Bahan Kardig

Basic characteristics of maps

. maps are concerned with two elernents:- location

. positiore in ts'o-dimeroional spacc

- attributes. qualities or magnitudes

. maps have a purpose. rnore in notes on purpose

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Categories of maps+

@&

Examples:

. Street mapping

' Hydographic charts

. Orienteering

Categories of maps

. Thematic. @&

Exampl€s:

. Election results

. Weather maps

. Demographic (e.9. Cerisus2ool )

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Bahan Kardig

Elements of maps

. the basic elements of a map are:

- scale

- map projection'- spatial referencing systen'r

- features

- generalisation

- Annotation

- 'fitle, author, legend, date, orientation, scale, gridgraticule -'l-ALDOGS

Mup production

. printing

- one-off printing (e.g. by you, using Digimap)

- bulk printing (e.g. by the Ordnance Survey)

. Revision- Uses several techniques:

. Clobal Positioning System (GPS)

. Aerialphotography

. Detailed gromd survey

. Buy in other companies' survey information

Mup scales

. any map is a scale representation of the Earth'ssurface

. scale may be defined as:

- the ratio between distance measured on the map and thetrue distance on the ground

Map production - data collection & presentationi

measurement- spatial

. fieldsurvey (GPS, tape measure)

. aerialphotography

. satellite imagery

- attribute. questiamaire. field data collection (measurement)

graphics- Cartographicdesign

Bahan Kardig

Mrp scales

scale may be expressed in several ways:- as a Representative Fraction

. e.g. l:7,250; 1-:250,000; 1:63,360

. "One mit on the map represents 1,250 units on thegrcund"

- in words

' e.g. "one inch to one mile". "One inch on the map represents one mile on the ground"

- by scale lines

100m

Mup scales

. large scale or small scale?

relative terms: vary by subject

no absolute definition of large and small scale

scalelarge amount of detail

small number in scalefradion

small scalesrnall annunt of detail

large number in scalefradion

Mrp projeciions I )\i]'ii*,on:,;7. a rnap projection transforms spatial relationships',1. "

from a curwed surface onto a fiat plane using ' 4smathematical algorithms.

. projections can be divided into 3 groups:

,- \.'-+- r;' f \r -:^r\1 \ t ,r l1- ;i:- -li !.[.' /r\=-,t / 'ra".:_

Mup projections

GB Projection- O.S. use a cl.lindrical projection called Transverse N4ercator

- Origin is 49 clegrees north and 2 degrees west

[-{eight Datum- Hcight illormationexpressed as a measurement above a smooth

assuned reference knowl as a Datum- usualh, N4ean Sea Level at some poiut on coast

. CB use Ncwlyn, Cornwall (Ordnance Datunr)

. !'rance use N,[arseilles

. Switzerland use I-akeCenertr

Bahan Kardig

Referencing systerris

to locate any point, feature or area on the Earth's surface or amap it is necessary to have concepts and definitiom ofdirection and distance

tfuee main categories of referencing sl stem:

- Geographic(applies globally). e.g. lines of latitude and longitude

- Rectargular(applies locally). e.g- OrdnanceSurvey NationalCrid system

- nonco-ordinate(applim tocally). e.g. PostCodes, ZipCodes

Referencing systems

Ordnance Survey National Grid

- based on the Transverse Mercator Proiection

- origin o{f-set from 49o North, 2' West by 100kn-r North and400km West to ensure that the U.K. is covered by positiveco-ordinates

- this origin is as far south as the Scilly Isles and as far westas St Kilda

Referencing systems - National Grid,:lh!;;:,,:::::':,::::ia8]*fe*

..,i- ::t .1. ,., : .....: ,1..i.-,--"-.--.-n----.iIr ri I r,r.r tnr.tnr lPr & I j,i I

,--l --i - l__i_ i- -'-- -,r*., farHs, 4-, rur if, r.q,.

I L_f __!_l _-r_-1,--r__f, \ir,€ i K-,!:r rr, cA,.3 i

_

:,l1l:,:111:1i_":iY_ilii II rr' nvi Mriro' tr3' rr' ir, i

" : F-r_.:ii:r--F-r--i-:i,

' !o, lrrl !$! {r I r", irc' rvr

'! L-l--L,:l--L fr L fi i.lwjul,ii*i,.1,.i*,i I

,: r-a--r-r--r--r--r--r i- ian,nr,(

. r-!--F-r--i-r--r'-i

Iji:i":illi-lt:}j:1.!ll l

ts, i :a ! :6,;r,su; loi rl ;' .r--r'f--t--r--r-1--:r

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Relationship between TransverseMercalor graticule and O.S. NationalGrid System.

