pramana shareera, sr
DESCRIPTION
PRAMANA SHAREERA W. S. R. TO DETERMINATION OF THE STATURE FROM HASTA & PADA, SEETHARAMA MITHANTHAYA, SHAREERA RACHANA, S.D.M. COLLEGE OF AYURVEDA, UDUPITRANSCRIPT
“A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PRAMANA SHAREERA
W. S. R. TO DETERMINATION OF THE STATURE
FROM HASTA & PADA”
BY
DR. SEETHARAMA MITHANTHAYA, B.A.M.S
Dissertation submitted to the
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore.
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF MEDICINE (M.D)
In
SHAREERA RACHANA
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
DR.U.GOVINDA RAJU
M.D (AYU), M.A (SANSKRIT), P.G.C.R, C.G.L
PROF. & H. O. D DEPARTMENT OF P.G. STUDIES IN SHAREERA RACHANA
DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN
SHAREERA RACHANA
S.D.M. COLLEGE OF AYURVEDA, UDUPI – 574118
2010 -11
DEDICATED TO
MY BELOVED
PARENTS
&
MY TEACHERS
Abbreviations ….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page III
List of Abbreviations used
A mÉÑ : Agni Purana
A MüÉå : Amara kosha
A xÉÇ zÉÉ : Ashtanga Sangraha Shareera Sthana
A WØû : Ashtanga Hrudaya
A WØû zÉÉ : Ashtanga Hrudaya Shareera Sthana
A xÉÇ : Ashtanga Sangraha
pÉå xÉÇ C : Bhela samhita Indriya stana
cÉ xÉÇ : Charaka Samhita
cÉ ÍcÉ : Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana
cÉ zÉÉ : Charaka Samhita Shareera Sthana
cÉ¢ü : Cakrapani
MüÉ zÉÉ : Kasyapa Samhita shareera Sthana
MüÉæ A mÉë : Kutilya Arthashastra Prathama
U iÉ : Rasatarangini
zÉ Mü SØ : Sabdha Kalpa Druma
zÉÉ xÉÇ mÉë : Sharangadhara Samhita Prathama kanda
´ÉÏ iÉ xÉÉ : Shrimat Tantra Sarasangraha
xÉÑ xÉÇ : Susruta Samhita
xÉÑ zÉÉ : Susruta Samhita Shareera Sthana
xÉÑ xÉÑ : Susruta Samhita Sutra Sthana
uÉÇ…¡û xÉÇ : Vangasena samhita
SD : Standerd deviation
Abstract….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page IV
ABSTRACT
Science aspires at betterment of living. A scientific study is the radiance thrown
on facts in a matter of curiosity. It includes annotations, measurements of entities,
addition of data’s & lastly scrutiny of entire findings to arrive at a conclusion.
To unscrew the pathology of various diseases, thorough understanding of the
structural & functional built up of human physique is inevitable. Pramana Shareera is one
of such aspects which include the study of measurements of human body constituents. It
is of great significance as it helps to determine the life expectancy of an individual and it
proves the individualistic approach of Ayurveda. Charakacharya enumerates that a
person endowed with ‘Pramanavat Shareera’ will have longevity, strength, happiness,
power, wealth & virtues where as those with high or poor measurements will hold
qualities contrary to that which explained in the classics. Mentions supportive of the
above view can be seen in Susruta Samhita also.
A reference from Ashtanga hrudaya shows that even in the olden days also there
was curiosity regarding the fact that different parts of the body have a definite relation
with the height of the person and can be useful in determining the same. Hence
estimation of the stature with the help of the measurement of different parts of the body
has been a topic for research since a long time.
Anthropometry is widely utilized in the forensic science with the help of the
dimensions of different parts of the human body & skeleton. It is utilized for establishing
the identity of a person for identification as well as estimation of stature, age, sex, race
etc from the body parts.
Hasta & Pada are considered one among karmendriyas. The ayama& vistara of
hasta are 12 & 4 angulas. Ayama, vistara & Utseda of pada are 14, 6, 4 angula
respectively.
The study includes:
1) Comprehensive study of pramana shareera.
Abstract….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page V
2) Determination of stature with Anguli Pramana of Hasta & Pada
3) Evaluation of the relevance of swa-angula pramana from ayurvedic
texts in context with modern Anthropometry.
The Study is conducted on 100 healthy volunteers between the age group of 25-
35yrs, and the results show that there is positive relation between the stature of an
individual and the hand & foot measurements.
Index….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page VI
LIST OF CONTENTS
Sl. No. Contents Page No.
1. Introduction 1-2
2. Objectives 3-4
3. Review of literature 5-29
4. Methodology 30-32
5. Observations & Result 33-73
6. Discussion 74-85
7. Conclusion 86
8. Summary 87-88
9. Reference 89-95
10. Bibliography 96-104
11. Annexure 105-107
12. Master chart 108-113
Index….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page VII
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description Page No.
1
Measurements of lower limb (in Angula)
13
2
Measurements of upper limb (in Angula)
14-15
3
Measurements of trunk (in Angula)
16
4
Measurements of head & neck (in Angula)
17-18
5
Total measurement (in Angula)
19
6
Multiplying factor & constant factor for long bones
23
7
Multiplication factors of long bones (Indian population)
23
Index….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page VIII
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
No. Description
Page
No.
1 Surface Anatomy of Palmar aspect of Hand 28
2 Heads of metacarpal bones 28
3 Surface Anatomy of medial aspect of foot 29
4 Lateral malleolus 29
5 2nd, 3rd, 4th meta tarsao-phalangeal joints 29
6 Vernier calipers & measuring tape 32
7 Foot scale 32
Index….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page IX
LIST OF GRAPHS
1 Height from hand length A-A1(Right) 39
2 Height from hand length B-B1 (Right) 40
3 Height from hand lengthC-C1 (Right) 40
4 Height from hand head length A-A1(Left) 41
5 Height from hand length B-B1 (Left) 41
6 Height from hand length C-C1 (Left) 42
7 Height with standing on toes with arms raised from hand length A-A1 (Right)
43
8 Height with standing on toes with arms raised from hand length B-B1 (Right)
43
9 Height with standing on toes with arms raised from hand length C-C1 (Right)
44
10 Height with standing on toes with arms raised from hand length A-A1 (Left)
44
11 Height with standing on toes with arms raised from hand length B-B1 (Left)
45
12 Height with standing on toes with arms raised from hand length C-C1 (Left)
46
13 Height from foot length A-A1(Right) 46
14 Height from foot length B-B1 (Right) 47
15 Height from foot lengthC-C1 (Right) 48
16 Height from foot length A-A1(Left) 48
17 Height from foot length B-B1 (Left) 49
18 Height from foot length C-C1 (Left) 50
Index….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page X
19 Height with standing on toes with arms raised from foot length A-A1 (Right)
50
20 Height with from standing on toes with arms raised from foot length B-B1 (Right)
51
21 Height with standing on toes with arms raised from foot length C-C1 (Right)
52
22 Height with from standing on toes with arms raised from foot length A-A1 (Left)
52
23 Height with standing on toes with arms raised from foot length B-B1 (Left)
53
24 Height with standing on toes with arms raised from foot length C-C1 (Left)
54
25 Stature from hand length (SI Unit) 54
26 Stature from foot length (SI Unit) 55
Introduction…..
INTRODUCTION
Great scholars of Ayurveda put forth glorious concepts of human constitution;
estimation of Bala on the basis of its Pramana is one among such concepts. As early
as 1000BC Acharya Caraka and Sushruta made detailed exercise on the concept of
Pramana Shareera, later Acharya Vagbhata rearranged their perception1, 2, 3.
Before starting with the chikitsa which is considered as karya in the field of
medicine, the wise physician should perform the pareeksha of karyadesha i.e. Atura
shareera4. Acharya Caraka explained Dashavidha pareeksha vidhi, and Pramana
pareeksha is one among them. The basic goal behind Pareeksha is to get knowledge
regarding the bala of the rogi5, 6, where Acharya Sushruta considered it as the main
tool to get the information regarding Ayu along with that of bala7.
The subject of Shareera Rachana vijnana has been described in various aspects
of Ayurveda samhitas. Many hypothesis found in Samhitas and these are needed to be
reassessed and prove on modern parlance with the help of scientific observation,
parameters and experiments. The concept of Pramana Shareera is one such hypothesis
which is needed to be proved and rearranged. Pramana is mainly assessed by Swa-
Angula7, and some references available in modern Anatomy text book related with
hand breadth, later they used the cm, inch & so on. One example for this is
“Duodenum, its word meaning is the organ which has length equal to breadth of
twelve fingers”8.
It is evident that the ancient Ayurvedic authorities were fully convinced with
values of measurements in medical science, due importance is given regarding
measurement of different parts of body. They listed in detail regarding anthropometric
(somatometric) values of each part of the body; in addition they explained regarding
its clinical application1, 2, 3.
Page 1
Anthropometry explains about average height, breadth of person and his body
parts with the help of different measuring units like cm, inch etc9, 10, but it will not be
appropriate to use average in every condition because sex, race, place & time etc.
plays important role in determining the stature. Our Seers explained the concept of
Swa-Angula pramana11, 12 13. It can be ideal parameter irrespective of sex, race and
place. The growth of the body varies in different ages and gets ceased after a
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada
Introduction…..
particular stage14, though the average measurement of the body is fixed by random
study, the variation of measurement in growing age may take place.
In the classics angula pramana of different parts of the body is categorically
mentioned but their relation amongst each other has not been widely dealt with,
though we get a reference in Ashtanga hrudaya where acharya has quoted the relation
of the hasta and Ayama of the shareera15.
The concept of Ayurveda, i.e. measurements with individual parameter looks
more scientific method rather than fixing on average basis. But the individual
anthropometric points and criterion to measure are not mentioned in our classics,
hence with the help of modern science an effort is made to put light on concept of
Pramana Shareera.
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada
Page 2
Objectives….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 3
OBJECTIVES
Determination of stature based on Hastha & Pada.
To evaluate the relevance of Pramana Shareera from ancient literature in context with
modern.
To standardize the Anguli Pramana.
To justify the existing knowledge of Pramana Shareera by taking measurement of Hastha
& Pada of different individuals.
Objectives….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 4
PREVIOUS WORK DONE
1. Yadav SS- Chest girth in anguli pramana relation with height-weight ratio, Faculty of
Ayurveda Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, 1979.
2. Chate Chandra Kant-Vertical & horizontal Anthropometric measurements of adult human
volunteers suggested in Ayurvedic Samhita & study of differences in 3 Prakruti,
Ashtanga Ayurvedic MahaVidyalaya, Pune University. Pune.
3. Mishra P.C- A study of Dehika Prakruti w s r to Anguli Pramana, Lucknow state
Ayurvedic College, Lucknow, University of Lucknow -1983.
4. Alam-Ashraf Ali – Concept of Anthropometrics study in Charaka Samhita w.s.r. to
determination of age & sex from Clavicle, Institute of Postgraduate education &
Research in Ayurveda, university of Kolkota, Kolkota -2001.
5. Viswanath.K.Channappanavar- Concept of Pramana Shareera w.s.r. to determination of
the stature from Prabahu (brachium) under taken at S D M college of Ayurveda, Udupi, R
G U H S, Bangalore 2006.
6. Shyny Thankachan- Comparative study of anguli pramana & prakruti w.s.r. to bahu, S D
M college of Ayurveda, Udupi, R G U H S, Bangalore 2009
7. Amardeep Singh- A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determine the stature
from Shiras, S D M college of Ayurveda, Udupi, R G U H S, Bangalore 2010
Historical review…
HISTORICAL REVIEW
A general inquiry regarding pramana was prevalence since time immemorial,
which can be traced even up to pre-historical era. This is evident from its notion in the
earliest literature like Vedas & oldest medical and other texts.
VEDIC KALA
References regarding the angula pramana can be cited in yajurveda. Angula
pramana is utilized in homa kunda preparation. Another reference regarding the
length of darbha used for homa is available in yajurveda it is mentioned like dharba
should be cut in 6 angula pramana. In Rigvada a reference explains like Paramatma
takes ashraya in dasha angula pradesha.
PURANA-UPANISHAD KALA
In Varaha-mihikya, the ancient Brihat Samhita, a reference regarding 5types
of Purushas with their Anguli Pramana is available.
In Agni purana angula details regarding pramana of different parts like
hridaya, prishta, kati etc. available 16 and also reference regarding sama ayama vistara
is available17.
In Shrimat Tantrasara Sangraha by Shrimadananda thirtha in the context of
Pratima yoga lakshana various Pramanas of different body parts has been mentioned
for making statues which is based upon Swa-angula concept18.
SAMHITA KALA
Samhita period is considered as the golden period of ayurveda. Ayurveda
developed immensely during samhita period. Classical text books of samhita kala
given much importence to the pramana pareeksha.
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Historical review…
Charaka Samhita:
Acharya Charaka has explained pramana shareera as one of the dasha vidha
pareeksha of the patient19.
He has categorically mentioned the anguli pramanas of anga-pratyangas of
human body in which hasta is said to be of 12 angula in length & pada is 14 angula in
length20. In patabheda it is mentioned like the hasta is of dasha angula in length21.
He has put forth the concept of Sama shareera. There by throwing light on the
fact that pramana concept can be a useful tool to assess the ayu of the aatura22.
Sushruta Samhita:
Sushrutacharya has explained the anguli Pramanas of different parts of the
body23. Regarding pramana of hasta he mentioned length of hasta as 24 angulas24.
According to him a person with appropriate Pramana of Anga-pratyangas is bestowed
with good health & long life25.
Acharya has explained pramana pariksha as one of the criteria for assessing the
ayu of the person. Acharya sushruta has further explained that before proceeding with
the treatment it is beneficial to examine the ayu of the patient26.
Kashyapa Samhita:
Acharya Kashyapa has explained about the anjali pramana but he has not dealt
with anguli pramana27.
Bhela Samhita:
Detailed description of pramana of different part body parts is not available in
Bhela samhita but in ‘Ayurlakshanendriya’ chapter he has mentioned that if lalata,
nasika and karna of a person are of 6 angulas each then he will attain the life span of
100 years28.
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada
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Historical review…
SANGRAHA KALA
Ashtanga Samgraha:
Vruddha Vagbhata has also explained the pramana of different parts of the
body & also explained regarding Sama shareera concept3. Details regarding pramana
of different parts of body are available, and mentioned hasta is of 12 angula and pada
is of 14 angula29.
Ashtanga Hrudaya:
Detailed description regarding the pramana shareera is not found in ashtanga
hrudaya. But acharya has explained that the appropriate height of a person is
equivalent to 31/2 times the length of his hasta30.
MADHYA KALA
Sharangadhara Samhita:
In the context of Maanaparibhasha reference of anguli pramana can be cited.
Anguli pramana has been mentioned while explaining about the kudava pramana31.
Anguli pramana of anga-pratyangas is not explained, different types of pramanas are
explained in detail though.
In the commentary description regarding the angula is available32.
Vangasena Samhita:
In the chapter named Nidanapanchaka Acharya has considered knowledge of
pramana as one of the key to achieve success in field of medicine33.
In the same chapter while explaining about the kudava mana, he has mentioned
about the anguli pramana34.
Rasatarangini:
Many references regarding angula pramana is available in relation to preparation
of different Putas. In relation to mahaputa author explained like it should have ½
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada
Page 7
Historical review…
vyama depth & 2 hasta width 35. The word vyama is synonym for ayama which is of
84 angulas36.
Kautilya Arthashastra:
Anguli pramana has been used as the ‘unit measurement’ for measuring
lengths of different objects, depth, measuring land distances.
In ‘Deshakalamanam’ chapter definitions of ‘angula’ has been explained. We
found two opinions, one opinion states; one angula is that measurement which is
obtained by sewing 8 yavas in the middle37, and according to another; one angula is
the measurement of the madhyama prakarsha of the madhyama anguli of the
madhyama kaya purusha38.
In ‘Tulamanapautavam’ chapter, the concept of Anguli pramana has been
applied for preparing different types of weighing tools to measure the weight of gold,
silver etc39.
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada
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Review of Literature….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 9
PRAMANA SHAREERA- THE CONCEPT
Pramanas are considered as the tool for gaining knowledge in Ayurveda40.
Angula pramana is the means to quantitatively expressing the dimensions of the human
body parts41, 42. Caraka considered it as one among the Dashavidha pareekshya
bhavas43. The patient should be examined by measuring anga-pratyanga by using Swa-
angula pramana as unit measurment44. It helps in the determination of the ayu & bala
of the patient45. The patient or an individual having appropriate pramana of different
anga-pratyangas mentioned is considered to attain deerghayu46.
There are basically two types of Pramanas that we find in Ayurvedic classics,
one is anjali pramana and the other one is the anguli pramana. The anjali pramana is
used for measuring other body constituents including fluids27. On the other hand
Anguli pramana which is based on swa-angula pramana is used for measuring the
dimensions (Ayama, vistara, and parinaha etc) of the different anga-pratyangas of the
body44, 47.
Ayu pareeksha is an important procedure before starting with the treatment.
Ayurvedic principles state the pramanataha pareeksha as one of the criterion to
ascertain ayu of the patient48. The person who have appropriate pramana of his anga-
pratyangas will attain deergayu and the person with moderate and poor measurements
attain madya and alpa ayu respectively49.
