste discharge (/100 ton catfish production in Hungary

(green) & The Netherlands (yellow) in 2006

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€0.25

€0.50

€0.75

€1.00

€1.25

€1.50

€1.75

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8

Pri

ce p

er

kg

FCR Feed Price/ kg

Sustainability - Economy

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Sustainability – Ecology (water use)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12 m³/kg fresh weight

Verdegem et al

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Sustainability – Ecology (feed/waste manipulation)

Faeces from modified diet Faeces from basal diet

Courtesy Brinker et al 2010

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1.

3. Sludge flow Sewer

2.

1.

Sustainability – Ecology (waste treatment)

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Sustainability – Ecology (CO2 Foot print & LCA)

0 200 400 600 800

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

g C

O2 / k

g f

ish

RAS Pond

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0 200 400 600 800

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

g C

O2 / k

g f

ish

RAS Pond

Sustainability – Ecology (CO2 Foot print & LCA)

RAS: 3.8 CO2 per kg fish

Pond 5.0 kg CO2 per kg fish

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Sustainability – Social & Governance

Society

Natural resources (fish meal & oil, seeds, water, energy, food

miles)

Welfare (husbandry, transport, slaughter)

Stichting Milleukeur, Global GAP, ASC

National Governance

Rules & Frameworks

Financial stimulation based on sustainability indicators

European Governance & Strategy

Water directive

Veterinary directive

Exotic species directive

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• ~30 years, no substantial market

African catfish

• no market, 1st placement inferior quality

Barramundi

• limited market, too high cost price

Happy Shrimp

• not competitive

Tilapia

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• Pangasius, Tilapia, Cod, Turbot, Flounder

• Supermarkets (sustainability & product safety & quality)

• Cost price

Economy

• Resource use

• Waste management

Ecology

• Eel

• Reproduction & sustainability dialogue

• (Marine) Waste management

• Certifications (GlobalGAP, Aquaculture Stewardship Council)

Social

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• African catfish Consolidation

• Claresse new market

• Eel dialogue & assessment

• Sturgeon Caviar less fisheries & illegal practices

• Sole product replacement

• Yellowtail kingfish product replacement

• Worm pond culture

Species driven

• Zeeland Sole extensive IMTA on land

• Shrimps Biofloc systems

• Urban RAS

• RAS export (e.g. to Norway, Africa, South America & Asia)

System driven

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Conclusions

Dutch aquaculture sector = innovative

Well structured governance framework

Stakeholders dialogues & several umbrella organisations

Instruments in place to develop sustainable sector

animal welfare, nutrient emissions, new species, drug use & others

Some pitfalls & issues, but as well several opportunities

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Dutch Seafood for the future?

practices in managing finfish aquaculture using ras

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