Red dot indicales true origin 49"Nand 2'W

Green dot indicates false origin ofGB Nalional Grid, otfset lrom trueoriqin by 100km north and 400kmwest

Referencing systems - National Grid

TheUKis covereda bya 500x &500 km square grid. This is aremnant of a previous referencingsystem.

A B C D E

F G H J K

L M N o P

a R S T U

V W x Y Z

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Bahan Kardig

Referencing systems - National Grid

The grid is divided into 100 x 100km @&squares each identified by two letters.

Note thal the lelter I is not used.

Referencing systems - National Grid.'::1

.,4?::*.

The 1okm grid square is dividedinlo 1 km squares

Each is numbered as beforefrom 0-9

Used in conjunction with the1 okm grid square reference wecan identify a 1km grid squaree g TL6432

37

:53.1

::l

arE

35

34

3f,

30

Referencing systems - National Grid

s

-Alt-l"c,t

.:Ec

I1

0

Each 1 00km grid square isdivided into100 x .1okm squares.

These are from 0-9 from the SWcorner left 10 right and frombottom to top.

Using this system we canidentify a 1Okm grid squaree.g. TL63

Referencing systems - NationalGrid

-1f,@The 1 km grid square is furtherdivided into 100 metre squares.

Enables a more accurate referenceto be provided. e.g. TL648321

The position of a poinl withinsquare TL64832'1 can be idenlifiedby adding extra diqits.

National Gqid - Land-Line Tiles

For the purpose of identifyinga grid square on a 1:1.25Oplan, the 1 km square isdivided into 4 sections, NW,NE, SW and SE.

On a l:1,250 plan ihe yellowsquareTL648321 wouldappearon sheet TL6432SE

Bahan Kardig

Symbolisation \'"-']\3:i4". process of creatir-rg graphic syn-rbols on a map to 6

represent features that exist in the real world. symbols fall into two categories

- Qualitative and Quantitative symbols

. withirr these two categories are threesub-categories

- point, line anti arca symbols

O

Geometric primitives

. all map symbols can be referred to as

:::

{i:.. :..:.,:::|.:l"1+*:4'

€e

- points

- lines

- areas

-'1\l\

Bahan Kardig

Symbolisation &!.n. r.iils

..*j$dd{*

Symbols vary by:

'Size. Shape. Colour. Density. Texture. Orienlalion

OGlidie Distimlin OuanllEiive Dstitulim

I cn,on

A TrEn4ldbn pila

I wo o,-o

I a Lars

B O u*i,.n.sru!

L]NE

f-;-1 Ma.sh

ffi D.sed

ffi Ford

H Poiiticallni1r

I30ffi@I l2oI--l o

Generalisation

scale of a map determines the amount of detailthat may be shown

as the scale of tl're map is reduced theinformation that it shows becomes moregeneralised

Generalisation : :"::1,3

i',,,, .,,.,.,...1...i _an

Classifrcation of a point pattern. €bAfter clustering th€ points a single poinl isselected. which does not have to coincidewith an existing point, to'typify'thecluster.

Generalisation

In ll! IilHII HHH

Efr fl! H# EffiSimplification of buildings. Buildings are groupedand their outline simplified whilst relaining theirqeneral qeoqraphical characleristacs.

Bahan Kardig

Generalisation

This feature has been simplified from an area to a point feature.