An expert physician should understand that a man at the age of 25years and a
woman at the age of 16 years attain samatva and gataveeryata50, and Dalhana says at
this stage the individual will have the shareera pramanas as mentioned in the classics51.
According to Ashtanga Sangraha full growth of individual takes place at the end of 2nd
decade of his life52, 53.
In Ashtanga Hrudaya, it has been mentioned that a person having height equal
to 31/2 of his own hasta will have a happy life54, but it is not applicable for ashtanindita
purusha55.
There is some difference of opinion between Sushruta and Charaka. Sushruta
has mentioned the height of man as 120 angulas56. Commenting on that Dalhana opines
that; height given by Sushruta is to be measured by making the person stand on his toes
with arms raised above the head57. While Chakrapani comments that the angula
Review of Literature….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 10
pramana taken by sushruta is smaller than taken by charaka and there is actually there
is no difference between the two58.
Both Charaka and Vagbhata considered 84 angulas as the height of an
individual59, 60 according to Chakrapani; height is to be measured from padatala to
shirahparyanta that is the top of the head61.
Caraka gave a glorious concept of ‘SAMA SHAREERA’ Later it was
supported by acharya vruddha vagbhata. This concept gives an idea that the individual
having equal height and arm span is considered to have sama shareera and will attain
deergayu, bala, sukha, aishvarya, ojas, etc62.
According to Bhela individual with Lalata, Nasika & Karna of length 6
Angula each will attain Shatayu63.
DESCRIPTION REGARDING ANGULI:
Anguli- These are the terminal members of both upper and lower limb. They are
twenty in number and of five types64.
1) Angushtha
2) Pradeshini
3) Madhyama
4) Anamika
5) Kanisthika
DESCRIPTION REGARDING ANGULI PRAMANA:
Pramana is a tool through which valid knowledge is obtained40. Mana is the
act of measuring different items which comprises different branches like tula, Anguli,
prasta. Anguli pramana is a unit of measure followed in olden days to denote the
Ayama, vistara, parinaha, utsedha etc65.
ANGULA CAN BE TAKEN AS:
1) Width of the madhyama parva of the madhyama angula66.
2) Measurement obtained by taking the length of the madhyama angula and
dividing it by five67.
3) Measurement obtained by taking the width of the palm and then dividing by
Four68.
4) Nakha tala bhaga of angushtha69.
Review of Literature….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 11
DESCRIPTION REGARDING HASTA (HAND):
Hasta has the synonyms like Pani, Sama, Shaya70, 71. It extends from manibhanda to
the tip of the madyama angula72.
It is one among karmendria which does the karma of adana73, 74.
Hasta & Pada are the first angas to develop, because garbha chesta depends on Hasta
& Pada75, 76.
There are five anguli in each Hasta. These Anguli are considered among pratyangas77.
There are two kurchas78, four khandaras79, twenty-six asthis80, fourteen sandhis81,
sixty snayus 82& fourty five mamsa peshis located in located in Hasta83.
Kshipra, Kurcha, Talahridaya, Kurchashira, Manibandha are Hasta gata Marmas84.
Acharya Sushruta has considerd Hasta as the Pradhanatama yantra85.
Indra is considerd as adidevata of Hasta86.
Different measurements related to Hasta, like ayama, vistara are available in Brihat
trayee1, 2, 3. In Sushruta we get details regarding ayama of individual fingers also2.
Ayama of Hasta is 12 angula but in patabheda it is mentioned that it is of 10
angulas21. Vistara of hasta is 4 angula. Ayama of middle finger is 5 angula, that of
ring and index finger is 4½ angula where as little and thumb is 3½ angulas2.
DESCRIPTION REGARDING PADA (FOOT):
Pada have synonyms like Anghri, Carana87.
Pada consists of following parts like Prapada/Padagra (distal part of foot) 88, 89,
Parshni/Padamula (proximal part of foot) 90, 91.
It is one among karmendria which does the karma of Viharana73, 74.
According to Acharya Markandeya & Acharya Badisha, Hasta & Pada are the first
angas to develop, because garbha chesta depends on Hasta & Pada75, 76.
It is formed in the 2nd month of garbha92.
There are five anguli in each Pada. These Anguli are considered among pratyangas77.
There are two kurchas78, four khandaras79, twenty-six asthis80, fourteen sandhis81
sixty snayus82 & fourty five mamsa peshis83 located in located in Pada.
Kshipra, Kurcha, Talahridaya, Kurchashira, Manibandha are Pada gata Marmas84
Lord Vishnu is considerd as adidevata of Pada86.
Different measurements related to Pada available, which includes Ayama, Vistara and
Utseda 1, 2, 3.
Ayama, vistara & utseda of Pada is mentioned as 14, 6, 4 angula respectively2.
Review of Literature….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 12
In Sushruta & Ashtanga Sangraha details relted to ayama of individual angula along
with that of prapada, padatala, parshni available2, 3.
IMPORTANCE OF PRAMANA SHAREERA BASED ON SWA-ANGULA
PRAMANA:
1) An individual with anga-pratyangas having proper measurements is endured
with longevity, wealth, prosperity, happiness, ojas, strength etc.
2) The measurements mentioned in the classics for each part of the body are
appropriate and desirable where as the less or more of these are abnormal and
undesirable.
3) Useful in the measuring different measurements of different parts of the body.
4) It is one among the ten folds of examination and also useful in assessing the
ayu of the patient.
5) It helps to understand the prognosis of the disease.
6) With the study of Anguli Pramana health of an individual can be assessed.
7) Helps to identify the Nindita Purusha explained in Ayurvedic classic. It helps
in determining Atideergha & Atihrasva Purushas.
8) It is useful in assessing the bala of the person.
9) Helps in assessing the age of an individual.
Tables….
Table No 1: Measurements of Lower limb (in Angula)
NAME OF THE BODY PART
SUSHRUTA
CHARAKA
VAGBHATA
LOWER
LIMB
AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉWû EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉW EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉW EixÉãS
mÉÉSÉÇaÉѸ 2 2
mÉëSãÍvÉÌlÉ 2 2
qÉkrÉqÉÉ 9/5 9/5
AlÉÉÍqÉMüÉ 8/5 8/5
MüÌlÉ̹MüÉ 7/5 7/5
mÉëmÉS 4 5 4 6
mÉÉSiÉsÉ 4 5 4 5
mÉÉÎwhÉï 5 4 4 4 4
mÉÉS 14 14 14 6 4 14 14 4
eÉÇbÉÉ 18 14 18 16 18 14
eÉÉlÉÑ 14 4 16 4
FÂ+
eÉÉlÉÑ
50
aÉÑsTü 14 14 14
FÂ 18 32 18 30 18 6 30
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada
Page 13
Tables….
Table No 2: Measurements of Upper limb (in Angula)
SUSHRUTA CHARAKA VAGBHATA
UPPER LIMB
AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉWû EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉWû EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉW EixÉãS
AÇaÉѹ 3 ½ 3 ½
mÉëSãÍvÉÌlÉ 41/2 4 ½
qÉkrÉqÉÉ 5 5
AlÉÉÍqÉMüÉ 41/2 4 ½
MüÌlÉ̹M 3 ½ 3 ½
mÉëmÉÉÍhÉ 15 15
mÉÉÍhÉ 12
WûxiÉiÉsÉ 6 4
AÇaÉѸqÉÔsÉ-
mÉëSãÍvÉÌlÉ 5
qÉÍhÉoÉÇkÉ-
MÔümÉïUxÉÇÍkÉ 16
WûxiÉ 24 12
mÉëoÉÉWÕû 16 16
pÉÑeÉ 32
xMülkÉ 8 8
AÇxÉ 6 6
Mü¤ÉÉ 8 8
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Tables….
Table No 2: Measurements of Upper limb (in Angula)
SUSHRUTA
CHARAKA
VAGBHATA
UPPER LIMB
AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉWû EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉWû EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉW EixÉãS
qÉÍhÉoÉlkÉ 12
mÉëMüÉå¹ 12
ClSìoÉÎxiÉ 16
AÇxÉmÉÏOûMÔümÉïU AliÉUÉrÉÉqÉ
16
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Tables….
Table No 3: Measurements of Trunk (in Angula)
SUSHRUTA CHARAKA VAGBHATA
TRUNK AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉWû EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉWû EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉWû EixÉãS
uÉ×wÉhÉ (qÉÑwMü)
2 6 8 6 5
qÉãWûlÉ (qÉãRíûì) 4 6 5
pÉaÉ 12 12
qÉãWûlÉ-lÉÉÍpÉ 12
lÉÉÍpÉ-¾ûSrÉ 12
¾ûSrÉ-aÉëÏuÉÉ 12
mÉÑÂwÉ-EUÈ 24 12 24 12
MüÌOû 18 16 16 50
oÉÎxiÉÍvÉUÈ 10 10
ESU 12 10 12
mÉÉμÉï 12 10 12 10
xiÉlÉ (xiÉlÉmÉrÉïliÉ)
2 2
xiÉlÉÉliÉU 12 12 12
x§UÏ-EU 18
¾ûSrÉ 2 2
̧ÉMü 12 12
zÉåTü 6 5
mÉ×¹ 18 18
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Tables….
Table No 4: Measurements of Head & Neck (in Angula)
SUSHRUTA CHARAKA VAGBHATA
HEAD &NECK
AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉW EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉW EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉWû EixÉãS
ÍcÉoÉÑMü 2 4 4
SvÉlÉ 2
AÉlÉlÉ 2 24 12 24 12
lÉÉxÉÉmÉÑOû 2 1/3
MühÉïqÉÔsÉ 2
pÉëÑlÉrÉlÉÉliÉU 2
uÉSlÉ 4
lÉÉxÉÉuÉÇzÉ 4 4 4
MühÉï 4 4 4
sÉsÉÉO 4 4 4
aÉëÏuÉÉ 4 24
lÉã§É 2
AͤÉqÉkrÉ 4
´ÉuÉhÉ-AmÉÉÇaÉ
5
qÉÑZÉ 12 24
lÉÉxÉÉmÉÑO qÉrÉÉïSÉ
11/3 1\3
iÉÉUMü 1/3 OF NAYANA
MãüvÉÉliÉ-qÉxiÉMü
11
MühÉÉïuÉOèuÉliÉU 14
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Tables….
Table No 4: Measurements of Head & Neck (in Angula)
SUSHRUTA CHARAKA VAGBHATA
HEAD &NECK
AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉW EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉW EixÉãS AÉrÉÉqÉ ÌuÉxiÉÉU mÉËUhÉÉWû EixÉãS
ÍvÉUÉãkÉU 24 4 32 4
AÉxrÉ 5 5
AÉã¹ 4 4
qÉxÉiM-AuÉOÒû MåüzÉÉliÉ
10
ÍzÉU 32 16 32 6
SØ̹rÉliÉU 4 4
SØ̹ 1/9th of taraka
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada
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Tables….
Table No 5: Total Measurements (in Angula)
TOTAL
SUSHRUTA
CHARAKA VAGBHATA
HEIGHT
120 84 84
BREADTH
84 84
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Review of Literature-anthropometry……
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ANTHROPOMETRY
‘Anthropos’ means man and the science deals with man are known as
anthropology, and the science of measuring the body parts constitutes Bertillon’s
system or anthropometry, introduces by Alphonse Bertillon, a French police officer.
This system was used in United States in early 1900s93. The anthropometry is the
means of quantifying variation in the body size and shape. It is also one of the
fundamental techniques of human biology as most of the biological functions are in
some way related to one or the other aspect of the physical dimensions of the body94.
Anthropometry can be defined as “A systemized body of techniques of
measuring and taking observations on man, his skeleton, the skull, the limbs and trunk
etc as well as the organs, by the most reliable means and scientific methods94.
For the sake of convenience anthropometry may be subdivided into95
1) Somatometry: - Measurements of body morphology.
2) Osteometry: - Measurement of skeleton and its parts.
3) Physiometry: - It deals with measurement of physiological functions of the body
and constitutes important adjunct of anthropometry.
4) Anthroscopy: - An analog of anthropometry, is the visual observation and
description of physical traits not capable of exact measurement. E.g., form &
character of hair, skin color etc.
Measurements and its types96
The term measurement generally refers to the act of measuring, and in context
of anthropometry it refers to a definite measure between two clearly defined
landmarks, and the term measure refers to dimension of a clearly defined distance
between two specified points, and in the context of anthropometric work landmarks
or points is always related to bony points.
Examples:-
1) Linear measurement- It is the measure of vertical distance between the surface
land marks. E.g. Hand length, foot length, facial height,
2) Transverse measurement- It is the measure between two land marks
perpendicular top linear axis. E.g. Head breadth, biorbital breadth,
3) Circumferential measurement- these measure the circumference of different
parts of the body. e.g. Upper arm circumference, head circumference,
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4) Angular measurement- These measure the profile of a particular part of the body
with respect to two landmarks linearly distanced from each other. E.g. Facial
profile angle,
5) Skin fold measurement- these measure the thickness of the fold of subcutaneous
fat. E.g. Skin fold thickness at biceps, triceps.
Few recommendations which put forth in order to take accurate
measurements97: -
1) All instruments should be absolutely clean and their precision duly verified by a
reliable verificator.
2) While taking measurements the subject should be with minimal clothing,
because that may interfere with the procedure.
3) Land marks for each measurement should be fixed very carefully.
4) All paired measurements should be taken on left side; so as to avoid any
occupational deformities.
5) While taking measurements with calipers no pressure should be applied on
points of landmark.
6) Only normal healthy individual range 25-50 year of age should be included as
adult sample.
7) For sake of clarity all measurements should be taken in same unit.
8) The measurements should be read perpendicularly and inclination should be
avoided.
Principle: -
It is assumed that after the age of 21yr the skeleton stops growing and hence
the measurement of various parts of the body remains constant. It is also assumed
that no two people will have bones of identical dimensions98, 99.
Disadvantages100: -
• Only applicable in adults.
• Chances of error in taking measurements by instruments.
• Needs measurements of various parts of the body.
Stature: -
Stature provides one aspect of an individual’s physiognomy and one piece of
information that may be an aid in individual’s identification. The stature can be
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measured by taking the distance between the vertex to the floor, when the subject in
standing erect with heel touching the wall101.
There are few factors which have influence on stature like102,
1) Age factor-Stature or height of a person will be maximum at the age between
21 to 25 yr. for every 25 yr stature is shortened for about 2.5cms. It is due to
thinning of inter-vertebral disc of spinal column as a result of osteoporosis,
secondly the spinal column cannot be put straight & erect as a result of
reduced tone of muscles.
2) Diurnal variation- Height varies in an individual at different time of a day. It
is maximum in the morning and it is less by 1.5 to 2 cm in the evening. This is
due to reduction of elasticity of intervertebral disc and muscle tone.
3) Posture- The length will be maximum in recumbent posture, which is due to
relaxation of muscles and increase of intervertebral space. The approximate
length between the outstretched tips of middle finger is approximately equal to
the stature of an individual.
4) It is said that cadavers increase their length after rigormortis due to loosening
of the intervertebral discs and slackening of vertebral curvature. The increase
in length may be from 2 to 2.5 cm.
Estimation of stature from mutilated or dismembered remains:
The stature can also estimated when the part of the skeleton such as the long
bones are available103.
1) If the entire skeleton is available then by adding 2.5cm to its length to allow for
the thickness of the soft tissue gives the height of the person.
2) Stature can be estimated from one arm by multiplying by 2 and adding 30 cm for
two clavicle and 4cm for sternum.
3) Stature is twice the length of vertex or heel to the top of symphysis pubis.
4) The length from the sternal notch to the pubic symphysis is 1/3 of the stature.
5) The length of the forearm measured from the tip of the olecranon process to the
tip of the middle finger is equal to 5/19 of the stature.
6) Stature is equal to the length measured from tip of middle finger to the tip of the
opposite middle finger when the arms are fully extended.
Many workers have devised different mathematical formulae for the purpose
of estimating stature from long bones. Usually used bones for this purpose are
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humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia. The long bones are measured by osteometric
board and Pearson’s formulae or Trotter & Gleser’s formulae are applied to
calculate stature104. Pearson’s formula is a regression formula put forth by Karl
Pearson in the year 1889. According to formulae, to estimate the stature from the
bone, the length of the bone is to be multiplied by a multiplying factor which is
different for different bones and then a constant factor which is also different for
different bones. It also different for males & females and even then it is different for
dry & humid specimen. This is to be added to the length of the bone with the
multiplying factor. This gives the stature of the person105.
Male Female
Dry Humid Dry Humid
Humerus *2.894 + 70.614 *2.894 + 70.714 *2.754 + 71.475 *2.754 + 72.046
Radius *2.271 + 89.925 *3.271 + 86.465 *3.343 + 81.224 *3.343 + 82.189
Femur *1.880 + 81.30 *1.880 + 81.231 *1.945 + 72.844 *1.945 + 73.163
Tibia *2.376 + 78.664 *2.376 + 78.807 *2.352 + 74.774 *2.352 + 75.369
Table No 6: Multiplying factor & constant factor for long bones There are some multiplication factors devised by Indian scientists for
estimation of stature of Indians of certain states like Bengal, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh,
Punjab, and these formulae are in use in India. These factors are based on the results
obtained by dividing the average height of the body by the average length of the
bone106.
Bihar, Bengal and Orissa Uttar Pradesh and Punjab
Length of Male Female Male Female
Humerus 5.31 5.31 5.30 4.97
Radius 6.78 6.70 6.90 6.43
Ulna 6.00 6.00 6.30 5.93
Femur 3.82 3.80 3.70 3.57
Tibia 4.49 4.46 4.48 4.18
Fibula 4.46 4.43 4.48 4.35 Table No 7: Multiplication factors of long bones (Indian population)
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Stature estimation: -
The stature of an individual is estimated by different methods, but the easiest,
reliable and most widely used method is the regression equation method. Different
scientists have used different parts of the body to measure the stature. Lengths of
long bones, short bones, skull etc. have been used for the estimation of stature107.
Applications of Anthropometry
The technique of anthropometry has application in many areas of human
concern and welfare. It is proposed to enlist some of more important applications of
the science of anthropometry108.
1) Morphological differences within and between populations may be
demonstrated by comparing anthropometric results statistically.
2) It provides opportunity for identification of individuals and departed
populations i.e. helpful in understanding the ethnic affinities between
populations.
3) To study the evolutionary changes, inter-population and intra-population
differences.
4) It forms a basis for a clear understanding of comparative anatomy of
primates particularly those closer to man.
5) Has major application in the field of forensic science for identification of
an individual also helpful in determination of age, sex.
6) The study of the processes and patterns of human growth and development
is another area where anthropometric techniques are basically used.
7) The general standards of health can be evaluated by using composite
measurements like height and weight.
8) Found quite useful in the field of orthopedic surgery, particularly in the
preparation of artificial limbs.
9) It has definite application in the field of Eugenics, in which promotion of
better trait in future generation is mainly considered.
10) Extremely helpful in evaluating the physique and the constitution suitable
in different sports specialty.
11) In the field of genetics it is helpful in evaluating the zigosity of twins.
12) In recent years anthropometric measurements and standards are being used
in industry- dress designing, shoes, gloves, seats in aero planes, railway,
buses, helmets, manufacture of artificial limbs etc.
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Importance of Hand & Foot in anthropometry:
Growth – the vital process is measured by measuring the height of a person,
which itself is a sum of the length of certain bones and appendages of the body,
represent certain relationship with form of proportions to the total stature. This
relationship is very useful anthropologically to find racial differences and medico-
legally, when only parts of the deceased body are available109.
The hand & foot can be used as an alternative measure to estimate stature
when the later cannot be measured directly due to deformity like khyphosis, lordosis
& scoliosis, contracture or missing legs etc. In these cases the original stature of these
people can be estimated by multiplying the dimension of hand or foot lengths. The
multiplying factor can be obtained by making ratio of stature to the hand length110.
Length of hand and foot plays a major role in determination of race. The sex
can also be identified by them like women have a longer or narrower hand and
broader or shorter feet than men111.
The multiplication factors obtained by these can be applicable in
reconstructing artificial limbs proportional to individual’s body.
This can also be applicable in industries like glove, hand tool, shoe etc112.
SURFACE ANATOMY BONY LANDMARKS:
Hand113, 114:
Styloid process of ulna: - Its tip is felt on postero-medial aspect of wrist, and lies
about 1.2cm above the level of the tip of the styloid process of radius. (fig 1)
Styloid process of radius: - It can be traced to the lower end of anterior border of
radius and is felt in the floor of anatomical snuff box. Its tip is about 1.2cm lower than
the styloid process of ulna. (fig 1)
Anatomical snuff box: - It is a hollow space at the back of root of the extended
thumb and lies just below the styloid process of radius. The space is bounded laterally
by tendons of extensor pollicis brevis & abductor pollicis longus and medially by
extensor pollicis longus.
Dorsal tubercle of radius: - It is felt near the middle of the posterior aspect of the
lower end of radius, when the wrist is slightly flexed. It lies in line with the lateral
border of middle finger.
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Tubercle of scaphoid: - It is a bony prominence felt above and medial to the front
of thenar eminence when the wrist is extended.
Pisiform: - It is the first bony prominence felt when the tendon of flexor carpi
ulnaris traced downwards. It is felt on the palmar aspect of wrist at the medial part of
the base of hypothenar eminence.
Crest of trapezium: - It is felt on deep palpation below and lateral to tubercle of
scaphoid.
Hook hamate: - It is felt on deep palpation about 2.5 cm below and lateral to
Pisiform bone.
Prominence of knuckle: - Formed by the heads of the metacarpal bones. (fig 2)
Creases of wrist and fingers (fig 1)
A) These are transverse creases on the front of wrist.
1) Proximal: - This crease corresponds roughly to the level of radiocarpal joint
(wrist joint).
2) Distal: - This crease corresponds to proximal border of flexor retinaculum.
B) There are three transverse creases on the palmar aspect of finger.
1) Proximal: - Lies 2cm distal to metacarpophalangeal joint.
2) Middle: - It corresponds to proximal interphalangeal joint.
3) Distal: - It lies just proximal to the distal interphalangeal joint.
Foot115: -
Lateral malleolus & medial malleolus: - The lateral malleolus is narrow and
elongated while the medial malleolus is broader and stumpy. (fig 3, 4)
They are subcutaneous and can be both seen and felt. The lateral malleolus lies
more distally and further back than medial malleolus.
Peroneal tubercle: - It is felt as a prominence on the lateral surface of the calcaneus,
about 2cm below the lateral malleolus.
Sustentaculum tali: - It is felt as a thickened ridge on the medial surface of the
calcaneus, about 2cm below the medial malleolus. (fig 3)
Head of the talus: - It can be felt about 3cm in front of lower end of tibia when the
foot is inverted. If the head of the talus is difficult to feel, draw a line between the tip of
the medial malleolus and the tuberosity of the navicular, bisect the line, the head lies
directly under your fingers. In flat foot, the head becomes prominent on the medial
side. (fig 3)
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Tuberosity of navicular: - It is the most marked bony prominence on the medial
side of the foot and lies about 2.5cm in front of the medial malleolus. (fig 3)
Tubercle on the base of 5th metacarpal: - It is easily felt on the lateral side of the
foot, about 2.5cm in front of the peroneal tubercle. It lays half way along the lateral
border of the foot. It lies halfway along the lateral border of the foot.
Prominence of heel: - It is formed by calcaneum. The tendocalcaneus (Achillis
tendon) is visible proximal to the heel.
Methodology ……
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METHODOLOGY For the present study minimum of 100 apparently healthy individuals in and
around the S.D.M.C.A. & H. campus were selected for taking measurements.
Instruments
Measuring tape
Vernier calipers
Foot scale
Inclusion criteria
Healthy individuals ranging from 25-35yrs are considered in this study.
Exclusion criteria
o Individuals with congenital deformities. o Individuals with deformities like fracture, Pathologies pertaining to bone and
other metabolic disorders. o Individuals who had undergone amputation of limb.
Assessment criteria
Angula Pramana
o Width of Madhyama Parva of Madhyama anguli or Width of proximal Inter-
phalangeal joint of middle finger.
o Width of the palm at the level of metacarpophalangeal joints (2nd -5th) and
dividing it by four.
o Length of the middle finger i.e. from tip of middle finger to metacarpo-
phalangeal joint of middle finger which is then divided by five.
Stature:- a) It is measured from heel to the vertex. Subject stands erect, heels together,
with head oriented in ear-eye plane (Frankfurt plane). Measurement is taken at
vertex with hair compressed.
b) It is measured from the tip of the toe to the tip of the middle finger, when the
person stands on his toes & arms are raised.
Arm span-
This is the horizontal distance between the two dactylia with the two hands fully
stretched laterally
Hand: -
a) Hand length: - Measured by using Vernier calipers, measurement is taken
between the stylion (A point in the distal margin of the styloid process of
Methodology ……
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 31
radius) to tip of the middle finger without nail. While taking measurement
palm position should be fully extended.
b) Hand breadth: - This measurement is taken between the heads of 2nd & 5th
metacarpals, using their most projecting point.
c) Palm length: - It is measured between stylion and 3rd metacarpo-phalangeal
joint.
d) Fingers: - From metacarpo-phalangeal joint to tip of each respective finger the
length is measured
Foot: -
a) Foot length: - It is the distance from pternion (The most backward projecting
point of the heel) to the extremity of longest toe (Acropodian). While taking
measurements subject should stand erect and sustaining the full weight on the
two feet.
b) Foot breadth: - It is the distance between the heads of the 2nd & 5th metatarsals,
while the subject is standing erect.
c) Foot height: -It is measured from spherion (Tip of medial malleolus) to the
floor, while the subject is standing erect.
d) Toe: - It is measured from metatarso-phalangeal joint to tip of respective toe.
Methodology
The study was conducted on 100 volunteers in the age group of 25-35yrs. The
stature, stature with arms raised, arm span and the measurements related with length,
width, height of pada and their anguli were taken, these measurements were taken
from the left side of the body and then converted in to angula unit by above
mentioned three parameters which are collected from both right & left hand. The
measurements were taken in the morning. The measurements were taken in
centimeters for standardization as per metric system & then converted into Anguli
Pramana based on Swa-Anguli Pramana according to three direct and indirect
references mentioned in the classics. Pramana of one angula was obtained by
measuring the width of Madhyamaparva of middle finger, by measuring the width of
the palm and dividing it by four and measuring the length of the middle finger and
dividing it by five.
Then these measurements are compared with the stature and analyzed statistically.
Observation & Results….
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OBSERVATION & RESULTS
OBSERVATIONS:
RIGHT
Pramana of Anguli measured from:
A) Width of proximal Inter-phalangeal joint of middle finger varies from 1.5- 2.1 cm with the mean 1.83 & SD 0.1392 cm.
B) Width of the palm at the level of metacarpophalangeal joints (2nd-5th) and dividing it by 4 varies from 1.7 - 2.3cm with the mean 1.9826 cm & SD 0.137 cm.
C) Length of middle finger and dividing it by 5 varies from 1.6- 2.1cm with the mean 1.84cm &SD.12 cm.
Height
A) It varies from 76.8-101.1 angula with the mean 89.6& SD 4.8 angula.
B) It varies from 72-92.7 angula with the mean 83 & SD 4.04 angula.
C) It varies from 75.5-102 angula with the mean 89.4 & SD 4.7 angula.
Height with standing on toes and arm raised
A) It varies from 99.9-137.8 angula with the mean 118.3& SD 6.2 angula.
B) It varies from 98.1-134.5 angula with the mean 110.6 & SD 6.4 angula.
C) It varies from 105.6-139 angula with the mean 118.17 & SD 5.7 angula.
Arm span
A) It varies from 79.1-109.5 angula with the mean 92.6& SD 5.5 angula.
B) It varies from 72.8-107.2 angula with the mean 86.7 & SD 5.3 angula.
C) It varies from 80.5-106.8 angula with the mean 92.3 & SD 5 angula.
Hasta (length)
A) It varies from 8.8-12.7 angula with the mean 11.3& SD 0.8 angula.
B) It varies from 8.6-12.7 angula with the mean 10.31 & SD 0.92 angula.
C) It varies from 8.8-12.9 angula with the mean 10.9 & SD 0.8 angula.
Hasta (width)
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 34
A) It varies from 3.2-4.9 angula with the mean 4.2& SD 0.2 angula.
B) It varies from 3.5-4.5 angula with the mean 3.9 & SD 0.12 angula.
C) It varies from 3.5-4.9 angula with the mean 4.2 & SD 0.2 angula.
Hasta Tala (length)
A) It varies from4.4-7.5 angula with the mean 6.24 & SD 0.5 angula.
B) It varies from 5.1-7.3 angula with the mean 5.8 & SD 0.4 angula.
C) It varies from 5.1-7.3 angula with the mean 6.2 & SD 0.4 angula.
Hasta - Angusta
A) It varies from 2.3-4.1 angula with the mean 3.1& SD 0.2 angula.
B) It varies from 2.4-6.1 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.5 angula.
C) It varies from 2.5-4.5 angula with the mean 3.1 & SD 0.2 angula.
Hasta - Pradeshini
A) It varies from 3.6-5.1 angula with the mean 4.3& SD 0.3 angula.
B) It varies from 3.5-4.7 angula with the mean 4.07 & SD 0.2 angula.
C) It varies from 3.3-5.1 angula with the mean 4.3 & SD 0.2 angula.
Hasta - Madhyama
A) It varies from 4.2-5.7 angula with the mean 4.9& SD 0.2 angula.
B) It varies from 4-5.6 angula with the mean 4.6 & SD 0.2 angula.
C) It varies from 4.4-5.4 angula with the mean 4.9 & SD 0.1 angula.
Hasta - Anamika
A) It varies from 3.7-5.3 angula with the mean 4.5& SD 0.3 angula.
B) It varies from 3.1-4.8 angula with the mean 4.2 & SD 0.2 angula.
C) It varies from 3.7-5.1 angula with the mean 4.5 & SD 0.2 angula.
Hasta - Kanishtika
A) It varies from 3.1-4.3 angula with the mean 3.6& SD 0.28 angula.
B) It varies from 2.8-4 angula with the mean 3.3 & SD 0.2 angula.
C) It varies from 3-4.1 angula with the mean 3.6 & SD 0.23 angula.
Pada (length)
A) It varies from 11.5-15.5 angula with the mean 13.4& SD 0.7 angula.
B) It varies from 11.06-14 angula with the mean 12.5 & SD 0.7 angula.
C) It varies from 11.5-15.1 angula with the mean 13.4 & SD 0.7 angula.
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 35
Pada (width)
A) It varies from 4-6.5 angula with the mean 5.08& SD 0.4 angula.
B) It varies from 3.7-5.7 angula with the mean 4.7 & SD 0.2 angula.
C) It varies from 3.8-6 angula with the mean 5.05 & SD 0.3 angula.
Pada (height)
A) It varies from 3-5.2 angula with the mean 4.1& SD 0.38 angula.
B) It varies from 3.1-4.6 angula with the mean 3.9 & SD 0.31 angula.
C) It varies from 2.9-5 angula with the mean 4.1 & SD 0.39 angula.
Pada - Angusta
A) It varies from 2.5-4.1 angula with the mean 3.1& SD 0.29 angula.
B) It varies from 2.4-3.9 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.25 angula.
C) It varies from 2.6-3.8 angula with the mean 3.1 & SD 0.24 angula.
Pada - Pradeshini
A) It varies from 2.5-4.5 angula with the mean 3.1& SD 0.3 angula.
B) It varies from 2.4-3.9 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.27 angula.
C) It varies from 2.3-4 angula with the mean 3.1 & SD 0.26 angula.
Pada - Madhyama
A) It varies from 2-3.4 angula with the mean 2.67& SD 0.27 angula.
B) It varies from 2-3.1 angula with the mean 2.48 & SD 0.22 angula.
C) It varies from 2-3.3 angula with the mean 2.65 & SD 0.25 angula.
Pada - Anamika
A) It varies from 1.3-3.1 angula with the mean 2.2& SD 0.3 angula.
B) It varies from 1.3-2.8 angula with the mean 2.1 & SD 0.2 angula.
C) It varies from 1.3-3 angula with the mean 2.2 & SD 0.2 angula.
Pada - Kanishtika
A) It varies from 0.6-2.9 angula with the mean 1.9& SD 0.37 angula.
B) It varies from 0.6-2.4 angula with the mean 1.78 & SD 0.31 angula.
C) It varies from 0.6-2.6 angula with the mean 1.91 & SD 0.34 angula.
LEFT
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 36
Pramana of Anguli measured from:
A) Width of proximal Inter-phalangeal joint of middle finger varies from 1.5- 2.2 cm with the mean 1.88 & SD 0.13 cm.
B) Width of the palm at the level of metacarpophalangeal joints (2nd-5th) and dividing it by 4 varies from 1.7 - 2.3cm with the mean 1.9826 cm & SD 0.13 cm.
C) Length of middle finger and dividing it by 5 varies from 1.84- 2.1cm with the mean 1.84cm &SD .13 cm.
Height
A) It varies from 76.5-92.5 angula with the mean 84.9 & SD 3.2 angula.
B) It varies from 75.3-100.9 angula with the mean 85.6 & SD 4.8 angula.
C) It varies from 75.5-102 angula with the mean 89.5 & SD 4.8 angula.
Height with standing on toes and arm raised
A) It varies from 102.1-137.8 angula with the mean 116.9 & SD 6.2 angula.
B) It varies from 98.1-134.5 angula with the mean 111.8 & SD 6.3 angula.
C) It varies from 104.5-139.1 angula with the mean 118.2 & SD 5.8 angula.
Arm span
A) It varies from 80.7-103.6 angula with the mean 89.5 & SD 4.8 angula.
B) It varies from 74.6-107.2 angula with the mean 87.87 & SD 5.1 angula.
C) It varies from 79.6-108.8 angula with the mean 92.4 & SD 5.07 angula.
Hasta (length)
A) It varies from 8.8-12.2 angula with the mean 10.8& SD 0.8 angula.
B) It varies from 8.8-12.1 angula with the mean 10.4 & SD 0.8angula.
C) It varies from 8.8-12.9 angula with the mean 11.04 & SD 0.8 angula.
Hasta (width)
A) It varies from 3.5-4.7 angula with the mean 4.1& SD 0.2 angula.