Plan GerEralised Plan Pdntiill: r r'fJi l

li#',.i'..r !I,-,lJJrri ; LI-f{{fi ;

$YJIJJJII .lxxxxxil HJIJJJJ{ |

iIt{Sfiry1 lIJJSiiIJ"ta ii"1-"r;ri"r"i*"" I

,,yxxxxrxxy :;i:irr;'i'i;I; El;Il'i:iiiitt:II:III:lIIIlrr.i. :;lii'iii'i#Ii=a"n iliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimq!i::1:!111:1lall1 r_'lxxxxlxxr:tYtx;r.1*Ijr*ii:1''_:IIII]jIJII{5 r-.}j!IIEU:II:Ift

-, L zo:r!Are-r arrd pc'irrt gyrnh:b, tte scaE tactor (Efter l/€idEs, iq78j

Text '\

k-. text that appears on the face of the map is calledannotation or cartographic text

. - distinctivc text: place-names

- rlescriptive text: e.g. Post Office

. size, position and style implyir-nportance, extent ancl nature of object

, . positioning conventions

Maps components and marginalia

. map marginalia- ir-rformation printed around the margins of a n'Lap

- assists with interpretation

. major components- North point, scale indication, Iegend,

- coorclinate system: gricl or graticule

- map name

- compilation and rcvision iuformation

- copyright statemerlt

Generalisation

The featuresmap B whilstdata will also

o cl*? "7 JS-' "19 ./\ 4r{ '\\ L. \\ aL \+J\?.\ 4 ?-\

oMB ) )6MB )* -;,4 t-4""-'- ./ .-*-t*

on map A have been simplified to producerelaining all its main features. File size of digitalbe reduced

Mup Readi4g

a map may be regardecl as a database fron'r whichgeographical information may be extracted

when reading a map there are 4 stages of approach:- recognitionstage

- measurementstage

- relationshipstage

- explanatory stage

Bahan Kardig

Cartographic Design

. Map Design Research

- Which n-rapping techniques are effective. Cognitive Map Design Research

- Why mapping tecluiques are effeciive

Mrp Communication Model

Consider what the real-u,orld <listlibutirxro( thc phenornenon miqht Iook like

Detet uiltre lhc pu rp11r.' q1 t|e u'rap and iLs ilrtendedA u rlltrIaC

Coilect rl;ta appropriate for the map'sL) Urposc

I).:sign aliii .ot$lruct the map

uetclnltf-Ie r\il1etl1er users luld t_he map il$e:lul an(l;,.,.,.",,.,r

Bahan Kardig

CartosraDhic Desisn .th.---'"tl^*r":r " ,qi.i:,.,,,,,,=,.1,',r.'i.Y

. Gestalt Principles for perceptual organizafion (1920;m'- "Describe the manner in which humans see the individual

components of a graphical image, and then organize thecon"rponents into a unifie<l whole"

The Design Process

Determine map reproduction'approaches

Select a scale and map projection

Deterrnine methods for data classification andsymbolization

Select map elements and decide theirimplementation

Establish a ranking of symbols and map elementsaccording to their relative importance-Intellectual hierarchyCreate sketch maps

Construct maps using software

Inteliectual Hierarchy

A ranking of syn-rbols and map elements according totheir relative importance- Then'ratic symbols and type labels

- Title, subtitle, anrl legend

- Base infornration

- Scale antl north arrou,

- Data sorr rce anti notes

- Frame ancl ncat lines

Sketch Maps

"Thumbnail sketch,a rough,generalized handdrawing thatrepresentsdeveioping idea"

Include all selectedmap elements andreflect intellectualhierarchy

4A

Bahan Kardig

Visual Hierprchy

. Graphical representation of the intellectual hierarchy

Which one is appropriate?

Contrast

. Visual differences between map. features

Figure-GroundFigure-Ground ,,. ,,"9

. "Methods of accentuatirrg certain chosen objects o..".ffi,by making the chosen objects appear ctroser to the map user"

. Screening: adjust the lightening of graphics to reduce visual

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Bahan Kardig

Balance

. "Organization of map elements and empty space that

results in visual harmonY and equilibrium"

Figure-Ground

lnappropriate

Figure-Ground

lnterposition Stylized Effects

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Bahan Kardig

Balance

Print Reproduction

. Printing the digital map- Black-white printing

- Color prilting

Software_-RGB

Map Reproduction

' "The printing of a map, or the electronicduplication of a map in digital form"- Print reproduction

- Nonprint reproduction

Nonprint Reproduction

Computer-based- l'ile formats

. Vector: EPS or PDF

. Raster: JPEG, PNC, TIFF, and BMP

Internet- and Web-based- l:lSl{l's ArclMS (Internet Map Server)

- FISRI's ArcCISSerwer

- lv1apServcr (@U-Mimresota, open-source)

- CeoServer (opcn-source)

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