B) It varies from 3.4-4.5 angula with the mean 3.9 & SD 0.1 angula.
C) It varies from 3.4-4.9 angula with the mean 4.2 & SD 0.2 angula.
Hasta Tala (length)
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 37
A) It varies from 5.2-7angula with the mean 6.5 & SD 0.36 angula.
B) It varies from 5.2-6.8 angula with the mean 5.9 & SD 0.36 angula.
C) It varies from 5.1-7.3 angula with the mean 6.2 & SD 0.4 angula.
Hasta - Angusta
A) It varies from 2.5-4.1 angula with the mean 3.03& SD 0.28 angula.
B) It varies from 2.5-4.1 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.26 angula.
C) It varies from 2.5-4.75 angula with the mean 3.1 & SD 0.2 angula.
Hasta - Pradeshini
A) It varies from 3.7-5 angula with the mean 4.2& SD 0.2 angula.
B) It varies from 3.6-4.7 angula with the mean 4.1 & SD 0.2 angula.
C) It varies from 3.6-5 angula with the mean 4.3 & SD 0.2 angula.
Hasta - Madhyama
A) It varies from 4.2-5.95 angula with the mean 4.9& SD 0.3 angula.
B) It varies from 4-5.6 angula with the mean 4.7 & SD 0.2 angula.
C) It varies from 4.4-5.25 angula with the mean 4.9 & SD 0.1 angula.
Hasta - Anamika
A) It varies from 3.9-5.3 angula with the mean 4.5& SD 0.3 angula.
B) It varies from 3.7-4.8 angula with the mean 4.2 & SD 0.2 angula.
C) It varies from 3.7-5 angula with the mean 4.5 & SD 0.2 angula.
Hasta - Kanishtika
A) It varies from 2.8-4.4 angula with the mean 3.5& SD 0.29 angula.
B) It varies from 2.8-4 angula with the mean 3.4 & SD 0.22 angula.
C) It varies from 3.1-4 angula with the mean 3.6 & SD 0.22 angula.
Pada (length)
A) It varies from 11.9-15.5 angula with the mean 13.4& SD 0.71 angula.
B) It varies from 11.3-14.5 angula with the mean 12.7 & SD 0.72 angula.
C) It varies from 11.3-15.1 angula with the mean 13.4 & SD 0.74 angula.
Pada (width)
A) It varies from 3.7-6 angula with the mean 5 & SD 0.36 angula.
B) It varies from 3.7-6 angula with the mean 4.8 & SD 0.3 angula.
C) It varies from 3.8-6 angula with the mean 5.07 & SD 0.37 angula.
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 38
Pada (height)
A) It varies from 3-5.2 angula with the mean 4 & SD 0.37 angula.
B) It varies from 3.1-4.6 angula with the mean 3.9 & SD 0.32 angula.
C) It varies from 3.1-5 angula with the mean 4.1 & SD 0.36 angula.
Pada - Angusta
A) It varies from 2.5-3.9 angula with the mean 3 & SD 0.27 angula.
B) It varies from 2.4-3.7 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.26 angula.
C) It varies from 2.6-3.9 angula with the mean 3.1 & SD 0.23 angula.
Pada - Pradeshini
A) It varies from 2.5-4.4 angula with the mean 3 & SD 0.31 angula.
B) It varies from 2.4-4 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.26 angula.
C) It varies from 2.6-4 angula with the mean 3.1 & SD 0.24 angula.
Pada - Madhyama
A) It varies from 2-3.4 angula with the mean 2.58& SD 0.28 angula.
B) It varies from 2.05-3.2 angula with the mean 2.51 & SD 0.23 angula.
C) It varies from 2-3.1 angula with the mean 2.64 & SD 0.24 angula.
Pada - Anamika
A) It varies from 1.3-2.9 angula with the mean 2.21& SD 0.29 angula.
B) It varies from 1.4-2.8 angula with the mean 2.14 & SD 0.27 angula.
C) It varies from 1.3-3 angula with the mean 2.26 & SD 0.29 angula.
Pada - Kanishtika
A) It varies from 0.6-2.5 angula with the mean 1.86 & SD 0.35 angula.
B) It varies from 0.7-2.4 angula with the mean 1.81 & SD 0.3 angula.
C) It varies from 0.8-2.6 angula with the mean 1.92 & SD 0.33 angula.
DETERMINATION OF HEIGHT FROM HASTA (Hand length)
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 39
STANDING HEIGHT
Right side A-A1
A- Measurement of height
A1- Length of hand
Col 1 = 85.207 + (0.402 * Col 2)
Y= 85.207 + (0.402 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 4.823
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 85.207 6.189 13.768 <0.001
Col 2 0.402 0.559 0.718 0.474
2D Graph 1
X Data
8 9 10 11 12 13
Y D
ata
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Length of the hand, Y- Stature
Rt side B-B1
Col 1 = 82.379 + (0.0624 * Col 2)
Y= 82.379 + (0.0624 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 4.062
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 82.379 2.734 30.127 <0.001
Col 2 0.0624 0.267 0.233 0.816
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 40
2D Graph 2
X Data
8 9 10 11 12 13
Y Dat
a
70
75
80
85
90
95
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X-hand length, Y-Stature
Rt side C-C1
Col 1 = 83.567 + (0.533 * Col 2)
Y= 83.567 + (0.533 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 4.757
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 83.567 5.991 13.949 <0.001
Col 2 0.533 0.544 0.980 0.329 2D Graph 3
X Data
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Y D
ata
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
x- Hand length, Y- Stature
Left dide A-A1
Col 1 = 86.314 - (0.131 * Col 2)
Y= 86.314 - (0.131 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 3.216
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 41
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 86.314 4.073 21.194 <0.001
Col 2 -0.131 0.376 -0.347 0.729 2D Graph 4
X Data
8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5
Y D
ata
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Hand length, Y- Stature
Lt Side B –B1
Col 1 = 85.828 - (0.0165 * Col 2)
Y= 85.828 - (0.0165 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 4.861
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 85.828 5.783 14.842 <0.001
Col 2 -0.0165 0.552 -0.0299 0.976 2D Graph 5
X Data
8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5
Y Dat
a
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 42
X-Hand length, Y-Stature
Lt side C_ C1
Col 1 = 80.156 + (0.848 * Col 2)
Y= 80.156 + (0.848 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 4.812
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 80.156 6.398 12.528 <0.001
Col 2 0.848 0.578 1.467 0.146 2D Graph 6
X Data
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Y Dat
a
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X-Hand length, Y-Stature
Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Rt side A-A1
Col 1 = 123.333 - (0.454 * Col 2)
Y= 123.33 - (0.454 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 6.283
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 123.333 8.062 15.298 <0.001
Col 2 -0.454 0.729 -0.623 0.535
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 43
2D Graph 7
X Data
8 9 10 11 12 13
Y D
ata
90
100
110
120
130
140
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X-Hand length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Rt Side B-B1
Col 1 = 120.868 - (0.988 * Col 2)
Y= 120.868 - (0.988 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 6.420
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 120.868 7.250 16.670 <0.001
Col 2 -0.988 0.700 -1.411 0.161 2D Graph 8
X Data
8 9 10 11 12 13
Y Dat
a
90
100
110
120
130
140
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X-Hand length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Rt Side- C-C1
Col 1 = 121.306 - (0.285 * Col 2)
Y= 121.306- (0.285 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 5.731
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 44
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 121.306 7.218 16.807 <0.001
Col 2 -0.285 0.655 -0.435 0.664 2D Graph 9
X Data
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Y D
ata
100
110
120
130
140
150
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X-Hand length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Lt Side- A-A1
Col 1 = 129.580 - (1.168 * Col 2)
Y= 129.580 - (1.168 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 6.225
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 129.580 7.883 16.437 <0.001
Col 2 -1.168 0.727 -1.607 0.111 2D Graph 10
X Data
8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5
Y D
ata
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
Col 2 vs Col 1 X-Hand length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Lt Side- B-B1
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 45
Col 1 = 123.228 - (1.091 * Col 2)
Y= 123.228 - (1.091 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 6.282
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 123.228 7.473 16.490 <0.001
Col 2 -1.091 0.714 -1.528 0.130 2D Graph 11
X Data
8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5
Y D
ata
90
100
110
120
130
140
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X-Hand length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Lt Side C-C1
Col 1 = 116.106 + (0.196 * Col 2)
Y= 116.106 - (0.196 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 5.918
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 116.106 7.868 14.757 <0.001
Col 2 0.196 0.710 0.276 0.783
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 46
2D Graph 12
X Data
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Y D
ata
100
110
120
130
140
150
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X-Hand length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
DETERMINATION OF HEIGHT FROM PADA (Foot length) STANDING HEIGHT
Rt side A-A1
Col 1 = 78.863 + (0.799 * Col 2)
Y= 78.863 + (0.799 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 4.795
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 78.863 8.301 9.501 <0.001
Col 2 0.799 0.614 1.300 0.197
2D Graph 13
X Data
11 12 13 14 15 16
Y Dat
a
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Foot length, Y- Stature
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 47
Rt sidet B-B1
Col 1 = 77.930 + (0.404 * Col 2)
Y= 77.930 + (0.404 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 4.053
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 77.930 7.196 10.829 <0.001
Col 2 0.404 0.571 0.707 0.481 2D Graph 14
X Data
10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5
Y D
ata
70
75
80
85
90
95
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Foot length, Y- Stature
Rt side C-C1
Col 1 = 75.015 + (1.070 * Col 2)
Y= 75.015 + (1.070 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 4.719
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 75.015 9.015 8.321 <0.001
Col 2 1.070 0.669 1.600 0.113
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 48
2D Graph 15
X Data
11 12 13 14 15 16
Y D
ata
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Foot length, Y- Stature
Lt side A-A1
Col 1 = 98.484 - (1.010 * Col 2)
Y= 98.484 - (1.010 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 3.135
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 98.484 5.946 16.563 <0.001
Col 2 -1.010 0.441 -2.287 0.024 2D Graph 16
X Data
11 12 13 14 15 16
Y D
ata
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 49
X- Foot length, Y- Stature
Lt side B-B1
Col 1 = 90.231 - (0.359 * Col 2)
Y= 90.231 - (0.359 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 4.854
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 90.231 8.623 10.464 <0.001
Col 2 -0.359 0.675 -0.531 0.596 2D Graph 17
X Data
11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0
Y D
ata
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Foot length, Y- Stature
Lt side C-C1
Col 1 = 86.143 + (0.250 * Col 2)
Y= 86.143 + (0.250 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 4.861
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 86.143 8.825 9.761 <0.001
Col 2 0.250 0.653 0.383 0.703
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 50
2D Graph 18
X Data
11 12 13 14 15 16
Y D
ata
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Foot length, Y- Stature
Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli) Rt Side A-A1
Col 1 = 93.044 + (1.874 * Col 2)
Y= 93.044 + (1.874 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 6.120
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 93.044 10.594 8.782 <0.001
Col 2 1.874 0.784 2.391 0.019 2D Graph 19
X Data
11 12 13 14 15 16
Y D
ata
90
100
110
120
130
140
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 51
X- Foot length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Rt Side B-B1
Col 1 = 57.955 + (4.187 * Col 2)
Y= 57.955 + (4.184 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 5.742
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 57.955 10.165 5.701 <0.001
Col 2 4.187 0.806 5.195 <0.001
2D Graph 20
X Data
10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5
Y D
ata
90
100
110
120
130
140
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Foot length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Rt Side C-C1
Col 1 = 84.046 + (2.535 * Col 2)
Y= 84.046 + (2.535 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 5.444
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 84.046 10.402 8.080 <0.001
Col 2 2.535 0.772 3.285 0.001
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 52
2D Graph 21
X Data
11 12 13 14 15 16
Y D
ata
100
110
120
130
140
150
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Foot length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Lt Side A-A1
Col 1 = 101.572 + (1.144 * Col 2)
Y= 101.572 + (1.144 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 6.253
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 101.572 11.859 8.565 <0.001
Col 2 1.144 0.880 1.299 0.197
2D Graph 22
X Data
11 12 13 14 15 16
Y D
ata
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Foot length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 53
Lt Side B-B1
Col 1 = 66.281 + (3.574 * Col 2)
Y= 66.281 + (3.574 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 5.802
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 66.281 10.308 6.430 <0.001
Col 2 3.574 0.807 4.428 <0.001 2D Graph 23
X Data
11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0
Y D
ata
90
100
110
120
130
140
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Foot length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Lt Side C-C1
Col 1 = 80.401 + (2.807 * Col 2)
Y= 80.401 + (2.807 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 5.531
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 80.401 10.041 8.007 <0.001
Col 2 2.807 0.743 3.777 <0.001
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 54
2D Graph 24
X Data
11 12 13 14 15 16
Y D
ata
100
110
120
130
140
150
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Foot length, Y- Height with standing on toes with arms raised (Anguli)
Determination of stature by following SI Unit
Hand length
Col 1 = 120.582 + (2.207 * Col 2)
Y= 120.582 + (2.207 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 7.885
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 120.582 8.853 13.620 <0.001
Col 2 2.207 0.434 5.082 <0.001
2D Graph 25
X Data
16 18 20 22 24 26
Y D
ata
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr X- Hand length, Y- Standing Height
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 55
Foot length
Col 1 = 77.814 + (3.508 * Col 2)
Y= 77.814 + (3.508 * X)
Standard Error of Estimate = 6.439
Coefficient Std. Error t P
Constant 77.814 9.377 8.298 <0.001
Col 2 3.508 0.375 9.362 <0.001
2D Graph 26
X Data
20 22 24 26 28 30
Y D
ata
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Col 2 vs Col 1 Plot 1 Regr
X- Foot length, Y- Standing Height
COMPARISON WITH ANCIENT LITERATURE:
RIGHT:
HEIGHT-
A) Height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from76.8-101.1 angula
with the mean 89.6& SD 4.8 angula. This does not satisfy the measurement
mentioned in the classics.
B) Height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of the
palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
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by 4, varies from 72-92.7 angula with the mean 83 & SD 4.04 angula. To a certain
extent only it satisfies the measurements mentioned in our classics.
C) Height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of the
middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 75.5-102 angula with the
mean 89.4 & SD 4.7 angula. This does not satisfy the measurement mentioned in
the classics.
HEIGHT WITH STANDING ON TOES AND ARMS RAISED
A) Height with standing on toes and arms raised measured by using the angula
pramana measured by taking the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the
middle finger varies from 99.9-137.8 angula with the mean 118.3& SD 6.2 angula.
This is comparable to the measure mentioned in the ancient classics.
B) Height with standing on toes and arms raised measured by using the angula
pramana measured by taking the width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th
metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value by 4, varies from 98.1-
134.5 angula with the mean 110.6 & SD 6.4 angula. This does not satisfy the
measurement mentioned in the classics.
C) Height with standing on toes and arms raised measured by using the angula
pramana measured by taking the length of the middle finger and dividing the value
by 5, varies from 105.6-139 angula with the mean 118.17 & SD 5.7 angula. To a
certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature. But
the stature measured when standing on toes and arms raised with angula pramana
measured by taking the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle
finger is more accurate.
HAND LENGTH
A) Hand length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 8.8-12.7
angula with the mean 11.3& SD 0.8 angula. This is comparable to the measure
mentioned in the ancient classics.
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B) Hand length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the
value by 4, varies from 8.6-12.7 angula with the mean 10.31 & SD 0.92 angula. To
a certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Hand length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length
of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 8.8-12.9 angula with
the mean 10.9 & SD 0.8 angula. This is also comparable to the measure mentioned
in the ancient classics. But the hand length measured with angula pramana
measured by taking the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle
finger is more accurate.
HAND WIDTH
A) Hand width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 3.2-4.9 angula
with the mean 4.2& SD 0.2 angula. To a certain extent only it satisfies the
measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Hand width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 3.5-4.5 angula with the mean 3.9 & SD 0.12 angula. To a certain
extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Hand width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 3.5-4.9 angula with the
mean 4.2 & SD 0.2 angula. To a certain extent only it satisfies the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
HASTA TALA (LENGTH)
A) Hasta tala (length) measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from4.4-7.5
angula with the mean 6.24 & SD 0.5 angula. To a certain extent only it satisfies the
measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
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B) Hasta tala (length) measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing
the value by 4, varies from 5.1-7.3 angula with the mean 5.8 & SD 0.4 angula. To a
certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Hasta tala (length) measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 5.1-7.3 angula
with the mean 6.2 & SD 0.4 angula. To a certain extent only it satisfies the
measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
ANGUSTA (HASTA)
A) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 2.3-4.1 angula
with the mean 3.1& SD 0.2 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 2.4-6.1 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.5 angula. This is not
comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 2.5-4.5 angula with the
mean 3.1 & SD 0.2 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
PRADESHINI (HASTA)
A) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 3.6-5.1 angula
with the mean 4.3& SD 0.3 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 3.5-4.7 angula with the mean 4.07 & SD 0.2 angula. To a certain
extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature. But the
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pradeshini measured with angula pramana measured by taking the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger is more accurate.
C) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 3.3-5.1 angula with the
mean 4.3 & SD 0.2 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in the
ancient classics.
MADHYAMA (HASTA)
A) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 4.2-5.7
angula with the mean 4.9& SD 0.2 angula. This is comparable to the measure
mentioned in the ancient classics.
B) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing
the value by 4, varies from 4-5.6 angula with the mean 4.6 & SD 0.2 angula. To a
certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature. But the
Madhyama anguli measured with angula pramana measured by taking the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger is more accurate.
C) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 4.4-5.4 angula
with the mean 4.9 & SD 0.1 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in
the ancient classics.
ANAMIKA (HASTA)
A) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 3.7-5.3 angula
with the mean 4.5& SD 0.3 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in
the ancient classics.
B) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the
value by 4, varies from 3.1-4.8 angula with the mean 4.2 & SD 0.2 angula. To a
certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature. But
Observation & Results….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 60
the Anamika anguli measured with angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger is more accurate.
C) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 3.7-5.1 angula
with the mean 4.5 & SD 0.2 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in
the ancient classics.
KANISHITIKA (HASTA)
A) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 3.1-4.3
angula with the mean 3.6& SD 0.28 angula. This is comparable to the measure
mentioned in the ancient classics.
B) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing
the value by 4, varies from 2.8-4 angula with the mean 3.3 & SD 0.2 angula. To a
certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature. But
the Kanishtika anguli measured with angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger is more accurate.
D) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 3-4.1 angula with
the mean 3.6 & SD 0.23 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature. But the Kanishtika anguli measured with angula
pramana measured by taking the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the
middle finger is more accurate.
PADA (length)
A) Pada length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 11.5-15.5 angula
with the mean 13.4& SD 0.7 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in
the ancient classics.
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A) Pada length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 11.06-14 angula with the mean 12.5 & SD 0.7 angula. This is not
comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Pada length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 11.5-15.1 angula with the
mean 13.4 & SD 0.7 angula. This is also comparable to the measure mentioned in the
ancient classics.
PADA (width)
A) Pada width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 4-6.5 angula with
the mean 5.08& SD 0.4 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Pada width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 3.7-5.7 angula with the mean 4.7 & SD 0.2 angula. This is not
comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Pada width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 3.8-6 angula with the mean
5.05 & SD 0.3 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in
the ancient literature.
PADA (height)
A) Pada height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies 3-5.2 angula with the
mean 4 & SD 0.37 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in the
ancient classics.
B) Pada height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 3.1-4.6 angula with the mean 3.9 & SD 0.32 angula. To a certain
extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
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C) Pada height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies 3.1-5 angula with the mean 4.1
& SD 0.36 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the
ancient literature.
ANGUSTA (Pada)
A) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 2.5-3.9 angula with
the mean 3 & SD 0.27 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of the
palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value by
4, varies from 2.4-3.7 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.26 angula. This is not
comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of the
middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 2.6-3.9 angula with the mean
3.1 & SD 0.23 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in
the ancient literature.
PRADESHINI (Pada)
A) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 2.5-4.4 angula
with the mean 3 & SD 0.31 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 2.4-4 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.26 angula. This is not
comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 2.6-4 angula with the mean
3.1 & SD 0.24 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in
the ancient literature.
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MADHYAMA (Pada)
A) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 2-3.4
angula with the mean 2.58 & SD 0.28 angula. This is not comparable with the
measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing
the value by 4, varies from 2.05-3.2 angula with the mean 2.51 & SD 0.23 angula.
This is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 2-3.1 angula with
the mean 2.64 & SD 0.24 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
ANAMIKA (Pada)
A) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 1.3-2.9 angula
with the mean 2.21& SD 0.29 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the
value by 4, varies from 1.4-2.8 angula with the mean 2.14 & SD 0.27 angula. To a
certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length
of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 1.3-3 angula with the
mean 2.26 & SD 0.29 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
KANISHITIKA (Pada)
A) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies 0.6-2.9 angula
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with the mean 1.9& SD 0.37 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing
the value by 4, varies from 0.6-2.4 angula with the mean 1.78 & SD 0.31 angula.
This is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 0.6-2.6 angula
with the mean 1.91 & SD 0.34 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
LEFT:
HEIGHT-
A) Height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies 76.5-92.5 angula with the
mean 84.9 & SD 3.2 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in the
ancient classics.
B) Height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of the
palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value by
4, varies from 75.3-100.9 angula with the mean 85.6 & SD 4.8 angula. To a certain
extent only it satisfies the measurements mentioned in our classics. But the stature
measured when standing on toes and arms raised with angula pramana measured by
taking the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger is more
accurate.
C) Height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of the
middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 75.5-102 angula with the mean
89.5 & SD 4.8 angula. This does not satisfy the measurement mentioned in the
classics.
HEIGHT WITH STANDING ON TOES AND ARMS RAISED
A) Height with standing on toes and arms raised measured by using the angula pramana
measured by taking the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle
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finger varies from 102.1-137.8 angula with the mean 116.9 & SD 6.2 angula. To a
certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Height with standing on toes and arms raised measured by using the angula pramana
measured by taking the width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal
joints and then dividing the value by 4, varies from 98.1-134.5 angula with the mean
111.8 & SD 6.3 angula. This does not satisfy the measurement mentioned in the
classics.
C) Height with standing on toes and arms raised measured by using the angula pramana
measured by taking the length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies
from 104.5-139.1 angula with the mean 118.2 & SD 5.8 angula. To a certain extent it
satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
HAND LENGTH
A) Hand length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 8.8-12.2 angula
with the mean 10.8& SD 0.8 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in
the ancient classics.
B) Hand length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the
value by 4, varies from 8.8-12.1 angula with the mean 10.4 & SD 0.8angula. This is
comparable to the measure mentioned in the ancient classics.
C) Hand length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 8.8-12.9 angula with the
mean 11.04 & SD 0.8 angula. To a certain extent only it satisfies the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
HAND WIDTH
A) Hand width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 3.5-4.7 angula
with the mean 4.1& SD 0.2 angula. To a certain extent only it satisfies the
measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
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B) Hand width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 3.4-4.5 angula with the mean 3.9 & SD 0.1 angula. To a certain
extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature. But the width
of hasta measured with angula pramana measured by taking the width of the proximal
interphalangeal joint of the middle finger is more accurate.
C) Hand width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 3.4-4.9 angula with the
mean 4.2 & SD 0.2 angula. To a certain extent only it satisfies the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
HASTA TALA (LENGTH)
A) Hasta tala (length) measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 5.2-
7angula with the mean 6.5 & SD 0.36 angula. To a certain extent only it satisfies the
measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Hasta tala (length) measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing
the value by 4, varies from 5.2-6.8 angula with the mean 5.9 & SD 0.36 angula. This
is comparable to the measure mentioned in the ancient classics.
C) Hasta tala (length) measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 5.1-7.3 angula
with the mean 6.2 & SD 0.4 angula. To a certain extent only it satisfies the
measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
ANGUSTA (HASTA)
A) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 2.5-4.1 angula
with the mean 3.03& SD 0.28 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the
measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
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by 4, varies from 2.5-4.1 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.26 angula. To a certain
extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of the
middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 2.5-4.75 angula with the mean
3.1 & SD 0.2 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in
the ancient literature.
PRADESHINI (HASTA)
A) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 3.7-5 angula with
the mean 4.2& SD 0.2 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 3.6-4.7 angula with the mean 4.1 & SD 0.2 angula. This does not
satisfy the measurement mentioned in the classics.
C) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 3.6-5 angula with the mean
4.3 & SD 0.2 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in the ancient
classics.
MADHYAMA (HASTA)
A) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 4.2-5.95
angula with the mean 4.9& SD 0.3 angula. This is comparable to the measure
mentioned in the ancient classics.
B) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing
the value by 4, varies from 4-5.6 angula with the mean 4.7 & SD 0.2 angula. To a
certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature. But
the Madhyama anguli measured with angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger is more accurate.
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C) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 4.4-5.25 angula
with the mean 4.9 & SD 0.1 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in
the ancient classics.
ANAMIKA (HASTA)
A) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 3.9-5.3 angula
with the mean 4.5& SD 0.3 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in
the ancient classics.
B) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the
value by 4, varies from 3.7-4.8 angula with the mean 4.2 & SD 0.2 angula. To a
certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature. But
the Anamika anguli measured with angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger is more accurate.
C) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 3.7-5 angula with
the mean 4.5 & SD 0.2 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in the
ancient classics.
KANISHITIKA (HASTA)
A) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 2.8-4.4
angula with the mean 3.5& SD 0.29 angula. This is comparable to the measure
mentioned in the ancient classics.
B) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing
the value by 4, varies from 2.8-4 angula with the mean 3.4 & SD 0.22 angula. To a
certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature. But
the Kanishtika anguli measured with angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger is more accurate.
Observation & Results….
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C) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 3.1-4 angula with
the mean 3.6 & SD 0.22 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature. But the Kanishtika anguli measured with angula
pramana measured by taking the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the
middle finger is more accurate.
PADA (length)
A) Pada length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 11.9-15.5 angula
with the mean 13.4& SD 0.71 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned
in the ancient classics.
B) Pada length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 11.3-14.5 angula with the mean 12.7 & SD 0.72 angula. This is not
comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Pada length measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 11.3-15.1 angula with the
mean 13.4 & SD 0.74angula. This is also comparable to the measure mentioned in the
ancient classics.
PADA (width)
A) Pada width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 3.7-6 angula with
the mean 5 & SD 0.36 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in the
ancient classics.
B) Pada width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 3.7-6 angula with the mean 4.8 & SD 0.3 angula. To a certain extent
it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
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C) Pada width measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 3.8-6 angula with the mean
5.07 & SD 0.37 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in
the ancient literature. . But the padatala (width) measured with angula pramana
measured by taking the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle
finger is more accurate.
PADA (height)
A) Pada height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies 3-5.2 angula with the
mean 4 & SD 0.37 angula. This is comparable to the measure mentioned in the
ancient classics.
B) Pada height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 3.1-4.6 angula with the mean 3.9 & SD 0.32 angula. To a certain
extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Pada height measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies 3.1-5 angula with the mean 4.1
& SD 0.36 angula. To a certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the
ancient literature.
ANGUSTA (Pada)
A) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 2.5-3.9 angula with
the mean 3 & SD 0.27 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of the
palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value by
4, varies from 2.4-3.7 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.26 angula. This is not
comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Angusta measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of the
middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 2.6-3.9 angula with the mean
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3.1 & SD 0.23 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in
the ancient literature.
PRADESHINI (Pada)
A) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 2.5-4.4 angula
with the mean 3 & SD 0.31 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width of
the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4, varies from 2.4-4 angula with the mean 2.9 & SD 0.26 angula. This is not
comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Pradeshini measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length of
the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 2.6-4 angula with the mean
3.1 & SD 0.24 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in
the ancient literature.
MADHYAMA (Pada)
A) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 2-3.4
angula with the mean 2.58& SD 0.28 angula. This is not comparable with the
measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing
the value by 4, varies from 2.05-3.2 angula with the mean 2.51 & SD 0.23 angula.
This is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Madhyama anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 2-3.1 angula with
the mean 2.64 & SD 0.24 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
ANAMIKA (Pada)
A) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies from 1.3-2.9 angula
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with the mean 2.21& SD 0.29 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the width
of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the
value by 4, varies from 1.4-2.8 angula with the mean 2.14 & SD 0.27 angula. To a
certain extent it satisfies the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Anamika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the length
of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 1.3-3 angula with the
mean 2.26 & SD 0.29 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
KANISHITIKA (Pada)
A) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger varies 0.6-2.5 angula
with the mean 1.86 & SD 0.35 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
B) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing
the value by 4, varies from 0.7-2.4 angula with the mean 1.81 & SD 0.3 angula. This
is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in the ancient literature.
C) Kanishtika anguli measured by using the angula pramana measured by taking the
length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5, varies from 0.8-2.6 angula
with the mean 1.92 & SD 0.33 angula. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature.
COMPARISON WITH MODERN ANTHROPOMETRY:
1) Comparison of hand length with stature- The hand length ranges from 16.9-25.4cm
with mean 20.3cm and SD - 1.8cm. Comparison of hand length ranges from 13.82-18.01
cm, mean 16.34cm and SD -0.8cm. The stature ranges from 147.4-189 cm with mean
165.39cm and SD – 8.1cm. Comparison of stature ranges from 145.45-177.50 cm, mean
156.02cm and SD -6.13cm.
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2) Comparison of foot length with stature- The foot length ranges from 21.4-29.2 cm
with mean 24.9 cm and SD - 1.7 cm. Comparison of foot length ranges from 21.2-27.4
cm, mean 24.44 cm and SD - 0.99 cm. The stature ranges from 147.4-189 cm with mean
165.39cm and SD – 8.1cm. Comparison of stature ranges from 155.7-183.5 cm, mean
170.9cm and SD – 5.13 cm.
INFERENCE –
In relation to estimation of stature on the basis of angula pramana
On an average the stature is 8.12 times the length of the hand when stature is
measured from the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the right middle finger
and it is 7.8 times the length of the hand when stature is measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint of the left middle finger. On an average the stature is 6.27
times the foot length when stature is measured from the width of the proximal
interphalangeal joint of the right middle finger and it is 6.31 times the foot length when
stature is measured from the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the left middle
finger.
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DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION ON CONCEPTUAL STUDY:
CONCEPT OF PRAMANA:
Ayurveda followed swa-angula pramana as the unit of measurement for
measuring different parts of body which is the prime step in assessing patient before
treatment.
Charaka & Vagbhta stated 84 angulas as the height of an individual. Chakrapani
while commenting on it has given the criterion to measure the stature as “it should be
taken from padatala to shirahparyanta”. Vagbhata has given the idea regarding
assessment of stature from hasta of individual and mentioned height of the person is
equal to 3½ hasta. Sushruta has stated the stature of an individual should be of 120
angula. Dalhana while commenting on this has stated that while measuring the height the
individual should be standing on the toes and he should raise his arms above the head.
Assessing the individual height of all body parts & adding them to ascertain the
whole body measurement is not feasible as it exceeds 84Angula. Because in the usual
built up the height of each individual parts of body at times submerges into the height of
another part.
Ayama, parinaha, vistara and utsedha are the four dimensions of pramana which
followed in the context of pramana shareera. Ayama is used for length (ayamo
dairghyam), Parinaha is used for circumference (parinaha parivartulata), Vistara is used
for width (vistara vyasah), Utsedha is used for prominence, elevation, height (Utsedha
ityuchhtah).
DISCUSSION ON SWA-ANGULA PRAMANA:
The swa-angula pramana concept is explained in the context of pramana shareera.
This concept of measuring the individual with individual specific unit seems to be more
scientific & applicable rather than measuring one’s body with some other standards.
Ayurveda in its principles has given importance to individualistic approach rather than a
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generalized. Application of this principle can be clearly seen like even though two
patients suffering from same disease, the treatment modality may change depending upon
the results of Dashavidha pareeksha. Application of this swa angula concept can be seen
in different contexts like in preparing the different shastras, yantras related to shalya,
shalakya and pancha karma, and probably these are prepared by assessing the swa-angula
pramana of rogi who is under treatment.
Specificity is the characteristic property of swa-angula pramana. This can be
applicable in present era. If a person loses both his legs then rather than using the present
anthropometric knowledge to make average based artificial limbs we can utilize the swa-
angula based pramana shareera concept and prepare proportionate artificial limbs. Swa-
angula concept can also be utilized in the field of sports and designing industries etc.
DISCUSSION ON HASTA
Ayama and Vistara of Hasta is 12 and 4 angula respectively as mentioned by
Caraka and Vagbhata but in patabheda of Caraka Samhita it is mentioned that ayama is of
10 angulas. Whereas Sushruta explained the ayama of hasta as 24 angulas but this is the
distance between kurpara sandhi to the tip of the finger whereas according to caraka
samhita it is the distance between manibhanda sandhi to tip of finger which is again
supported by shabda kalpadruma. Dalhana explaines manibhanda as the panimula; this
indicates towards the proximal transverse crease of the wrist which corresponds roughly
to the radio-carpal (wrist) joint. The parameter which has been selected for measuring the
length of hand is from stylion (A point in the distal margin of the styloid process of
radius) to tip of the middle finger. The stylion corresponds to proximal crease of wrist
joint. So, the anthropometric parameter to measure the length of hand, selected for the
study matches with that of Caraka, Vagbhata & Shabda kalpadrumas opinion. Although
Sushruta has quoted the hand length to be 24 angulas, as it is the distance between
kurpara sandhi to tip of finger it is not considered here.
Regarding the width of the hand and length of individual finger Sushruta &
Vagbhata have the same opinion. Sushruta & Vagbhata have opinion like middle finger is
5 angula, ring & index fingers have 4 ½ angula and thumb & little finger have 3 ½
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angula in length and width of hand is 4 angula. No landmarks have been mentioned,
neither by the authors nor the commentators so the modern anthropometric procedure and
technique were used.
DISCUSSION ON PADA
Ayama Vistara and Utseda of Pada is 14, 6 and 4 angula respectively as
mentioned by Caraka, Sushruta and Vagbhata. No landmarks have been mentioned,
neither by the authors nor the commentators so the modern anthropometric procedure and
technique were used.
Regarding the length of individual finger Sushruta & Vagbhata have the same
opinion. Length of great toe and 2nd toe is 2 angula, that of 3rd, 4th & 5th fingers are 9/5,
8/5, 7/5 angula respectively. No landmarks have been mentioned, neither by the authors
nor the commentators so the modern anthropometric procedure and technique were used.
RELATION BETWEEN AYU & PRAMANA:
There is a definite relationship between ayu & pramana; pramana pareeksha is
considered one among the Dashavidha pareeksha and the ultimate goal of this tenfold of
examination is to get an idea regarding the ayu. Observatory study of Ayu, Pramana &
their relation is beyond the scope of this work as it is time bound.
DISCUSSION ON ANTHROPOMETRY:
Anthropometry is a systemized body of teqniques for measuring and taking the
observations on man, his skeleton, the limb and trunk etc. by most reliable means and
scientific methods. It concentrates on the observations and measurement of the physical
variations both within and between human populations seeking to understand the origins
and mechanisms of survival of the variations.
In view of the fact that no two individuals are ever alike in all their measurable
characters and that the later tend to undergo change in varying degrees, hence person
living under different conditions and members of different ethnic groups frequently
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present interesting differences in body form and proportions. The anthropometry forms a
means of giving quantitative expression to the variations exhibited by such traits.
DISCUSSION ON METHODOLOGY:
The study was conducted on 100 healthy volunteers in the age group of 25-35
years. As according to Sushruta the man attains vitality and maturity at the age of 25 yrs
and female at the age of 16 yrs and that of Vagbhatas opinion stating by the end of 2nd
decade the individual attain full growth. In modern anthropometry also the sample is
selected between 25-50 yrs of age. This verifies the viability of Sushruta & Vagbhata’s
opinion. As the age progresses there is a slight decrease in the stature, this is generally
regarded to be approximately 6 mm per decade after the age of 30 yrs which is resulted
from decrease in the elasticity & water content of intervertebral disc and decrease in
muscle tone.
There is tendency of the stature to reduce during the period of getting up to going
to bed. This variation is due to diurnal variation in the water content of the disc.
Generally the reduction is 1.5-2 cm. But it may be up to 10 cm also if heavy loads are
carried, usually seen in laborers. The height usually diminishes in the day time and
increases in the morning after rest at night. So, all the measurements were taken in the
morning.
All the measurements are taken on the left side so as to avoid any occupational
deformities.
DICUSSION ON OBSERVATION:
CONVERSION IN TO ANGULA PRAMANA BY RIGHT SIDED PARAMETERS:
For the three parameters used for measuring the angula pramana, the angula
pramana ranges from 1.5-2.3 cms with SD 0.12- 0.13.
Height by all the three parameters ranges from 72-102angulas with SD between
4.04-4.8 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width of
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the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value by
4 was found to be more accurate of the three.
Height with standing on toes with arms raised from all the three parameters
ranges from 98.1-139 angulas with SD between 5.7-6.4 angulas. Measurement taken with
angula pramana measured from the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found
to be more accurate of the three.
Arm span by all the three parameters ranges from 72.8-109.5 angulas with SD
between 5-5.5 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the
value by 4 was found to be more accurate of the three.
Hasta:
Hand length by all the three parameters ranges from 8.6-12.9 angulas with SD
between 0.8-0.9 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Hand width by all the three parameters ranges from 3.2-4.9 angulas with SD 0.12-
0.2 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Length of hasta tala by all the three parameters ranges from 4.4-7.5 angulas with
SD 0.4-0.5 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width
of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Ayama of Angusta by all the three parameters ranges from 2.3-6.1 angulas with
SD 0.2-0.5 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width
of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Ayama of Pradeshini anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 3.3-5.1
angulas with SD 0.2-0.3 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured
from the length of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5 was found to be more
accurate of the three.
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Ayama of Madhyama anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 4-5.7
angulas with SD 0.1-0.2 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured
from the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the
three.
Ayama of Anamika anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 3.1-5.3 angulas
with SD 0.2-0.3 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Ayama of Kanishtika anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 2.8-4.3
angulas with SD 0.2-0.28 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured
from the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the
three.
Pada:
Foot length by all the three parameters ranges from 11.06-15.5 angulas with SD
0.7 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Foot width by all the three parameters ranges from 3.7-6.5 angulas with SD 0.2-
0.4 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Foot height by all the three parameters ranges from 3-5.2 angulas with SD 0.32-
0.37 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Ayama of Angusta by all the three parameters ranges from 2.4-3.9 angulas with
SD 0.23-0.27 angulas. This is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in the
ancient literature. This difference may be due to difference in considering the
anthropometric points.
Ayama of Pradeshini anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 2.4-4.4
angulas with SD 0.24-0.31 angulas. This is not comparable with the measurements
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mentioned in the ancient literature the difference may be due to difference in considering
the anthropometric points.
Ayama of Madhyama anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 2-3.4
angulas with SD 0.23-0.28 angulas. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature. This difference may be due to difference in
considering the anthropometric points.
Ayama of Anamika anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 1.3-3 angulas
with SD 0.27-0.29 angulas. This is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in
the ancient literature the difference may be due to difference in considering the
anthropometric points.
Ayama of Kanishtika anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 0.6-2.9
angulas with SD 0.31-0.37 angulas. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature the difference may be due to difference in considering
the anthropometric points.
CONVERSION IN TO ANGULA PRAMANA BY LEFT SIDED PARAMETERS:
For the three parameters used for measuring the angula pramana, the angula
pramana ranges from 1.5-2.3 cms with SD 0.13.
Height by all the three parameters ranges from 75.3-102angulas with SD 3.2-4.8
angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Height with standing on toes with arms raised from all the three parameters
ranges from 98.1-139.1 angulas with SD 5.8-6.3 angulas. Measurement taken with angula
pramana measured from the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be
more accurate of the three.
Arm span by all the three parameters ranges from 74.6-108.8 angulas with SD
between 4.8-5.1 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the
width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the
value by 4 was found to be more accurate of the three.
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Hasta:
Hand length by all the three parameters ranges from 8.8-12.9 angulas with SD 0.8
angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Hand width by all the three parameters ranges from 3.4-4.9 angulas with SD 0.1-
0.2 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Length of hasta tala by all the three parameters ranges from 5.1-7.3 angulas with
SD 0.36-0.4 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width
of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints and then dividing the value
by 4 was found to be more accurate of the three.
Ayama of Angusta by all the three parameters ranges from 2.5-4.75 angulas with
SD 0.2-0.28 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the length
of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5 was found to be more accurate of the
three.
Ayama of Pradeshini anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 3.6-5 angulas
with SD 0.2 angula. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the length
of the middle finger and dividing the value by 5 was found to be more accurate of the
three.
Ayama of Madhyama anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 4-5.6
angulas with SD 0.1-0.3 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured
from the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the
three.
Ayama of Anamika anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 3.1-5.3 angulas
with SD 0.2-0.3 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
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Ayama of Kanishtika anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 2.8-4.4
angulas with SD 0.22-0.29 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured
from the width of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the
three.
Pada:
Foot length by all the three parameters ranges from 11.3-15.5 angulas with SD
between 0.71-0.74 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the
width of the proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Foot width by all the three parameters ranges from 3.7-6 angulas with SD 0.3-
0.37 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Foot height by all the three parameters ranges from 3-5.2 angulas with SD 0.32-
0.37 angulas. Measurement taken with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joint was found to be more accurate of the three.
Ayama of Angusta by all the three parameters ranges from 2.4-3.9 angulas with
SD 0.23-0.27 angulas. This is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in the
ancient literature. This difference may be due to difference in considering the
anthropometric points.
Ayama of Pradeshini anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 2.4-4.4
angulas with SD 0.24-0.31 angulas. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature the difference may be due to difference in considering
the anthropometric points.
Ayama of Madhyama anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 2-3.4
angulas with SD 0.23-0.28 angulas. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature. This difference may be due to difference in
considering the anthropometric points.
Ayama of Anamika anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 1.3-3 angulas
with SD 0.27-0.29 angulas. This is not comparable with the measurements mentioned in
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the ancient literature the difference may be due to difference in considering the
anthropometric points.
Ayama of Kanishtika anguli by all the three parameters ranges from 0.6-2.6
angulas with SD 0.3-0.35 angulas. This is not comparable with the measurements
mentioned in the ancient literature the difference may be due to difference in considering
the anthropometric points.
COMPARISON WITH ANCIENT LITERATURE:
1) Height measured with angula pramana measured from the width of the proximal
interphalangeal joints of both the hands satisfies the measurement mentioned in the
ancient literature.
2) Height with standing on toes with arms raised measured with angula pramana
measured from the width of the proximal interphalangeal joints of both the hands satisfies
the measurement mentioned in the ancient literature.
3) Hand length measured with angula pramana measured from the width of the proximal
interphalangeal joints of both the hands satisfies the measurement mentioned in the
ancient literature.
4) Hand width measured with angula pramana measured from the width of the proximal
interphalangeal joints of both the hands satisfies the measurement mentioned in the
ancient literature.
5) Length of hasta tala with angula pramana measured from the width of the proximal
interphalangeal joints of right hand and width of the palm at the level of 2nd-5th
metacarpophalangeal joints and dividing the value by 4 in the left hand satisfies the
measurement mentioned in the ancient literature.
6) Angusta (hasta) angula pramana measured from the width of the proximal
interphalangeal joints of right hand & length of the middle finger and dividing the value
by 5 satisfies the measurement mentioned in the ancient literature.
Discussion…
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 84
7) Pradeshini (hasta) measured with angula pramana measured from the length of the
middle finger and dividing the value by 5 of both the hands satisfies the measurement
mentioned in the ancient literature.
8) Madhyama (hasta) measured with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joints of both the hands satisfies the measurement mentioned in
the ancient literature.
9) Anamika (hasta) measured with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joints of both the hands satisfies the measurement mentioned in
the ancient literature.
10) Kanishtika (hasta) measured with angula pramana measured from the width of the
proximal interphalangeal joints of both the hands satisfies the measurement mentioned in
the ancient literature.
11) Foot length measured with angula pramana measured from the width of the proximal
interphalangeal joints of both the hands satisfies the measurement mentioned in the
ancient literature.
12) Foot width measured with angula pramana measured from the width of the proximal
interphalangeal joints of both the hands satisfies the measurement mentioned in the
ancient literature.
13) Foot height measured with angula pramana measured from the width of the proximal
interphalangeal joints of both the hands satisfies the measurement mentioned in the
ancient literature.
14) The length of toe doesn’t correspond with that of the ancient literature this may be
because of difference in fixing the anthropometric points for the measurement. In the
present study anthropometric points available in the modern text is followed as no
Ayurvedic texts specified this point. But it is observed in the study that madyamanguli is
0.42 angula less than pradeshini, Anamika is 0.37 angula less than madyama and
Kanishtika is 0.35 angula less than Anamika which satisfies ancient literature.
Discussion…
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 85
COMPARISON WITH MODERN ANTHROPOMETRY:
The methods mentioned for determining stature of an individual according to modern
science have been satisfied in the study:
1) The height was found to be approximately equal to 8.12 times the hand length.
2) The height was found to be approximately equal to 6.27 times the length of the foot.
Conclusion….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 86
CONCLUSION
The present study includes 100 healthy volunteers between the age group of 25-
35 years. The maximum numbers of the volunteers are being in between the age group of
25-30 years.
There is a positive relation between the stature and the length of hand and foot,
the stature is 8.12 times of the hand length and is 6.27 times of foot length. The hand &
foot can be used to determine the stature by using the equations in the observation.
The angula pramana is calculated by following three procedures. For the right
hand the angula pramana by using first method ranges between 1.5-2.1cms with a
standard deviation of 0.13 cms. For the second method it ranges from 1.7- 2.3 cms with a
standard deviation of 0.13 cms. Then for the third method it ranges from 1.6- 2.1 cm with
a standard deviation of 0.12 cms. For the left hand by first method it ranges from 1.5-2.2
cms with a standard deviation of 0.13 cms. By second method it ranges from 1.7- 2.3 cms
with a standard deviation of 0.13 cms. By third one it ranges from 1.84-2.1 cms with a
standard deviation of 0.13 cms. Difference was noticed between three procedures but not
much difference between corresponding procedures in right & left hand hands.
The measurements taken with the help of angula pramana measured by measuring
the width of the proximal inter-phalangeal joint (madhyama parva of the madhyama
anguli), is found to be more accurate than the two other parameters used for measuring
the angula pramana.
The measurements of toe are not found to be exactly matching with the classical
references like angushta was 3 angula in length, this is probably because of the
evolutionary changes in human anatomy or probably the landmarks used in the present
study are not matching with those used by our Acharyas. In the present study though,
where 100 healthy volunteer were involved, the result to a greater extent proves the
viability of the concept of swa-angula pramana shareera as the mean stature ranges
between 83-89.6 angulas which is matching with classics. Further studies with a larger
sample size may give a better picture.
Summary….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 87
SUMMARY
The study entitled “A comprehensive study on pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada” comprises of 8 chapters namely Introduction, Objectives, Review of literature, Methodology, Observations & Result, Discussion, Conclusion & Summary.
Chapter-1: Introduction
It gives compact idea of the subject of discussion namely pramana shareera. The
relevance of this topic especially based on their anatomical importance also highlighted.
Chapter-2: Objectives
It gives an idea about Aims & Objectives of the study.
Chapter-3: Review of literature
Review of literature is sub divided into Historical review, Ayurvedic review, and
Modern review.
Historical review – It consists of references pertaining to Pramana in various
ancient literatures of Vedic period, Samhita period and Sangraha Kala.
Ayurvedic Review- It elaborates the details & importance of Pramana in various
ancient Ayurvedic texts, it also detailed regarding available references related to hasta &
pada. This chapter also contains the table which details the pramana of different parts of
body.
Modern Review- It deals with details of Anthropometry and its utility.
Chapter-4: Methodology
This chapter explains method of Data collection, Inclusion criteria, Exclusion
criteria, Assessment criteria and methodology.
Chapter-5: Observations & Result
It embraces the inference drawn based on the studies conducted.
Summary….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 88
Chapter-6: Discussion
It is subdivided in to discussion on conceptual study, discussion on methodology,
discussion on observation and comparison with ancient and modern literature. It
comprises the details of the collected data and comparison with those mentioned in the
ancient literature & contemporary science, also dealt with the relevance in this era.
Chapter-7: Conclusion
It consists of conclusion drawn from the work carried out.
Chapter-8: Summary
It summarizes the entire work.
Reference Shlokas….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 89
Reference
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Reference Shlokas….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 90
(xÉÑ.xÉÔ.35/12)
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Reference Shlokas….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 91
SÏbÉïqÉÉrÉÑUuÉÉmlÉåÌiÉ ÌuɨÉÇ cÉ qÉWû¬cNûÌiÉ ||
qÉkrÉqÉÇ qÉkrÉqÉæUÉrÉÑÌuÉï¨ÉÇ WûÏlÉæxiÉjÉÉÅuÉUqÉç || 15 || (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 35/14-15)
11) mÉëqÉÉhÉiɶÉåÌiÉ zÉUÏUmÉëqÉÉhÉÇ mÉÑlÉrÉïjÉÉxuÉålÉÉ…¡ÓûÍsÉmÉëqÉÉhÉålÉÉåmSå¤rÉiÉå..... | (cÉ. ÌuÉ. 8/117
12) SåWûÈ xuÉæUXÒûsÉæUåwÉ rÉjÉÉuÉSlÉÑMüÐÌiÉïiÉÈ |
rÉÑ£üÈ mÉëqÉÉhÉålÉÉlÉålÉ mÉÑqÉÉlÉç uÉÉ rÉÌS uÉÉÅ…¡ûlÉÉ || 14 || (xÉÑ. xÉÔ. 35/14)
13) mÉëqÉÉhÉÇ mÉÑlÉÈ xuÉÉ…¡ÓûsÉæÈ | (A.xÉÇ.vÉÉ.8/36)
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wÉhhÉuÉirÉ…¡ÓûsÉÉåixÉåkÉ cÉiÉÑÎwMüwMÑü mÉëqÉÉhÉiÉÈ|| (A.mÉÑ 14/243)
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xuÉÉ…¡ÓûsrÉÉ qÉkrÉUåZÉÉ iÉÑ mÉëÌiÉqÉÉÌSwÉÑ sɤÉhÉqÉç|| (´ÉÏ.iÉ.xÉÉ 3/38)
19) iÉxqÉÉSÉiÉÑUÇ mÉUϤÉåiÉ mÉëM×üÌiÉiɶÉ, ÌuÉM×üÌiÉiɶÉ, xÉÉUiɶÉ, xÉÇWûlÉlÉiɶÉ, mÉëqÉÉhÉiɶÉ, xÉÉiqrÉiɶÉ,
xÉiuÉiɶÉ, AÉWûÉUvÉÌ£üiɶÉ, urÉÉrÉÉqÉvÉÌ£üiɶÉ, uÉrÉxiɶÉåÌiÉ, oÉsÉmÉëqÉÉhÉÌuÉvÉåwÉaÉëWûhÉWåûiÉÉå È ||94||
(cÉ.ÌuÉ. 8/94)
20) iÉ§É mÉÉSÉæ cÉiuÉÉËU wÉOè cÉiÉÑSïvÉÉ…¡ÓûsÉÉÌlÉ,. . . . . . . . .
WûxiÉÉæ ²ÉSvÉÉ…¡ÓûsÉÉæ. . . . . . . . . . ||| (cÉ.ÌuÉ. 8/ 117)
21) SzÉÉ…¡ÓûsÉÉæ| (mÉÉPûpÉåS. cÉ.ÌuÉ. 8/ 117)
22) iɧÉÉrÉÑoÉïsÉqÉÉåeÉÈ xÉÑZÉqÉæμÉrÉïÇ ÌuɨÉÍqÉwOûɶÉÉmÉUå pÉÉuÉÉ pÉuÉlirÉÉrɨÉÉÈ mÉëqÉÉhÉuÉÌiÉ vÉUÏUå |
(cÉ.ÌuÉ. 8/117)
23) iɧÉ, xuÉæUXÒûsÉæÈ mÉÉSÉ…¡Óû¸mÉëSåÍvÉlrÉÉæ ²rÉ…¡ÓûsÉÉrÉiÉå..... iÉimÉëqÉÉhÉÉ mÉÑÂwÉxrÉ MüOûÏ; xÉÌuÉÇvÉqÉ…¡ÓûsÉvÉiÉÇ
mÉÑÂwÉÉrÉqÉ CÌiÉ ||12|| (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 35/12)
24) cÉiÉÑÌuÉÇïvÉirÉ…¡ÓûsÉÉå WûxiÉÈ. . . . . | (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 35/12)
Reference Shlokas….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 92
25) SåWûÈ xuÉæUXÒûsÉæUåwÉ rÉjÉÉuÉSlÉÑMüÐÌiÉïiÉÈ |
rÉÑ£üÈ mÉëqÉÉhÉålÉÉlÉålÉ mÉÑqÉÉlÉç uÉÉ rÉÌS uÉÉÅ…¡ûlÉÉ ||
SÏbÉïqÉÉrÉÑUuÉÉmlÉåÌiÉ ÌuɨÉÇ cÉ qÉWû¬cNûÌiÉ |
qÉkrÉqÉÇ qÉkrÉqÉæUÉrÉÑÌuÉï¨ÉÇ WûÏlÉæxiÉjÉÉÅuÉUqÉç || (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 35/14-15)
26) ÌuÉzÉåwÉiÉÉåÅ…¡ûmÉëirÉ…¡ûmÉëqÉÉhÉÉSjÉ xÉÉUiÉÈ | mÉUϤrÉÉxÉÑÈ xÉÑÌlÉmÉÑhÉÉå ÍpÉwÉMçü ÍxÉkrÉÌiÉ MüqÉïxÉÑ ||
(xÉÑ. xÉÔ. 35/17)
27) qÉeeÉqÉåSÉåuÉxÉÉqÉÔ§ÉÌmɨÉzsÉåwqÉÉÍhÉ ÌuÉOû iÉjÉÉ |
LMü̧̲ÉcÉiÉÑwmÉgcÉwÉOèûxÉmiÉÉgeÉÍsÉMüÉÈ xqÉ×iÉÉ ||
zÉÉåÍhÉiÉÉgeÉsÉrÉÉåŹÉæ iÉÑ lÉuÉ mÉÌ£üUxÉxrÉ iÉÑ |
SvÉæuÉÉgeÉsÉrÉÈ mÉëÉå£üÉ ESMüxrÉ iuÉaÉÉ´ÉrÉÉÈ ||
vsÉåwqÉhÉxiÉÑ mÉëqÉÉhÉålÉ mÉëqÉÉhÉÇ iÉÑsrÉqÉÉåeÉxÉÈ |
vÉÑ¢üxrÉÉkÉÉïgeÉÍsÉSåïWåû qÉÎxiÉwMüxrÉ iÉjÉæuÉ cÉ | (MüÉ.xÉ. vÉÉ.)
28) sÉsÉÉOÇû lÉÉÍxÉMüÉ MühÉÉæï rÉxrÉæiÉÉÌlÉmÉ×jÉMü mÉ×jÉMü |
wÉQû…¡ÓûsÉmÉëqÉÉhÉÉÌlÉ xÉ eÉÏuÉÌiÉ zÉiÉÇ xÉqÉÉ È || 15 || (pÉåsÉ.xÉÇ.C.1/15)
29) wÉOèmÉgcÉcÉiÉÑUXÒûsÉÌuÉxiÉ×iÉɶÉiÉÑSïvÉæuÉÉrÉÉqÉålÉ mÉÉScÉiÉÑSïvÉæuÉ mÉËUhÉÉWåûlÉ
. . . . . ²ÉSvÉÉ…¡ÓûsÉÉæ mÉÉhÉÏ. . . . . .| (A.xÉÇ.vÉÉ.8/36)
30) xuÉÇ xuÉÇ WûxiɧÉrÉÇ xÉÉ®ïÇ uÉmÉÑÈ mÉɧÉÇ xÉÑZÉÉrÉwÉÉåÈ |
lÉ cÉ rɱѣüqÉÑÌSì£æüU¹ÉÍpÉÌlÉïÎlSiÉæÌlÉïeÉæÈ || 10 || (A.WØû.vÉÉ.3/106)
31) qÉײؤÉuÉåhÉÑsÉÉåWûÉSåpÉÉïhQûÇ rÉccÉiÉÑU…¡ÓûsÉqÉç ||
ÌuÉxiÉÏhÉïÇ cÉ iÉjÉÉåccÉÇ cÉ iÉlqÉÉlÉÇ MÑüQûuÉÇ uÉSåiÉç || (vÉÉ.xÉ.mÉë. 1/35-36)
32) AXÒûsÉvÉoSålÉɧÉÉ…¡Óûû¸lÉZÉiÉsÉpÉÉaÉÇaÉ׺ûÎliÉ | (AÉRûqÉssÉ. vÉÉ.xÉÇ.mÉë.1/35-36)
33) rÉxiÉÑ UÉåaÉÌuÉvÉåwÉ¥ÉÈ xÉuÉïpÉæwÉerÉMüÉåÌuÉSÈ SåvÉMüÉsÉ mÉëqÉÉhÉ ¥ÉxiÉxrÉ ÍxÉήlÉï xÉÇvÉrÉÈ |
(uÉ…¡û.xÉÇ. 2/31)
34) uÉæhÉuÉɤÉÉrÉxÉÉSÏlÉÉÇ pÉÉhQûÇ iÉÑ cÉiÉÑU…¡ÓûsÉqÉç |
ÌuÉxiÉÏhÉïqÉjÉ uÉרÉÇ cÉ MÑüQûuÉÇ iÉÇ ÌuÉÌlÉÌSïvÉåiÉç | (uÉ…¡û.xÉÇ. 2/113)
Reference Shlokas….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 93
35) urÉÉqÉkÉï ÌlÉqlÉå cÉiÉÑUxÉëÃmÉå WûxiÉ ²rÉÉrÉÉqÉ ÍqÉiÉå cÉ MÑühQåû|| (U.iÉ 3/38)
36) urÉÉqÉÉå lÉÉqÉ ÌuÉiÉÉÎxiÉ oÉÉWÒû rÉÑaÉxrÉ mÉÑÇxÉÈ SͤÉhÉ WûxiÉ
qÉkrÉÉ…¡ÓûÍsÉ AaÉëpÉÉaÉÉiÉç uÉÉqÉ WûxiÉ qÉkrÉqÉÉ…¡ÓûÍsÉ AaÉëpÉÉaÉ
mÉrÉïliÉÇ SÏbÉïiÉÉ cÉiÉÑUzÉÏÌiÉÈ CirÉ…¡ÓûsÉÉå pÉuÉÌiÉ|| (mÉëxÉÉÌSlÉÏ, U.iÉ 3/38)
37) A¹ÉærÉuÉqÉkrÉÉÈ AXÒûsÉqÉç | (MüÉæ.A.mÉë.36A.20)
38) qÉkrÉqÉxrÉ mÉÑÂwÉxrÉ qÉkrÉqÉÉrÉÉA…¡ÓûsrÉÉ qÉkrÉmÉëMüwÉÉåï uÉÉ…¡ÓûsÉqÉç| (MüÉæ.A.mÉë.36A.20)
39) wÉQû…¡ÓûsÉÉSÕkuÉïqɹɅ¡ÓûsÉÉå¨ÉUÉÈ SvÉ iÉÑsÉÉÈ MüÉUrÉåssÉÉåWû mÉsÉÉSÕkuÉïMümÉsÉÉå¨ÉUÉÈ |
rÉl§ÉqÉÑpÉrÉiÉÈ ÍvÉYrÉÇ uÉÉ | (MüÉæ.A.mÉë.35A.19)
40) mÉëqÉÏrÉiÉå AlÉålÉåÌiÉ mÉëqÉÉhÉÇ ¥ÉÉlÉqÉɧÉqÉÏÎmxÉiÉqÉç | (cÉ¢ü. cÉ.ÌuÉ 8/7)
41) mÉëqÉÉhÉÇ SåWû mÉËUhÉÉWûÉå| (zÉ.Mü.SìÓ)
42) qÉÉlÉqÉç | (cÉ¢ü cÉ. vÉÉ. 7/15)
43) iÉxqÉÉSÉiÉÑUÇ mÉUϤÉåiÉ mÉëM×üÌiÉiɶÉ, ÌuÉM×üÌiÉiɶÉ, xÉÉUiɶÉ, xÉÇWûlÉlÉiɶÉ, mÉëqÉÉhÉiɶÉ, xÉÉiqrÉiɶÉ,
xÉiuÉiɶÉ, AÉWûÉUvÉÌ£üiɶÉ, urÉÉrÉÉqÉvÉÌ£üiɶÉ, uÉrÉxiɶÉåÌiÉ, oÉsÉmÉëqÉÉhÉÌuÉvÉåwÉaÉëWûhÉWåûiÉÉå È ||94||
(cÉ.ÌuÉ. 8/94)
44) SåWûÈ xuÉæUXÒûsÉæUåwÉ rÉjÉÉuÉSlÉÑMüÐÌiÉïiÉÈ |
rÉÑ£üÈ mÉëqÉÉhÉålÉÉlÉålÉ mÉÑqÉÉlÉç uÉÉ rÉÌS uÉÉÅ…¡ûlÉÉ || 14 || (xÉÑ. xÉÔ. 35/14)
45) mÉëqÉÉhÉiɶÉåÌiÉ zÉUÏUmÉëqÉÉhÉÇ mÉÑlÉrÉïjÉÉxuÉålÉÉ…¡ÓûÍsÉmÉëqÉÉhÉålÉÉåmSå¤rÉiÉå..... | (cÉ. ÌuÉ. 8/117)
46) iɧÉÉrÉÑoÉïsÉqÉÉåeÉÈ xÉÑZÉqÉæμÉrÉïÇ ÌuɨÉÍqÉwOûɶÉÉmÉUå pÉÉuÉÉ pÉuÉlirÉÉrɨÉÉÈ mÉëqÉÉhÉuÉÌiÉ vÉUÏUå |
(cÉ.ÌuÉ. 8/117)
47) iɱjÉÉ- SvÉÉåSMüUxrÉÉgeÉsÉrÉÈ vÉÉUÏU xuÉålÉÉgeÉÍsÉmÉëqÉÉhÉålÉ,…… LiÉcNûUÏUiɨuÉqÉÑ£üqÉç ||
(cÉ. vÉÉ.) 7/15)
48) AÉiÉÑUqÉÑmÉ¢üqÉqÉÉhÉålÉ ÍpÉwÉeÉÉÅÅrÉÑUÉSÉuÉåuÉ mÉUÏͤÉiÉurÉÇ;
xÉirÉÉrÉÑÌwÉurÉÉkrÉ×iuÉÎalÉuÉrÉÉåSåWûoÉsÉxɨuÉxÉÉiqrÉmÉëM×üÌiÉpÉåwÉeÉSåvÉÉlÉç mÉUϤÉåiÉç | (xÉÑ.xÉÔ.35/3)
49) rÉÑ£üÈ mÉëqÉÉhÉålÉÉlÉålÉ mÉÑqÉÉlÉç uÉÉ rÉÌS uÉÉÅ…¡ûlÉÉ || 14 ||
SÏbÉïqÉÉrÉÑUuÉÉmlÉåÌiÉ ÌuɨÉÇ cÉ qÉWû¬cNûÌiÉ ||
qÉkrÉqÉÇ qÉkrÉqÉæUÉrÉÑÌuÉï¨ÉÇ WûÏlÉæxiÉjÉÉÅuÉUqÉç || 15 || (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 35/14-15)
50) mÉgcÉÌuÉÇvÉå iÉiÉÉå uÉwÉåï mÉÑqÉÉlÉç lÉÉUÏ iÉÑ wÉÉåQûvÉå |
Reference Shlokas….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 94
xÉqÉiuÉÉaÉiÉuÉÏrÉÉæï iÉÉæ eÉÉlÉÏrÉÉiÉç MÑüvÉsÉÉåÍpÉwÉMç || (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 35/13)
51) xÉqÉiuÉ AÉaÉiÉuÉÏrÉïrÉÉåÈ LuÉ rÉjÉÉ E£Çü mÉëqÉÉhÉÇ pÉuÉÌiÉ| (QûsWûhÉ, xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 35/13)
52) oÉÉsrÉÇ uÉ×ήmÉëpÉÉ qÉåkÉÉ iuÉMçü zÉÑ¢üÉÍ¤É ´ÉÑiÉÏÎlSìrÉÉlÉç|
SzÉMåüzÉÑ ¢üqÉɲåÌiÉ qÉlÉÈ xÉuÉåïÎlSìrÉÉÍhÉ cÉ|| (A.xÉ.zÉÉ 8/25)
53) ̲iÉÏrÉå uÉ×ήÈ| (ClSÒ, A.xÉ.zÉÉ 8/25)
54) xuÉÇ xuÉÇ WûxiɧÉrÉÇ xÉÉ®ïÇ uÉmÉÑÈ mÉɧÉÇ xÉÑZÉÉrÉwÉÉåÈ | (A.WØû.vÉÉ.3/106)
55) lÉ cÉ rɱѣüqÉÑÌSì£æüU¹ÉÍpÉÌlÉïÎlSiÉæÌlÉïeÉæÈ || 106 || (A.WØû.vÉÉ.3/106)
56) xÉÌuÉÇvÉqÉ…¡ÓûsÉvÉiÉÇ mÉÑÂwÉÉrÉqÉ CÌiÉ ||12|| (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 35/12)
57) mÉÑÂwÉÉrÉÉqÉÈ mÉÉSaÉëÎxjÉiÉxrÉÉåkuÉïoÉÉWûÉåÈ mÉÑÂwÉxrÉ SækrÉïqÉç | (Qû. xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 35/12)
58) iÉålÉ iɧÉÉ…¡ÓûÍsÉ qÉÉlÉqÉåuÉÉsmÉÇ ¥ÉårÉqÉç | (cÉ¢ü. cÉ.ÌuÉ. 8/117)
59) MåüuÉsÉÇ mÉÑlÉÈ vÉUÏUqÉ…¡ÓûÍsÉmÉuÉÉïÍhÉ cÉiÉÑUvÉÏÌiÉÈ | (cÉ.ÌuÉ. 8/117)
60) xÉuÉïÇ mÉÑlÉÈ vÉUÏUqÉ…¡ÓûsÉÉÌlÉ cÉiÉÑUvÉÏÌiÉÈ | (A.xÉÇ.vÉÉ. 8/36)
61) MåüuÉsÉÍqÉÌiÉ mÉÉSiÉsÉÉiÉç mÉëpÉ×ÌiÉ ÍvÉUÈ mÉrÉïliÉÇ cÉiÉÑUvÉÏirÉ…¡ÓûsÉqÉ pÉuÉÌiÉ | (cÉ¢ü.cÉ.ÌuÉ. .8/117)
62) iÉSÉrÉÉqÉÌuÉxiÉÉUxÉqÉÇ xÉqÉÑcrÉiÉå | iɧÉÉrÉÑoÉïsÉqÉÉåeÉÈ xÉÑZÉqÉæμÉrÉïÇ ÌuɨÉÍqÉwOûɶÉÉmÉUå pÉÉuÉÉ pÉuÉlirÉÉrɨÉÉÈ
mÉëqÉÉhÉuÉÌiÉ vÉUÏUå | (cÉ.ÌuÉ. 8/117)
63) sÉsÉÉOÇû lÉÉÍxÉMüÉ MühÉÉæï rÉxrÉæiÉÉÌlÉmÉ×jÉMü mÉ×jÉMü |
wÉQû…¡ÓûsÉmÉëqÉÉhÉÉÌlÉ xÉ eÉÏuÉÌiÉ zÉiÉÇ xÉqÉÉ È || 15 || (pÉåsÉ.xÉÇ.C.1/15)
64) mÉgcÉ zÉÉZÉÈ zÉrÉÈ mÉÉÍhÉÈ| (A. MüÉå 2/6/76)
65) qÉÉlÉÇ iÉÑsÉÉ…¡ÓûÍsÉ mÉëxiÉÉåÈ| (A. MüÉå 2/9/85)
66) MåüÍcÉiÉç qÉkrÉqÉÉXÒûÍsÉMüÉrÉÉxiÉÑ qÉkrÉqÉmÉuÉïÍqÉiÉÉXÒûsÉÍqÉÌiÉ | (AÉRûqÉssÉ vÉÉ.xÉÇ.mÉë. 1/35-36)
67) qÉkrÉqÉÉ…¡ÓûsrÉÉæ mÉgcÉÉXÒûsÉå | (xÉ.xÉÑ. 35/12)
68) iÉsÉÇ wÉOèûcÉiÉÑU…¡ÓûsÉÉrÉÉqÉÌuÉxiÉÉUqÉç| (xÉ.xÉÑ. 35/12)
69) AXÒûsÉvÉoSålÉɧÉÉ…¡Óûû¸lÉZÉiÉsÉpÉÉaÉÇaÉ׺ûÎliÉ | (AÉRûqÉssÉ vÉÉ.xÉÇ.mÉë.1/35-36)
70) mÉgcÉ zÉÉZÉÈ zÉrÉÈ mÉÉÍhÉÈ| (A. MüÉå 2/6/76)
71) iÉiÉç mÉrÉÉïrÉÈ mÉgcÉzÉÉZÉ zÉÔrÉÈ xÉqÉÈ WûxiÉÈ MüUÈ| (zÉ.Mü.SìÓ)
72) xÉcÉ qÉÍhÉoÉlkÉÉiÉç A…¡ÓûÍsÉ mÉrÉïliÉ pÉÉaÉÈ| (zÉ.Mü.SìÓ)
73) LMüÉSzÉ CÎlSìrÉÉÍhÉ iɱjÉÉ, ´ÉÉå§É iuÉMçü cɤÉÑ ÎeÉÀûÉ bÉëÉhÉ uÉÉMçü WûxiÉ
Reference Shlokas….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 95
EmÉxjÉÉ mÉrÉÑ mÉÉS qÉlÉÉÇxÉÏÌiÉ | iÉ§É mÉÔuÉÉïÍhÉ mÉgcÉ oÉÑ®ÏÎlSìrÉÉÍhÉ,
CiÉUÉÍhÉ mÉgcÉ MüqÉåïÎlSìrÉÉÍhÉ EpÉrÉÉiqÉMÇü qÉlÉÈ|| (xÉÑ.zÉÉ 1/4)
74) WûxiÉÉæ mÉÉSÉæaÉÑSÉæmÉxjÉÇ uÉÉÌaÉÎlSìrÉqÉjÉÉÌmÉ cÉ| MüqÉåïÎlSìrÉÉÍhÉ mÉgcÉæuÉ mÉÉSÉæ aÉqÉlÉ MüqÉïÍhÉ|| mÉÉrÉÔmÉxjÉÇ ÌuÉxÉaÉÉïjÉïÇ WûxiÉÉæ aÉëWûhÉ kÉÉUhÉå| (cÉ zÉÉ 1/25)
75) mÉÉÍhÉ mÉÉSÍqÉÌiÉ qÉÉMüÉïhSårÉ|
iÉlqÉÔsÉiuÉÉiÉç cÉã¹ÉaÉpÉïxrÉ|| (xÉÑ.zÉÉ 3/32)
76) WûxiÉ mÉÉSÇ CÌiÉ oÉÌSzÉÈ, iÉiMüÉUhÉiuÉÉiÉç mÉÑÂwÉxrÉ|| (cÉ.zÉÉ 6/21)
77) wÉOèû mÉgcÉÉzÉiÉç mÉëirÉ…¡ûÉÌlÉ. . . . . cÉiuÉÉËU mÉÉÍhÉmÉÉS. . . .| (cÉ.zÉÉ 7/11)
78) wÉOèû MÔücÉÉïÈ, iÉå WûxiÉ mÉÉS aÉëÏuÉ qÉãQíåûwÉÑ, WûxiÉrÉÉåÈ ²Éæ, mÉÉSrÉÉåÈ ²Éæ|| (xÉÑ.zÉÉ 5/13)
79) wÉÉåQûzÉ MühQûUÉ iÉÉxÉÉÇ cÉiÉxÉëÈ mÉÉSrÉÉåÈ iÉÉuÉirÉÉå WûxiÉ aÉëÏuÉ mÉ×¹åwÉÑ| (xÉÑ.zÉÉ 5/11)
80) LMæüMüxrÉÉÇ iÉÑ mÉÉSÉ…¡ÓûsrÉÉÇ (WûxiÉÉXÒûsrÉÉÇ) §ÉÏÍhÉ §ÉÏÍhÉ iÉÉÌlÉ iÉÉÌlÉ mÉgcÉSzÉ|
iÉsÉMÔücÉï aÉÑsTü (qÉÍhÉoÉlkÉ) xÉÇÍ´ÉiÉÉÌlÉ SzÉ| mÉÉÎwhÉïÇ LMÇü|| (xÉÑ.zÉÉ 5/19)
81) LMæüMüxrÉÉÇ mÉÉSÉ…¡ÓûsrÉÉÇ (WûxiÉÉXÒûsrÉÉÇ) §ÉrÉx§ÉrÉÈ, ²ÉuÉ…¡Óû¹å, iÉå cÉiÉÑSïzÉ| (xÉÑ.zÉÉ 5/26)
82) LMæüMüxrÉÉÇ iÉÑ mÉÉSÉ…¡ÓûsrÉÉ Ç(WûxiÉÉXÒûsrÉÉÇ) wÉÎhlÉÍcÉiÉÉxiÉÉÈ Ì§ÉÇzÉiÉç,
iÉÉuÉirÉ LuÉ iÉsÉMÔücÉï aÉÑsTåüwÉÑ|| (xÉÑ.zÉÉ 5/29)
83) LMæüMüxjÉÉÇ iÉÑ mÉÉSÉ…¡ÓûsrÉÉÇ (WûxiÉÉXÒûsrÉÉÇ) ÌiÉxÉëÈ ÌiÉxÉëÈ iÉÉÈ mÉgcÉSzÉ, SzÉ mÉëmÉSå,
mÉÉSÉåmÉËU MÔücÉï xÉͳÉÌuɹ iÉÉuÉirÉ LMü|| (xÉÑ.zÉÉ 5/37)
84) iÉ§É xÉÎYjÉqÉqÉÉïÍhÉ Í¤ÉmÉëiÉsÉWØûSrÉ MÔücÉïMÔücÉïÍzÉU aÉÑsTü (qÉÍhÉoÉlkÉ). . . .| (xÉÑ.zÉÉ 6/6)
85) rÉl§ÉÇ zÉiÉqÉåMüÉå¨ÉUqÉç, A§É WûxiÉÇ LuÉ mÉëkÉÉlÉiÉqÉÇ rÉǧÉÉhÉÉÇ AuÉaÉcNû|| (xÉÑ.xÉÔ 7/3)
86) WûxiÉrÉÉåËUlSìÈ, mÉÉSrÉÉåÌuÉïwhÉÑÈ| (xÉÑ.zÉÉ 1/7)
87) mÉÉSÈ mÉSÇÍbÉë¶ÉUhÉÉåÅÎx§ÉrÉÉqÉç|| (A.MüÉå 2/6/71)
88) mÉÉSÉaÉëÇ mÉëmÉSÇ| mÉëM×ü¹Ç, mÉëÉUokÉÇ mÉëaÉiÉÇ uÉÉ mÉSqÉç| (A.MüÉå 2/6/71)
89) mÉÉSÉaÉë-mÉÉSrÉÉå AaÉëqÉç| cÉUhÉÉaÉëpÉÉaÉÈ| (zÉ.Mü.SìÓ)
90) mÉÉSqÉÔsÉÇ aÉÉãÌWûUÇxrÉÉiÉç mÉÉÎwhÉïxiÉÑ bÉÑOûrÉÉå AkÉÈ| (UÉqÉÉrÉhÉ 2/78/25)
91) mÉÉSrÉÉåqÉÔïsÉÇ, cÉUhÉÉkÉÉæpÉÉaÉÈ| (zÉ.Mü.SìÓ)
92) mɱiÉå aÉqrÉiÉå AlÉålÉ CÌiÉ mÉÉSÈ| xÉxiÉÑ aÉpÉïxjÉxrÉ oÉÉsÉMüxrÉ qÉÉxɲrÉålÉ pÉuÉÌiÉ|| (zÉ.Mü.SìÓ)
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106
PROFORMA DEPT.OF PG STUDIES IN SHAREERA RACHANA,
S.D.M COLLEGE OF AYURVEDA, UDUPI.
“A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PRAMANA SHAREERA
W. S. R. TO DETERMINATION OF THE STATURE
FROM HASTA & PADA”
Scholar: Dr.Seetharama Mithanthaya I Guide: Dr. U Govindaraju
Name of the Person: Address: Age: Date: Sex: Male / Female Religion: H / M / C / Others Habitat: Urban / Rural Education:-UE/PR/H/HS/G/PG. Occu: Stud /Empl /H w /Labors Socio Economic Status: U/ M/L Place of Birth: Jangala/Aanupa/ sadharana Marital status: Married/Unmarried
Present illness (if any): -
Past illness (if any): -
Measurement of Anguli (in cm): -
Right hand -
A) Width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of middle finger ₌
B) Width of the palm at the level of metacarpophalangeal joints (2nd -5th) ₌ /4
C) Length of the middle finger ₌ /5
Left hand -
A’) Width of the proximal interphalangeal joint of middle finger ₌
B’) Width of the palm at the level of metacarpophalangeal joints (2nd -5th) ₌ /4
C’) Length of the middle finger ₌ /5
107
Conversion of cms into anguli pramana(right hand)
Conversion of cms into anguli pramana(left hand)
Name of the body part A B C A’ B’ C’
Hasta
Hasta (Length)
Hasta (Width)
Hastatala(Length)
Angushta
Pradeshini
Madhyamanguli
Anamika
Kanishtika
Pada
Pada(Length)
Pada(height)
Padatala(width)
Angushta
Pradeshini
Madhyamanguli
Anamika
Kanishtika
108
Conversion of cms into anguli pramana(right hand)
Conversion of cms into anguli pramana(left hand)
Stature
A B C A’ B’ C’ Standing
Standing on the toes with arms raised
Arm span
Annexure…….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 109
ANGULI PRAMANA
(conversion from right sided parameters)
NAME OF THE BODY PARTS
A
B
C
Ayurvedic reference
Hasta (Length) 11.3& SD 0.8 angula.
10.31 & SD 0.92 angula.
10.9 & SD 0.8 angula.
12 angula(cÉ.xÉÇ, A.xÉÇ)
Hasta (Width) 4.2& SD 0.2
angula. 3.9 & SD
0.12 angula. 4.2 & SD 0.2
angula. 4 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Hastatala (Length)
6.24 & SD 0.5 angula.
5.8 & SD 0.4 angula.
6.2 & SD 0.4 angula.
6 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Angushta 3.1& SD 0.2
angula. 2.9 & SD 0.5
angula. 3.1 & SD 0.2
angula. 3 ½ angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Pradeshini 4.3& SD 0.3
angula. 4.07 & SD 0.2 angula.
4.3 & SD 0.2 angula.
4 ½ angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Madhyama anguli
4.9& SD 0.2 angula.
4.6 & SD 0.2 angula.
4.9 & SD 0.1 angula.
5 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Anamika 4.5& SD 0.3
angula. 4.2 & SD 0.2
angula. 4.5 & SD 0.2
angula. 4 ½ angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Kanishtika 3.6& SD
0.28 angula. 3.3 & SD 0.2
angula. 3.6 & SD
0.23 angula. 3 ½ angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Pada (Length) 13.4& SD 0.7 angula.
12.5 & SD 0.7 angula.
13.4 & SD 0.7 angula.
14 angula (cÉ.xÉÇ, xÉÑ.xÉÇ, A.xÉÇ)
Pada (height) 4.1& SD
0.38 angula. 3.9 & SD
0.31 angula. 4.1 & SD
0.39 angula. 4 angula (cÉ.xÉÇ, xÉÑ.xÉÇ, A.xÉÇ)
Padatala (width) 5.08& SD 0.4 angula.
4.7 & SD 0.2 angula
5.05 & SD 0.3 angula.
5 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ, A.xÉÇ)
Angushta 3.1& SD
0.29 angula. 2.9 & SD
0.25 angula. 3.1 & SD
0.24 angula. 2 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Annexure…….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 110
Pradeshini 3.1& SD 0.3
angula. 2.9 & SD
0.27 angula. 3.1 & SD
0.26 angula. 2 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Madhyama anguli
2.67& SD 0.27 angula.
2.48 & SD 0.22 angula.
2.65 & SD 0.25 angula.
9/5 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Anamika 2.2& SD 0.3
angula. 2.1 & SD 0.2
angula. 2.2 & SD 0.2
angula. 8/5 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Kanishtika 1.9& SD
0.37 angula. 1.78 & SD
0.31 angula. 1.91 & SD
0.34 angula. 7/5 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Standing 89.6& SD
4.8 angula.
83 & SD 4.04 angula
89.4 & SD 4.7 angula.
84 angula (cÉ.xÉÇ, A.xÉÇ)
Standing with arm raised
118.3& SD 6.2 angula.
110.6 & SD 6.4 angula.
118.17 & SD 5.7 angula.
120 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Arm span (stretched)
92.6& SD 5.5 angula.
86.7 & SD 5.3 angula.
92.3 & SD 5 angula.
84 angula (cÉ.xÉÇ, A.xÉÇ)
Annexure…….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 111
ANGULI PRAMANA
(conversion from left sided parameters)
NAME OF THE BODY PARTS
A
B
C
Ayurvedic reference
Hasta (Length) 10.8& SD 0.8 angula.
10.4 & SD 0.8 angula
11.04 & SD 0.8 angula.
12 angula(cÉ.xÉÇ, A.xÉÇ)
Hasta (Width) 4.1& SD 0.2
angula. 3.9 & SD 0.1
angula. 4.2 & SD 0.2
angula. 4 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Hastatala (Length)
6.5 & SD 0.36 angula.
5.9 & SD 0.36 angula.
6.2 & SD 0.4 angula.
6 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Angushta 3.03& SD
0.28 angula. 2.9 & SD
0.26 angula. 3.1 & SD 0.2
angula. 3 ½ angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Pradeshini 4.2& SD 0.2
angula. 4.1 & SD 0.2
angula. 4.3 & SD 0.2
angula. 4 ½ angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Madhyama anguli
4.9& SD 0.3 angula.
4.7 & SD 0.2 angula.
4.9 & SD 0.1 angula.
5 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Anamika 4.5& SD 0.3
angula. 4.2 & SD 0.2
angula. 4.5 & SD 0.2
angula. 4 ½ angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Kanishtika 3.6& SD
0.28 angula. 3.4 & SD
0.22 angula. 3.6 & SD
0.22 angula. 3 ½ angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Pada
(Length)
13.4& SD 0.71 angula.
12.7 & SD 0.72 angula.
13.4 & SD 0.74 angula.
14 angula (cÉ.xÉÇ, xÉÑ.xÉÇ, A.xÉÇ)
Pada (height) 4 & SD 0.37
angula. 3.9 & SD
0.32 angula. 4.1 & SD
0.36 angula. 4 angula (cÉ.xÉÇ, xÉÑ.xÉÇ, A.xÉÇ)
Padatala (width) 5 & SD 0.36
angula. 4.8 & SD 0.3
angula 5.07 & SD
0.37 angula. 5 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ,
A.xÉÇ)
Annexure…….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 112
Angushta 3 & SD 0.27
angula. 2.9 & SD
0.26 angula. 3.1 & SD
0.23 angula. 2 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Pradeshini 3 & SD 0.31
angula. 2.9 & SD
0.26 angula. 3.1 & SD
0.24 angula. 2 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Madhyama anguli
2.58& SD 0.28 angula.
2.51 & SD 0.23 angula.
2.64 & SD 0.24 angula.
9/5 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Anamika 2.21& SD
0.29 angula. 2.14 & SD
0.27 angula. 2.26 & SD
0.29 angula. 8/5 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Kanishtika 1.86 & SD
0.35 angula. 1.81 & SD 0.3 angula.
1.92 & SD 0.33 angula.
7/5 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Standing 84.9 & SD 3.2 angula.
85.6 & SD 4.8 angula.
89.5 & SD 4.8 angula.
84 angula (cÉ.xÉÇ, A.xÉÇ)
Standing with arm raised
116.9 & SD 6.2 angula.
111.8 & SD 6.3 angula.
118.2 & SD 5.8 angula.
120 angula (xÉÑ.xÉÇ)
Arm span (stretched)
89.5 & SD 4.8 angula.
87.87 & SD 5.1 angula.
92.4 & SD 5.07 angula.
84 angula (cÉ.xÉÇ, A.xÉÇ)
Annexure…….
A comprehensive study of pramana shareera w.s.r to determination of stature from hasta & pada Page 113
ANGULA PRAMANA OBTAINED FROM THREE PARAMETERS
ANGULI
A
B
C
Angula measurement by parameters obtained from the
right hand
1.83 & SD 0.1392 cm
1.9826cm &SD 0.137 cm.
1.84cm &SD
0.12 cm.
Angula measurement by parameters obtained from the
left hand
1.88 & SD 0.13 cm.
1.9826 cm & SD 0.13 cm
1.84cm&SD
0.13 cm.